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Psychosocial factors and prevalence of burnout syndrome among nursing workers in intensive care units

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To evaluate the prevalence of burnout syndrome among nursing workers in intensive care units and establish associations with psychosocial factors.

Methods:

This descriptive study evaluated 130 professionals, including nurses, nursing technicians, and nursing assistants, who performed their activities in intensive care and coronary care units in 2 large hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data were collected in 2011 using a self-reported questionnaire. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to evaluate the burnout syndrome dimensions, and the Self Reporting Questionnaire was used to evaluate common mental disorders.

Results:

The prevalence of burnout syndrome was 55.3% (n = 72). In the quadrants of the demand-control model, low-strain workers exhibited a prevalence of 64.5% of suspected cases of burnout, whereas high-strain workers exhibited a prevalence of 72.5% of suspected cases (p = 0.006). The prevalence of suspected cases of common mental disorders was 27.7%; of these, 80.6% were associated with burnout syndrome (< 0.0001). The multivariate analysis adjusted for gender, age, educational level, weekly work duration, income, and thoughts about work during free time indicated that the categories associated with intermediate stress levels - active work (OR = 0.26; 95%CI = 0.09 - 0.69) and passive work (OR = 0.22; 95%CI = 0.07 - 0.63) - were protective factors for burnout syndrome.

Conclusion:

Psychosocial factors were associated with the development of burnout syndrome in this group. These results underscore the need for the development of further studies aimed at intervention and the prevention of the syndrome.

Stress; Burnout, professional; Nursing, team; Occupational health; Intensive care units

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Descrever a prevalência da síndrome de burnout entre trabalhadores de enfermagem de unidades de terapia intensiva, fazendo associação a aspectos psicossociais.

Métodos:

Estudo descritivo seccional realizado com 130 profissionais, enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem, que desempenhavam suas atividades em unidades de terapia intensiva e coronariana de dois hospitais de grande porte na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Os dados foram coletados em 2011, por meio de questionário auto aplicado. Foi utilizado o Maslach Burnout Inventory, para a aferição das dimensões de burnout, e o Self Report Questionnaire, para avaliação de transtornos mentais comuns.

Resultados:

A prevalência de síndrome de burnout foi de 55,3% (n = 72). Quanto aos quadrantes do modelo demanda- controle, a baixa exigência apresentou 64,5% de casos prevalentes suspeitos e a alta exigência, 72,5% de casos (p = 0,006). Foi constatada a prevalência de 27,7% de casos suspeitos para transtornos mentais comuns; destes, 80,6% estavam associados à síndrome de burnout (< 0,0001). Após análise multivariada com modelo ajustado para sexo, idade, escolaridade, carga horária semanal, renda e pensamento no trabalho durante as folgas, foi constatado caráter protetor para síndrome de burnout nas dimensões intermediárias de estresse: trabalho ativo (OR = 0,26; IC95% = 0,09 - 0,69) e trabalho passivo (OR = 0,22; IC95% = 0,07 - 0,63).

Conclusão:

Contatou-se que os fatores psicossociais estavam envolvidos no surgimento de burnout no grupo estudado. Os resultados despertaram a necessidade de estudos para intervenção e posterior prevenção da síndrome.

Estresse; Esgotamento profissional; Equipe de enfermagem; Saúde do trabalhador; Unidades de terapia intensiva

INTRODUCTION

Previous studies have shown that work is an important factor associated with both pleasure and stress.(1Augusto AG. A dessubjetivação do trabalho: o homem como objeto da tecnologia. Rev Econ Contemp. 2009;13(2):309-28.

Oliveira EB, Lisboa MT. Exposição ao ruído em CTI: estratégias coletivas de defesa dos trabalhadores de enfermagem. Esc Anna Nery Rev Enferm. 2009;13(1):24-30.

Martins JT, Robazzi ML. O trabalho do enfermeiro em unidade de terapia intensiva: sentimento de sofrimento. Rev Latinoam Enferm. 2009;17(1):52-8.
-4Dejours C. A loucura do trabalho: estudo de psicopatologia do trabalho. 5a. ed. São Paulo: Cortez; 1992.) Stress is a current problem and has been the subject of multidisciplinary studies in several areas because it poses risks to human health. The main factors that can trigger stress in the work environment involve work-related aspects, including work organization, management, hierarchy, and interpersonal relations, all of which are associated with psychosocial factors.(5Kleinubing RE, Goulart CT, Silva RM, Umann J, Guido LA. Estresse e coping em enfermeiros de terapia intensiva adulto e cardiológica. Rev Enferm UFSM. 2013;3(2):335-44.

Theme Filha MM, Costa MAS, Guilam MCR. Estresse ocupacional e autoavaliação de saúde entre profissionais de enfermagem. Rev Latinoam Enferm, 2013;21(2): 475-83.

Versa GL, Murassaki AC, Inoue KC, Melo WA, Faller JW, Matsuda LM. Estresse ocupacional: avaliação de enfermeiros intensivistas que atuam no período noturno. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2012;33(2):78-85.

Guerrer FJ, Bianchi ER. Caracterização do estresse nos enfermeiros de unidades de terapia intensiva. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2008;42(2):355-62.

Ferrareze MV, Ferreira V, Carvalho AM. Percepção do estresse entre enfermeiros que atuam em terapia intensiva. Acta Paul Enferm. 2006;19(3):310-5.

10 Rissardo MP, Gasparino RC. Exaustão emocional em enfermeiros de um hospital público. Esc Anna Nery Rev Enferm. 2013;17(1):128-32.

11 Rodrigues VM, Ferreira AS. Fatores geradores de estresse em enfermeiros de unidades de terapia intensiva. Rev Latinoam Enferm. 2011;19(4):1025-32.

12 Meneghini F, Paz AA, Lautert L. Fatores emocionais associados aos componentes da Síndrome de Burnout em trabalhadores de enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2011;20(2):225-33.
-1313 Karasek RA, Theorell T. Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Free Press; 1990.)

According to the International Labour Organization, the adequacy of working conditions that meet workers’ expectations favors their physical and mental health, provided that the risks are kept under control.(1414 International Labour Office. Stress prevention at work checkpoints: practical improvements for stress prevention in the workplace. Geneva: International Labour Office; 2011.) In recent years, the relationship between work-related stress and workers’ mental health has been the subject of studies due to the increasing number of cases of temporary disability, absenteeism, early retirement, and other health risks associated with the professional activity in any area of expertise.(5Kleinubing RE, Goulart CT, Silva RM, Umann J, Guido LA. Estresse e coping em enfermeiros de terapia intensiva adulto e cardiológica. Rev Enferm UFSM. 2013;3(2):335-44.,1515 Ayala E, Carnero AM. Determinants of burnout in acute and critical care military nursing personnel: a cross-sectional study from Peru. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54408.,1616 Ferrari R, França FM, Magalhães J. Avaliação da síndrome de burnout em profissionais de saúde: uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Rev Eletr Gestão Saúde. 2012;3(3):1150-65.) Burnout syndrome (BS), depression, suicidal thoughts, low quality of life, and job dissatisfaction have been recurrent topics in the medical profession.(1717 West CP, Halvorsen AJ, Swenson SL, McDonald FS. Burnout and distress among internal medicine program directors: results of a national survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(8):1056-63.,1818 Jofre AV, Valenzuela SS. Burnout em personal de enfermería de la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Aquichán. 2005;5(1):56-63.)

BS was first described in 1974 by Frendenberg.(1919 Raftopoulos V, Charalambous A, Talias M. The factors associated with the burnout syndrome and fatigue in Cypriot nurses: a census report. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:457.,2020 Souza WC, Silva AM. A influência de fatores de personalidade e de organização do trabalho no burnout em profissionais de saúde. Estud Psicol (Campinas). 2002;19(1):37-48.) The term “burnout” suggests that the individuals with this type of stress have physical and emotional problems.(2121 Santini AM, Costenaro RG, Medeiros HM, Zaberlan C. Estresse: vivência profissional de enfermeiras que atuam em UTI neonatal. Cogitare Enferm. 2005;10(3):14-22.) The syndrome is defined as a chronic psychological disorder present among individuals whose work involves relations of intense and frequent care with patients who need constant help, and it has 3 dimensions.(2222 Nascimento Sobrinho CL, Barros DS, Tironi MO, Marques Filho ES. Médico de UTI: prevalência da síndrome de burnout, características sócio-demográficas e condições de trabalho. Rev Bras Educ Med. 2010;34(1):106-15.)

Emotional exhaustion is characterized by exhaustion or loss of emotional resources and energy, leading to lack of enthusiasm, frustration, tension, and fatigue.(2323 Schmidt DR, Paladini M, Biato C, Pais JD, Oliveira AR. Qualidade de vida no trabalho e burnout em trabalhadores de enfermagem de unidade de terapia intensiva. Rev Bras Enferm. 2013;66(1):13-7.) Depersonification is marked by the development of negative feelings and attitudes at work and is considered a unique feature of BS.(2424 Moreira DS, Magnago RF, Sakae TM, Magajewski FR. Prevalência da síndrome de burnout em trabalhadores de enfermagem de um hospital de grande porte da Região Sul do Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2009;25(7):1559-68.,2525 Grunfeld E, Whelan TJ, Zitzelsberger L, Willan AR, Montesanto B, Evans WK. Cancer care workers in Ontario: prevalence of burnout, job stress and job satisfaction. CMAJ. 2000;163(2):166-9.) Therefore, depersonification is the dimension that triggers BS,(2626 Golembiewski RT, Munzenrider R, Carter D. Phases of progressive burnout and their work site covariants: critical issues in OD research and praxis. J Appl Behav Sci. 1983;19(4):461-81.) and it occurs when the worker adopts negative attitudes that are accompanied by insensibility and lack of motivation. Lastly, low personal accomplishment is evident when there is a trend toward negative professional self-evaluation, increased irritability, low productivity, poor work relations, and lack of motivation, leading to work dissatisfaction.(1212 Meneghini F, Paz AA, Lautert L. Fatores emocionais associados aos componentes da Síndrome de Burnout em trabalhadores de enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2011;20(2):225-33.,2222 Nascimento Sobrinho CL, Barros DS, Tironi MO, Marques Filho ES. Médico de UTI: prevalência da síndrome de burnout, características sócio-demográficas e condições de trabalho. Rev Bras Educ Med. 2010;34(1):106-15.,2727 Albaladejo R, Villanueva R, Ortega P, Astasio P, Calle ME, Dominguez V. Síndrome de burnout en el personal de enfermería de un hospital de Madrid. Rev Esp Salud Pública. 2004;78(4):505-16.,2828 Galindo RH, Feliciano KV, Lima RA, Souza AI. Síndrome de burnout entre enfermeiros de um hospital geral da cidade do Recife. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2012;46(2):420-7.)

Studies conducted in North and South America indicate that BS is currently a significant psychosocial problem, attracting the interest and concern of the international scientific community in North America and Europe because of its individual and collective consequences.(1515 Ayala E, Carnero AM. Determinants of burnout in acute and critical care military nursing personnel: a cross-sectional study from Peru. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54408.,2929 Murofuse NT, Abranches SS, Napoleão AA. Reflexões sobre estresse e burnout e a relação com a enfermagem. Rev Latinoam Enferm. 2005;13(2):255-61.) Hospital-based work is characterized by excessive workloads, contact with challenging situations, and high levels of stress and risk. Owing to the intrinsic characteristics of the work, medical and nursing teams are more susceptible to occupational stress.(1212 Meneghini F, Paz AA, Lautert L. Fatores emocionais associados aos componentes da Síndrome de Burnout em trabalhadores de enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2011;20(2):225-33.,3030 Fogaça MC, Carvalho WB, Cítero VA, Nogueira-Martins LA. Fatores que tornam estressante o trabalho de médicos e enfermeiros em terapia intensiva pediátrica e neonatal: estudo de revisão bibliográfica. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(3):261-6.) Physical and mental overload are responsible for the stress at work among doctors, nurses, nursing assistants, and nursing technicians working in critical care sectors.(3030 Fogaça MC, Carvalho WB, Cítero VA, Nogueira-Martins LA. Fatores que tornam estressante o trabalho de médicos e enfermeiros em terapia intensiva pediátrica e neonatal: estudo de revisão bibliográfica. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(3):261-6.

31 Santos FD, Cunha MH, Robazzi ML, Pedrão LJ, Silva LA. O estresse do enfermeiro nas unidades de terapia intensiva adulto: uma revisão da literatura. SMAD Rev Eletrônica Saúde Mental Alcool Drog. 2010;6(1):1-16.

32 Longhi A, Tomaz CA. Variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, depressão, ansiedade e estresse em intensivistas. Rev Bras Cardiol. 2010;23(6):315-23.
-3333 Tironi MO, Nascimento Sobrinho CL, Barros DS, Reis EJ, Marques Filho ES, Almeida A, et al. Trabalho e síndrome da estafa profissional (Síndrome de Burnout) em médicos intensivistas de Salvador. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2009;55(6):656-62.)

This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of BS among nursing workers in intensive care units and establish associations with psychosocial and sociodemographic factors.

METHODS

This cross-sectional and descriptive study collected data between 2010 and 2011. A total of 130 workers participated in the study, including nurses, nursing technicians, and nursing assistants from the intensive care unit (ICU) and coronary care unit of 2 large federal hospitals located in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the 2 institutions, according to the provisions of Resolution Nº 466/2012 of the Brazilian National Health Council for research involving human beings, following established guidelines. This study is part of a doctoral thesis and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz in 2013 under protocol no. 480.999. The professionals were interviewed during work breaks and were informed of the purposes of the study, and an informed consent form was signed by the individuals who agreed to participate.

The inclusion criteria included employment in the respective sectors for at least 6 months and transfer to other sectors for the same period to avoid healthy worker bias. Workers who were transferred because of stress-related disorders were included, answered the questionnaire by phone, and subsequently gave their written consent.

A team of 4 previously trained medical residents was coordinated by an adviser and guided each participant in the completion of the questionnaire to avoid missing data and inconsistencies. The data collected formed a database and involved double entry (2 databases for overlapping), data auditing, and data revision to eliminate typos and inconsistencies.

We used a scale adapted and validated for the Portuguese language and based on the short version of the Job Stress Scale (JSS), originally developed in English, and the responses were provided following a Likert scale (1-4) that ranged from “often” to “never/rarely”.(3434 Alves MGM, Chor D, Faerstein E, Lopes CS, Werneck GL. Versão resumida da “job stress scale”: adaptação para o português. Rev Saúde Pública. 2004;38(2):164-71.,3535 Theorell T, Perski A, Akerstedt T, Sigala F, Ahlberg-Hultén G, Svensson J, et al. Changes in job strain in relation to changes in physiological state. A longitudinal study. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1988;14(3):189-96.) The JSS identified 3 work-related aspects: psychological demands, control over activities, and social support experienced by the workers.(1313 Karasek RA, Theorell T. Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Free Press; 1990.) Psychological demand refers to the control of time to perform tasks and resolve conflicts during decision-making. Control over activities is related to the ability to perform tasks and the opportunity to participate in decisions. The aspect “social support”, which is defined as the social atmosphere of the workplace and includes emotional aspects and instrumental support at work, was added to the original model. The instrument allows the construction of quadrants resulting from combinations of the following dimensions: “low strain” (combination of low demand and high control), “high strain” (combination of high demand and low control), “passive work” (combination of low demand and low control), and “active work” (combination of high demand and high control).(1313 Karasek RA, Theorell T. Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Free Press; 1990.,3434 Alves MGM, Chor D, Faerstein E, Lopes CS, Werneck GL. Versão resumida da “job stress scale”: adaptação para o português. Rev Saúde Pública. 2004;38(2):164-71.) For the construction of the quadrants based on the combination of demand and control dimensions, the scores were summed, and the combinations were classified into high or low, considering the median as the cutoff point.(3434 Alves MGM, Chor D, Faerstein E, Lopes CS, Werneck GL. Versão resumida da “job stress scale”: adaptação para o português. Rev Saúde Pública. 2004;38(2):164-71.)

Common mental disorders (CMDs) were assessed according to the shortened version of the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), an instrument developed by Harding et al. (1980).(3636 Harding TW, de Arango MV, Baltazar J, Climent CE, Ibrahim HH, Ladrido-Ignacio L, et al. Mental disorders in primary health care: a study of their frequency and diagnosis in four developing countries. Psychol Med. 1980;10(2):231-41.) For instrument validation, the cutoff point of 5 positive answers for men and 7 positive answers for women was considered. This study adopted a cutoff point of 7 for suspicion of development of CMDs on the basis of previous studies on nursing professionals.(3737 Mari JJ, Williams P. A validity study of a psychiatric screening questionnaire (SRQ-20) in primary care in the city of São Paulo. Br J Psychiatry. 1986;118:23-6.

38 Ludermir AB, Lewis G. Informal work and common mental disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2003;38(9):485-9.

39 Araújo TM. Trabalho e distúrbios psíquicos em mulheres trabalhadoras de enfermagem [tese]. Salvador: Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia; 1999.

40 Araújo TM, Aquino E, Menezes G, Santos CO, Aguiar L. Aspectos psicossociais do trabalho e distúrbios psíquicos entre trabalhadoras de enfermagem. Rev Saúde Pública. 2003;37(4):424-33.
-4141 Silva JL. Estresse e transtornos mentais comuns em trabalhadores de enfermagem. Rev Eletr Enferm. 2008;10(4):1174-5.)

BS was measured by applying the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which is an instrument containing 22 questions.(4242 Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Organ Behav. 1981;2(2):99-113.) The MBI is answered on a 5-point frequency scale and evaluates 3 dimensions: emotional exhaustion (9 questions), depersonification (5 questions), and personal accomplishment (8 questions) in the version adapted and validated for Portuguese using nursing professionals.(4343 Tamayo MR, Tróccoli BT. Construção e validação fatorial da Escala de Caracterização do Burnout (ECB). Estud Psicol (Natal). 2009;14(3):213-21.

44 Tamayo MR. Burnout: implicações das fontes organizacionais de desajuste indivíduo-trabalho em profissionais da enfermagem. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2009;22(3):474-82.
-4545 Tamayo MR. Relação entre a síndrome de burnout e os valores organizacionais no pessoal de enfermagem de dois hospitais públicos [dissertação]. Brasília: Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de Brasília; 1997.) The score was obtained from the sum of the values in each subscale. Cutoff points were used as follows: in the emotional exhaustion subscale, a score of ≥ 27 indicated a high level of exhaustion; a score of 19-26 indicated an intermediate level; and a score of < 19 indicated a low level. In the depersonification subscale, a score of ≥ 10 indicated a high level; a score of 6-9 indicated an intermediate level; and a score of < 6 indicated a low level.(2525 Grunfeld E, Whelan TJ, Zitzelsberger L, Willan AR, Montesanto B, Evans WK. Cancer care workers in Ontario: prevalence of burnout, job stress and job satisfaction. CMAJ. 2000;163(2):166-9.,4646 Asaiag PE, Perotta B, Martins MA, Tempski P. Avaliação da qualidade de vida, sonolência diurna e burnout em médicos residentes. Rev Bras Educ Med. 2010;34(3):422-9.

47 Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP. Maslach burnout inventory manual. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1996.
-4848 Stress and impairment during residency training: strategies for reduction, identification and management. Resident Services Committee, Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109(2):154-61.)

Due to the lack of consensus in the scientific literature for diagnosis, a high level of emotional exhaustion and depersonification and a low level of personal accomplishment(4949 Ramirez AJ, Graham J, Richards MA, Cull A, Gregory WM. Mental health of hospital consultants: the effects of stress and satisfaction at work. Lancet. 1996;347(9003):724-8.) or imbalance in a single dimension were used as diagnostic criteria for BS.(2525 Grunfeld E, Whelan TJ, Zitzelsberger L, Willan AR, Montesanto B, Evans WK. Cancer care workers in Ontario: prevalence of burnout, job stress and job satisfaction. CMAJ. 2000;163(2):166-9.) Prevalence was also measured using the criterion of Golembiewski, Manzenrieder, and Carter, who considered only depersonification as a predictor of BS.(2626 Golembiewski RT, Munzenrider R, Carter D. Phases of progressive burnout and their work site covariants: critical issues in OD research and praxis. J Appl Behav Sci. 1983;19(4):461-81.) In addition, this study investigated the possibility of evaluating BS using the tertiles obtained for each variable.

Descriptive statistical analysis included measures of central tendency and dispersion and the analysis of frequencies. Each subscale was scored according to the aforementioned standards, in addition to the calculation of standard deviation (SD), 25th and 75th percentiles, and Cronbach’s alpha. For statistical analysis, the criterion of Grunfeld et al.(2525 Grunfeld E, Whelan TJ, Zitzelsberger L, Willan AR, Montesanto B, Evans WK. Cancer care workers in Ontario: prevalence of burnout, job stress and job satisfaction. CMAJ. 2000;163(2):166-9.) was used. For data analysis, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 software was used.

RESULTS

Sociodemographic and work-related variables

The study group was composed of 130 nurses from 2 large federal hospitals. Among them, 58 nurses were mixed race, indigenous, or East Asians and were classified as multi-ethnic (44.6%). The group was composed of 65 men and 65 women; the mean age was 35 years (28 to 41.2), and 68 participants (52.3%) were older than the mean. A total of 81 participants (62.3%) had completed high school; 54.6% lived with a partner; 68 participants (52.3%) did not have children. The mean income per capita was 7 minimum wages, and 53.8% earned less than that.

The study group included 80 (61.5%) workers in hospital A and 50 (38.5%) workers in hospital B; the study group was composed of 37 nurses (28.5%), 62 nursing technicians (47.7%), and 31 nursing assistants (23.8%). In addition, 78 (60.0%) workers worked in the ICU and 52 (40.0%) in the coronary care unit. The majority (60.8%) had a formal contract, 71.5% were part of the permanent staff of the institution, and 55.4% worked in a mixed shift. The period of employment in the sector was 3 (1-7.25) years. The median length of time in the profession was 12 (5-18) years, and 70 workers (53.8%) had lengths of time lower than this range. The mean weekly workload was 51.0 ± 19.3 hours, and the participants were equally divided above and below this mean.

Evaluation of psychosocial factors

Most workers (106, 81.5%) reported not thinking about work during their free time. With regard to self-reported levels of stress, 93 professionals (71.5%) reported having an average level of stress. The dimensions “demand”, “control”, and “social support” had medians of 10 (9-11), 12 (11-14), and 11 (9.75-13) points, respectively.

In the quadrants of the demand-control model, 40 workers (23.8%) performed high-strain, 32 active (24.6%), 27 passive (20.8%), and 31 low-strain (30.8%) work. The prevalence of suspicious cases of CMDs was 27.7%, corresponding to 36 workers.

Burnout syndrome scores description

In this study, the mean values for each subscale were the following: emotional exhaustion, 24.5 points; depersonification, 9.0 points; and personal accomplishment, 30.3 points. The scores obtained for emotional exhaustion and depersonification were among the standard mean values. By contrast, the scores for personal accomplishment were lower than the standard mean values because of the reverse score count, i.e., low scores were considered high values, as shown in table 1.

Table 1
Burnout syndrome scores among nursing workers in intensive care units using the Maslach Burnout Inventory

The MBI results indicated that 49 workers experienced high levels of emotional exhaustion (37.7%) with a median of 24 (18-31) points. Depersonification averaged 9 (7-11) points and included 2 strata: a group of 50 workers (38.5%) with intermediate values and a group of 49 workers (37.7%) with high values. The prevalence of personal accomplishment was high, represented by 79 individuals (60.8%) with a median of 30.3 (26-36) points.

The prevalence of BS, calculated according to the criteria of Grunfeld et al.,(2525 Grunfeld E, Whelan TJ, Zitzelsberger L, Willan AR, Montesanto B, Evans WK. Cancer care workers in Ontario: prevalence of burnout, job stress and job satisfaction. CMAJ. 2000;163(2):166-9.) was 55.3%, corresponding to 72 cases considering 1 risk dimension. In addition, 49 cases (37.7%) were found using the criteria of Golembiewski et al.(2626 Golembiewski RT, Munzenrider R, Carter D. Phases of progressive burnout and their work site covariants: critical issues in OD research and praxis. J Appl Behav Sci. 1983;19(4):461-81.) In this study, the sum of the scores for each dimension and the inclusion of tertiles allowed the construction of combinations with high, medium, and low values, and 14 cases (10.7%) were identified using these criteria. No cases of BS were identified using the classification of Ramirez et al.,(4949 Ramirez AJ, Graham J, Richards MA, Cull A, Gregory WM. Mental health of hospital consultants: the effects of stress and satisfaction at work. Lancet. 1996;347(9003):724-8.) as shown in table 2.

Table 2
Results of the Maslach Burnout Inventory applied to nursing workers in intensive care units, N = 130

Suspicion of burnout syndrome and association with socio-demographic, work-related, and psychosocial factors

No significant association was found between the prevalence of BS and the sociodemographic and work-related variables (Table 3).

Table 3
Prevalence of burnout syndrome among nursing workers in intensive care units, N = 130

Several multivariate models were analyzed and adjusted for confounding factors. The workers in the categories “active work” (odds ratio - OR = 0.27; 95% confidence interval - 95%CI 0.09 - 0.81) and “passive work” (OR = 0.29; 95%CI = 0.09 - 0.87) experienced protection using this model after adjusting for social support, indicating the decreased likelihood of BS among professionals in these intermediate stress categories. This protection ceased in model 2 with the inclusion of CMDs, although the protection was maintained for the category “active work” after the inclusion of social support and CMDs in this model. In the adjusted model containing the confounding factors, the intermediate stress categories maintained statistical significance as protective factors for BS in the range of 72%-78% (Table 4).

Table 4
Logistic regression analysis, including the suspected cases of burnout syndrome, according to criteria of Grunfeld et al.(2525 Grunfeld E, Whelan TJ, Zitzelsberger L, Willan AR, Montesanto B, Evans WK. Cancer care workers in Ontario: prevalence of burnout, job stress and job satisfaction. CMAJ. 2000;163(2):166-9.) among nursing workers in intensive care units (N = 72)

DISCUSSION

The findings of the present study are relevant to workers’ health, particularly for nursing professionals working in intensive care units, as evaluated by the prevalence of BS reported in Brazil and abroad. High scores were found for emotional exhaustion and depersonification, and the prevalence of suspicion of BS was considerable and revealed the influence of the organization and the nature of the work on these outcomes.

The prevalence of suspicious cases of CMDs was 27.7% (36 cases), i.e., slightly higher than that obtained in previous studies. Silva et al. found a prevalence of 21.3% among nursing workers in ICUs.(5050 Silva JL, Nóbrega AC, Brito FG, Gonçalves RC, Avanci BS. Tensão no trabalho e a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns entre trabalhadores de enfermagem. Rev Enferm UFPE. 2011;5(1):1-9.) The studies of Pinho and Araujo, with emergency nursing workers, and Kirchhof et al., with university hospital nurses, obtained a prevalence of 26.3% and 18.7%, respectively.(5151 Pinho PS, Araujo TM. Trabalho de enfermagem em uma unidade de emergência hospitalar e transtornos mentais. Rev Enferm UERJ. 2007;15(3):329-36.,5252 Kirchhof AL, Magnago TS, Camponogara S, Griep RH, Tavares JP, Prestes FC, et al. Condições de trabalho e características sócio-demográficas relacionadas à presença de distúrbios psíquicos menores em trabalhadores de enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2009;18(2):215-23.) In these 2 studies, the prevalence in the high-strain group was higher.

With regard to the dimension of emotional exhaustion, this study found a mean of 24 points. The studies of Losa Iglesias et al., with nursing professionals in ICUs in Spain, and Suñer-Soler et al., with medical and nursing staff in Spanish hospitals, obtained 25.19 points and 22.40 points, respectively.(5353 Losa Iglesias ME, Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo R, Salvadores Fuentes P. Reflections on the burnout syndrome and its impact on health care providers. Ann Afr Med. 2010;9(4):197-8.,5454 Suñer-Soler R, Grau-Martín A, Font-Mayolas S, Gras ME, Bertran C, Sullman MJ. Burnout and quality of life among Spanish healthcare personnel. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2013;20(4):305-13.)

Emotional exhaustion, which is considered intermediate in this study group, is an important factor associated with quality of life. It has been reported that high levels of emotional exhaustion, a central factor in burnout, lead to deterioration in the quality of health and life, emotional distress, and lack of energy and have an inverse association with work performance.(1212 Meneghini F, Paz AA, Lautert L. Fatores emocionais associados aos componentes da Síndrome de Burnout em trabalhadores de enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2011;20(2):225-33.,5454 Suñer-Soler R, Grau-Martín A, Font-Mayolas S, Gras ME, Bertran C, Sullman MJ. Burnout and quality of life among Spanish healthcare personnel. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2013;20(4):305-13.,5555 Silva AT, Menezes PR. Esgotamento profissional e transtornos mentais comuns em agentes comunitários de saúde. Rev Saúde Pública. 2008;42(5):921-9.)

This study obtained a mean of 9.00 points for depersonification, which was considered intermediate. The study of Moreira et al. involving nursing professionals in hospitals in Santa Catarina indicated an average of 7.79 points, which is slightly lower than that found in this study.(2424 Moreira DS, Magnago RF, Sakae TM, Magajewski FR. Prevalência da síndrome de burnout em trabalhadores de enfermagem de um hospital de grande porte da Região Sul do Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2009;25(7):1559-68.) However, Xie et al. obtained 11.39 points among nurses in hospitals in China.(5656 Xie Z, Wang A, Chen B. Nurse burnout and its association with occupational stress in a cross-sectional study in Shanghai. J Adv Nurs. 2011;67(7):1537-46.) Depersonification is a coping strategy that develops after feelings of emotional exhaustion and low personal accomplishment. Using several mechanisms, the worker can become psychologically distant, cold, and cynical and treats patients and colleagues as objects who deserve the problems they have. Furthermore, psychological distancing occurs as a defensive confrontation strategy, developed to address emotional exhaustion.(5353 Losa Iglesias ME, Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo R, Salvadores Fuentes P. Reflections on the burnout syndrome and its impact on health care providers. Ann Afr Med. 2010;9(4):197-8.,5555 Silva AT, Menezes PR. Esgotamento profissional e transtornos mentais comuns em agentes comunitários de saúde. Rev Saúde Pública. 2008;42(5):921-9.,5757 Costa LS, Gil-Monte PR, Possobon RF, Ambrosano GM. Prevalência da síndrome de burnout em uma amostra de professores universitários brasileiros. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2013;26(4):636-42.,5858 Gil-Monte PR, Peiró JM. Desgaste psíquico en el trabajo: el síndrome de quemarse. Madrid: Síntesis; 1997.)

The mean value for personal accomplishment (reverse score) was 30 points, which is considered high. A study by Van Bogaert et al.(5959 Van Bogaert P, Meulemans H, Clarke S, Vermeyen K, Van de Heyning P. Hospital nurse practice environment, burnout, job outcomes and quality of care: test of a structural equation model. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(10):2175-85.) with nurses in Belgian hospitals and the study by Xie et al.(5656 Xie Z, Wang A, Chen B. Nurse burnout and its association with occupational stress in a cross-sectional study in Shanghai. J Adv Nurs. 2011;67(7):1537-46.) found mean values of 34.34 and 34.79 points for this dimension, respectively. The study of Schmidt et al. conducted with nurses in ICUs in Parana, Brazil, obtained 25.00 points for personal accomplishment, which was below the mean found in this study.(2323 Schmidt DR, Paladini M, Biato C, Pais JD, Oliveira AR. Qualidade de vida no trabalho e burnout em trabalhadores de enfermagem de unidade de terapia intensiva. Rev Bras Enferm. 2013;66(1):13-7.) The perception of the importance of one’s own work has undeniable importance for a worker’s self-esteem.(2828 Galindo RH, Feliciano KV, Lima RA, Souza AI. Síndrome de burnout entre enfermeiros de um hospital geral da cidade do Recife. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2012;46(2):420-7.) Low personal accomplishment results in decreased productivity and lack of fulfillment at work and may be exacerbated by the lack of social support and opportunities for personal development.(5555 Silva AT, Menezes PR. Esgotamento profissional e transtornos mentais comuns em agentes comunitários de saúde. Rev Saúde Pública. 2008;42(5):921-9.) It should be borne in mind that the ICU is a place where difficulties in interpersonal relationships either with the family members of patients or with members of the multidisciplinary team, the desire to abandon work, lack of personal accomplishment, and work overload (e.g., overcrowding, lack of preparation of the technical staff, and inadequate physical space), among other factors, can negatively influence the quality of work.(3030 Fogaça MC, Carvalho WB, Cítero VA, Nogueira-Martins LA. Fatores que tornam estressante o trabalho de médicos e enfermeiros em terapia intensiva pediátrica e neonatal: estudo de revisão bibliográfica. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(3):261-6.)

It is observed that the values for these variables fluctuated in the countries where the MBI was applied, although the values were similar in the ICU setting. Among the studies that evaluated prevalence, Tironi et al.(3333 Tironi MO, Nascimento Sobrinho CL, Barros DS, Reis EJ, Marques Filho ES, Almeida A, et al. Trabalho e síndrome da estafa profissional (Síndrome de Burnout) em médicos intensivistas de Salvador. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2009;55(6):656-62.) reported prevalence values similar to those of the present study using the criteria of Grunfeld et al.(2525 Grunfeld E, Whelan TJ, Zitzelsberger L, Willan AR, Montesanto B, Evans WK. Cancer care workers in Ontario: prevalence of burnout, job stress and job satisfaction. CMAJ. 2000;163(2):166-9.)

BS has physical and mental consequences for health workers, including cardiovascular disorders, chronic fatigue, headaches, migraines, peptic ulcer, insomnia, muscle or joint pain, anxiety, depression, and irritability, among others.(5454 Suñer-Soler R, Grau-Martín A, Font-Mayolas S, Gras ME, Bertran C, Sullman MJ. Burnout and quality of life among Spanish healthcare personnel. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2013;20(4):305-13.,6060 Palazzo LS, Carlotto MS, Aerts DR. Síndrome de Burnout: estudo de base populacional com servidores do setor público. Rev Saúde Pública. 2012;46(6):1066-73.) It can also interfere with a worker’s personal life, including family relationships, and may cause resentment over the lack of time for child rearing and leisure. It affects the work place through absenteeism, increased work turnover, increases in violent behaviors, and decreases in the quality of work.(1515 Ayala E, Carnero AM. Determinants of burnout in acute and critical care military nursing personnel: a cross-sectional study from Peru. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54408.,2828 Galindo RH, Feliciano KV, Lima RA, Souza AI. Síndrome de burnout entre enfermeiros de um hospital geral da cidade do Recife. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2012;46(2):420-7.) BS is a gradual process, with a 10-year sensitization period followed by the possibility of increased susceptibility.(5353 Losa Iglesias ME, Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo R, Salvadores Fuentes P. Reflections on the burnout syndrome and its impact on health care providers. Ann Afr Med. 2010;9(4):197-8.)

This study found no significant association between sociodemographic and work-related variables and BS most likely because of the small study sample. However, there was an association between psychosocial variables and the prevalence of BS among those who thought about work during their free time (p = 0.009) and among those who reported high levels of stress (p = 0.039). A significant association was also observed using the Karasek quadrants, considering that the prevalence was 72.5% among high-strain workers and 64.5% among low-strain workers (p = 0.006). Low demand had a greater influence on BS compared with high demand 69% (p = 0.001), which, to some degree, indicates that high demand is a determining factor for BS; this result is corroborated by the protective character observed in the active work group after the regression analysis. The data did not remain significant for the aspect “control at work” to allow the establishment of inferences concerning its role in the outcome. The prevalence of suspected cases of CMDs was 80.6% (p < 0.0001), indicating the close relationship between these subjective dimensions.

Although the bivariate analysis obtained significant values for high and low strain, which supports the hypothesis of increased psychological risk among those in these categories, these values were not significant after the logistic regression, suggesting protection in the intermediate quadrants “active work” and “passive work”, which are dimensions that encourage the development of new behaviors and creativity according to the precepts of Karasek and Theorell.(1313 Karasek RA, Theorell T. Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Free Press; 1990.) Therefore, it can be observed that the diagonal A of the scheme indicated risk after the bivariate analysis, whereas the diagonal B was protective for BS after the multivariate analysis. Tironi et al. used bivariate analysis and found an association between BS during high strain conditions using the demand-control model.(3333 Tironi MO, Nascimento Sobrinho CL, Barros DS, Reis EJ, Marques Filho ES, Almeida A, et al. Trabalho e síndrome da estafa profissional (Síndrome de Burnout) em médicos intensivistas de Salvador. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2009;55(6):656-62.)

For nursing, stress started to receive increased attention with the aim to explore the effects of BS.(1919 Raftopoulos V, Charalambous A, Talias M. The factors associated with the burnout syndrome and fatigue in Cypriot nurses: a census report. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:457.) The nursing staff is more susceptible to the development of BS compared with other professions because of the characteristics of the work itself, which involves a great amount of responsibility for the life of patients and closeness with patients, for whom suffering is almost inevitable.(1212 Meneghini F, Paz AA, Lautert L. Fatores emocionais associados aos componentes da Síndrome de Burnout em trabalhadores de enfermagem. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2011;20(2):225-33.,3030 Fogaça MC, Carvalho WB, Cítero VA, Nogueira-Martins LA. Fatores que tornam estressante o trabalho de médicos e enfermeiros em terapia intensiva pediátrica e neonatal: estudo de revisão bibliográfica. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(3):261-6.,6161 Czaja AS, Moss M, Mealer M. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among pediatric acute care nurses. J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(4):357-65.) The constant interaction between professional standards, integrity of the ego, and patient needs within the therapeutic relationship often leaves nursing workers vulnerable to stress, fatigue, and exhaustion.(1919 Raftopoulos V, Charalambous A, Talias M. The factors associated with the burnout syndrome and fatigue in Cypriot nurses: a census report. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:457.)

Previous studies have indicated that health professionals have high values for the different dimensions associated with BS worldwide and that the consequences of BS range from decreased ability to work to labor disputes, which may lead to suicide.(1717 West CP, Halvorsen AJ, Swenson SL, McDonald FS. Burnout and distress among internal medicine program directors: results of a national survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(8):1056-63.,1818 Jofre AV, Valenzuela SS. Burnout em personal de enfermería de la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Aquichán. 2005;5(1):56-63.) These professionals seem to experience specific conditions of occupational stress, and there is evidence of their exposure to high levels of work-related stress, which increase even further among those working in ICUs.(2727 Albaladejo R, Villanueva R, Ortega P, Astasio P, Calle ME, Dominguez V. Síndrome de burnout en el personal de enfermería de un hospital de Madrid. Rev Esp Salud Pública. 2004;78(4):505-16.,3030 Fogaça MC, Carvalho WB, Cítero VA, Nogueira-Martins LA. Fatores que tornam estressante o trabalho de médicos e enfermeiros em terapia intensiva pediátrica e neonatal: estudo de revisão bibliográfica. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(3):261-6.) High levels of stress are also observed among nursing assistants, nursing technicians, nurses,(1919 Raftopoulos V, Charalambous A, Talias M. The factors associated with the burnout syndrome and fatigue in Cypriot nurses: a census report. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:457.,6161 Czaja AS, Moss M, Mealer M. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among pediatric acute care nurses. J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(4):357-65.,6262 Coronetti A, Nascimento ER, Barra DC, Martins JJ. O estresse da equipe de enfermagem na unidade de terapia intensiva: o enfermeiro como mediador. ACM Arq Catarin Med. 2006;35(4):36-43.) and physicians.(3333 Tironi MO, Nascimento Sobrinho CL, Barros DS, Reis EJ, Marques Filho ES, Almeida A, et al. Trabalho e síndrome da estafa profissional (Síndrome de Burnout) em médicos intensivistas de Salvador. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2009;55(6):656-62.,6363 Barros DS, Tironi MO, Nascimento Sobrinho CL, Neves FS, Bitencourt AG, Almeida AM, et al. Médicos plantonistas de unidade de terapia intensiva: perfil sócio-demográfico, condições de trabalho e fatores associados à síndrome de burnout. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(3):235-40.)

Some limitations of the present study should be considered. The cross-sectional nature of the study imposes temporal limitations because of the inability to assess whether stress caused BS or the reverse. With regard to healthy worker bias, workers who were removed, transferred, and absent from work at ICUs and the reasons for their being away from work were investigated, and workers who were away from work for up to 6 months were included in the database after telephone contact and completion of the questionnaire at the hospital. The self-reported level of stress could be influenced by the dynamics of the work day or week, which could change the worker’s perception towards a greater or lesser level of stress. The lack of consensus in the literature concerning the criteria for suspicion of BS is a topic that needs to be addressed. It is believed that the small sample size is a potential limitation for statistical analysis, although several similar studies have shown consistency using smaller sample sizes; of note, to minimize the impact of this variable, this study evaluated the entire population of professionals working in the ICU. Given the calculation of OR in this sectional study, the possibility of overestimating risk should be considered. Despite the aforementioned limitations, the present results are similar to those of previous studies and contribute to elucidating the relationship between stress, assessed by the JSS, and BS, assessed by the MBI.

CONCLUSION

The observed prevalence of burnout syndrome was 55.3%, which underscores the exposure of nurses to risk factors for stress. This study found significant scores for emotional exhaustion and depersonification and high levels of stress, either self-reported or evaluated using the Job Stress Scale, for workers in the high-strain and low-strain categories; all the variables evaluated were associated with burnout syndrome. In addition, the prevalence of burnout syndrome significantly increased among those who thought about work during their free time and among those suspected of having common mental disorders. After the regression analysis using an adjusted model, active and passive work became a protective factor for burnout syndrome.

  • Responsible editor: Jorge Ibrain Figueira Salluh

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Apr-Jun 2015

History

  • Received
    07 Oct 2014
  • Accepted
    12 Apr 2015
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