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Eficácia e segurança da milrinona no tratamento do vasoespasmo cerebral após hemorragia subaracnóidea: uma revisão sistemática

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Revisar sistematicamente a evidência atual da eficácia de milrinona no tratamento do vasoespasmo cerebral após hemorragia subaracnóidea.

Métodos:

Triaram-se as bases de dados Pubmed®, Cochrane e Embase quanto a artigos publicados entre abril de 2001 e fevereiro de 2019. Dois revisores independentes realizaram uma triagem metodológica da qualidade e a extração dos dados dos estudos.

Resultados:

Encontraram-se 22 estudos considerados relevantes, sendo que apenas um deles era um ensaio randomizado controlado. Os estudos demonstraram acentuada heterogeneidade e debilidade de seus critérios metodológicos. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava vasoespasmo moderado a grave. O principal método para diagnóstico do vasoespasmo foi a angiografia. Em três estudos, realizou-se administração de milrinona por via intra-arterial; em nove estudos, a administração foi endovenosa, e, em seis estudos, utilizaram-se ambas as vias de administração. A via intratecal foi utilizada em dois estudos, em um estudo, a administração foi realizada via cisterna e, em um estudo, a via de administração foi a endovascular. Os efeitos colaterais de milrinona foram descritos em seis estudos. Vinte e um estudos indicaram a resolução do vasoespasmo.

Conclusão:

A evidência atual indica que o uso de milrinona teve um papel no tratamento do vasoespasmo após hemorragia subaracnóidea aneurismática. Contudo, só foi realizado um ensaio randomizado controlado, com baixo nível de qualidade. Nossos achados indicam a necessidade de futuros estudos randomizados controlados com desfechos centrados no paciente, com o fim de proporcionar recomendações definitivas.

Descritores:
Milrinona; Hemorragia subaracnóidea; Vasoespasmo intracraniano

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To systematically review the current evidence on the efficacy of milrinone in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods:

The Pubmed®, Cochrane and Embase databases were screened for articles published from April 2001 to February 2019. Two independent reviewers performed the methodological quality screening and data extraction of the studies.

Results:

Twenty-two studies were found to be relevant, and only one of these was a randomized control trial. Studies showed marked heterogeneity and weaknesses in key methodological criteria. Most patients presented with moderate to severe vasospasm. Angiography was the main method of diagnosing vasospasm. Intra-arterial administration of milrinone was performed in three studies, intravenous administration was performed in nine studies, and both routes of administration in six studies; the intrathecal route was used in two studies, the cisternal route in one study and endovascular administration in one study. The side effects of milrinone were described in six studies. Twenty-one studies indicated resolution of vasospasm.

Conclusion:

The current evidence indicates that milrinone may have a role in treatment of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, only one randomized control trial was performed, with a low quality level. Our findings indicate the need for future randomized control trials with patient-centered outcomes to provide definitive recommendations.

Keywords:
Milrinone; Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Vasospasm, intracranial

INTRODUÇÃO

A hemorragia subaracnóidea aneurismática (HSAa) apresenta elevadas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade, a despeito de técnicas cirúrgicas modernas, novas modalidades de exames de imagem e melhores processos no cuidado desses pacientes.(11 Romero CM, Morales D, Reccius A, Mena F, Prieto J, Bustos P, et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):165-71.) A HSAa se associa com condições sistêmicas, como choque cardiogênico, comprometimentos da motilidade intestinal e edema pulmonar.(22 Lucena AF, Tibúrcio RV, Vasconcelos GC, Ximenes JD, Cristino Filho G, Graça RV. Influence of acute brain injuries on gut motility. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2011;23(1):96-103.

3 Ridenti FA. Neurogenic pulmonary edema: a current literature review. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2012;24(1):91-6.
-44 Westphal GA, Costa G, Gouvêa S, Kaefer KM, Silva RS, Caldeira Filho M. Cardiogenic shock associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2010;22(3):310-4.) Hidrocefalia, edema, hipertensão intracraniana e isquemia cerebral retardada (ICR) são comuns como resultado do vasoespasmo e constituem complicações sérias após uma hemorragia subaracnóidea.(55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.,66 D'Andrea A, Conte M, Scarafile R, Riegler L, Cocchia R, Pezzullo E, et al. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound: physical principles and principal applications in neurocritical care unit. J Cardiovasc Echogr. 2016;26(2):28-41.) A taxa de mortalidade é próxima a 50%, e apenas 14% dos pacientes sobrevivem sem alguma sequela.(11 Romero CM, Morales D, Reccius A, Mena F, Prieto J, Bustos P, et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):165-71.,55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.)

O vasoespasmo é a complicação mais importante, levando a aumento da mortalidade e morbidade após o evento inicial em pacientes com HSAa,(77 Wintermark M, Ko N, Smith WS, Liu S, Higashida RT, Dillon WP. Vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: utility of perfusion CT and CT angiography on diagnosis and management. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(1):26-34.) e permanece como o principal fator associado à ICR.(55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.,77 Wintermark M, Ko N, Smith WS, Liu S, Higashida RT, Dillon WP. Vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: utility of perfusion CT and CT angiography on diagnosis and management. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(1):26-34.,88 Connolly ES, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR, Derdeyn CP, Dion J, Higashida RT, Hoh BL, Kirkness CJ, Naidech AM, Ogilvy CS, Patel AB, Thompson BG, Vespa P; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Clinical Cardiology. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2012;43(6):1711-37.) Essa condição geralmente se inicia entre o quarto e o décimo-segundo dias e surge em cerca de 70% dos pacientes que sobrevivem ao primeiro dia após uma HSAa.(99 De Oliveira Manoel AL, Turkel-Parrella D, Duggal A, Murphy A, McCredie V, Marotta TR. Managing aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: it takes a team. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015;82(3):177-92.,1010 Chandy D, Sy R, Aronow WS, Lee WN, Maguire G, Murali R. Hyponatremia and cerebrovascular spasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol India. 2006;54(3):273-5.)

O vasoespasmo cerebral se associa com mecanismos complexos, como ruptura da barreira hematoencefálica, microtrombose, despolarização cortical disseminada e perda da autorregulação cerebral.(1111 Brown RJ, Epling BP, Staff I, Fortunato G, Grady JJ, McCullough LD. Polyuria and cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. BMC Neurol. 2015;15:201.,1212 Al-Mufti F, Amuluru K, Damodara N, El-Ghanem M, Nuoman R, Kamal N, et al. Novel management strategies for medically-refractory vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci. 2018;390:44-51.) Entretanto, as vias fisiopatológicas exatas ainda são obscuras, de forma que é difícil definir o melhor tratamento para essa condição.(1313 Baumann A, Derelle AL, Mertes PM, Audibert G. Seeking new approaches: milrinone in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(3):351-3.)

Desenvolveram-se muitos estudos para estabelecer uma terapia segura e eficaz para o vasoespasmo.(99 De Oliveira Manoel AL, Turkel-Parrella D, Duggal A, Murphy A, McCredie V, Marotta TR. Managing aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: it takes a team. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015;82(3):177-92.,1212 Al-Mufti F, Amuluru K, Damodara N, El-Ghanem M, Nuoman R, Kamal N, et al. Novel management strategies for medically-refractory vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci. 2018;390:44-51.,1414 Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):123-8.) Além do monitoramento neurológico contínuo, o uso de nimodipino, em associação com euvolemia e hipertensão, persiste como tratamento padrão para prevenção da ICR.(1212 Al-Mufti F, Amuluru K, Damodara N, El-Ghanem M, Nuoman R, Kamal N, et al. Novel management strategies for medically-refractory vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci. 2018;390:44-51.) Embora o mecanismo exato de nimodipino não seja conhecido, esse fármaco melhora os desfechos neurológicos e contribui para a redução das taxas de mortalidade.(1515 Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J. Calcium antagonists in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Neurology. 1998;50(4):876-83.)

Desde 2001, o uso de milrinona vem sendo relatado para o tratamento de vasoespasmo.(1616 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Ishii A, Yamagata S. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of seven cases. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(4):723-8; discussion 728-30.) A milrinona é um fármaco inibidor da fosfodiesterase, um vasodilatador não catecolamina e não glicosídeo, com efeito inotrópico positivo.(1717 Anderson JL, Baim DS, Fein SA, Goldstein RA, LeJemtel TH, Likoff MJ. Efficacy and safety of sustained (48 hour) intravenous infusions of milrinone in patients with severe congestive heart failure: a multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;9(4):711-22.) O papel da milrinona no tratamento do vasoespasmo foi descrito em estudos retrospectivos e muitos relatos de caso. Contudo, ainda não se conhecem a segurança e a eficácia dessa terapia.

Neste estudo, revisamos de forma sistemática a literatura para avaliar a eficácia e a segurança da administração da milrinona para o tratamento do vasoespasmo cerebral após hemorragia subaracnóidea.

MÉTODOS

Conduzimos uma pesquisa eletrônica nas bases de dados Pubmed®, Cochrane e Excerpta Medica dataBASE (Embase) sem restrições quanto ao ano de publicação. Essa busca foi realizada em agosto de 2019 e incluiu estudos publicados entre abril de 2001 e fevereiro de 2019. A estratégia de busca utilizada foi: ("Vasospasm" [MeSH term] OR "Intracranial Vasospasm" OR "Intracranial Vasospasms" OR "Intracranial Vascular Spasm" OR "Intracranial Vascular Spasms" OR "Intracranial Angiospasm" OR "Intracranial Angiospasms" OR "Cerebral Vasospasm" OR "Cerebral Vasospasms" OR "Cerebrovascular Spasm" OR "Cerebrovascular Spasms" OR "Cerebral Angiospasm" OR "Cerebral Angiospasms" OR "Cerebral Artery Spasm" OR "Cerebral Artery Spasms") AND ("Subarachnoid Hemorrhage" [MeSH term] OR "Subarachnoid Hemorrhages" OR "Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage" OR "Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhages" OR "Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage" OR "Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhages" OR "Perinatal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage" OR "Perinatal Subarachnoid Hemorrhages" OR "Intracranial Subarachnoid Hemorrhage" OR "Intracranial Subarachnoid Hemorrhages") AND ("Milrinone" [MeSH term] OR "Win-47203" OR "Win 47203" OR "Win47203" OR "Primacor" OR "Corotrope" OR "Corotrop" OR "Lactate").

Os estudos foram incluídos se publicados em inglês, com seres humanos, incluindo pacientes afetados por hemorragia subaracnóidea (traumática ou aneurismática), pacientes tratados com milrinona (por administração arterial, venosa, cisternal ou intratecal) e sem restrições quanto a idade, sexo, severidade do vasoespasmo e ano de publicação. Excluíram-se os estudos realizados em animais e de revisão.

A extração dos dados foi realizada com utilização do sistema State of the Art through Systematic Review (StArt).(1818 Hernandes E, Zamboni A, Fabbri S. Using GQM and TAM to evaluate StArt - a tool that supports systematic review. CLEI Electron J. 2012;15(1):1-13.) Todos os artigos foram revisados por dois autores independentes, e os conflitos foram resolvidos por consenso entre os autores. Utilizamos a listagem Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) para melhorar o relato desta revisão sistemática.(1919 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.) A qualidade da evidência foi avaliada pelo sistema Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).(2020 Brozek JL, Akl EA, Jaeschke R, Lang DM, Bossuyt P, Glasziou P, Helfand M, Ueffing E, Alonso-Coello P, Meerpohl J, Phillips B, Horvath AR, Bousquet J, Guyatt GH, Schünemann HJ; GRADE Working Group. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines: Part 2 of 3. The GRADE approach to grading quality of evidence about diagnostic tests and strategies. Allergy. 2009;64(8):1109-16.) A confiança geral foi classificada como Níveis de Evidência alto, moderado ou baixo(2020 Brozek JL, Akl EA, Jaeschke R, Lang DM, Bossuyt P, Glasziou P, Helfand M, Ueffing E, Alonso-Coello P, Meerpohl J, Phillips B, Horvath AR, Bousquet J, Guyatt GH, Schünemann HJ; GRADE Working Group. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines: Part 2 of 3. The GRADE approach to grading quality of evidence about diagnostic tests and strategies. Allergy. 2009;64(8):1109-16.,2121 Fernández E, Cobo E, Guallar-Castillón P. [The STROBE statement or how to improve the reporting of observational studies]. Gac Sanit. 2008;22(2):87-9. Spanish.) (Apêndice 1 Apêndice 1 Avaliação global da confiança Estudo Nível de evidência Estudo Nível de evidência Romero et al.(1) Baixa Sherif et al.(29) Baixa Fraticelli et al.(5) Moderada Hejčl et al.(30) Moderada Shankar et al.(14) Moderada Koyanagi et al.(31) Moderada Arakawa et al.(16) Baixa Schmidt et al.(32) Moderada Alturki et al.(22) Baixa Duman et al.(33) Moderada Anand et al.(23) Baixa Arakawa et al.(34) Moderada Zeiler et al.(24) Baixa Sadamasa et al.(35) Moderada Wu et al.(25) Baixa Santos-Teles et al.(36) Baixa Lasry et al.(26) Baixa Crespy et al.(37) Moderada Genonceaux et al.(27) Baixa Katyal et al.(38) Baixa Lannes et al.(28) Baixa Soliman et al.(39) Alta ).

Extraímos os seguintes dados: ano de publicação, número de centros, delineamento do estudo, sexo do paciente, idade, escala Fisher, escala de Hunt & Hess, grau do vasoespasmo, causa do vasoespasmo, localização do aneurisma, número de pacientes, vias de administração (venosa ou arterial), dose, efeitos adversos, ferramenta diagnóstica, ferramenta de triagem e eficácia.

Considerando a heterogeneidade dos estudos, não foi possível realizar uma metanálise, e se conduziu uma revisão sistemática descritiva.

RESULTADOS

Seleção dos estudos

Os detalhes referentes aos processos de busca e seleção podem ser encontrados na figura 1. Obtivemos 77 artigos, e 55 foram excluídos por diversas razões, permanecendo 22 artigos disponíveis para a revisão sistemática.

Figura 1
Diagrama dos processos de busca e seleção do estudo.

Dentre os 22 estudos elegíveis para a revisão,(11 Romero CM, Morales D, Reccius A, Mena F, Prieto J, Bustos P, et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):165-71.,55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.,1414 Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):123-8.,1616 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Ishii A, Yamagata S. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of seven cases. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(4):723-8; discussion 728-30.,2222 Alturki AY, Alamri AS, Badawy MM, Lo BW. Basilar artery vasospasm after pretuncal non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage responding to milrinone. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2017;22(2):134-7.

23 Anand S, Goel G, Gupta V. Continuous intra-arterial dilatation with nimodipine and milrinone for refractory cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26(1):92-3.

24 Zeiler FA, Silvaggio J. Early angiographic resolution of cerebral vasospasm with high dose intravenous milrinone therapy. Case Rep Crit Care. 2015;2015:164597.

25 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.

26 Lasry O, Marcoux J. The use of intravenous milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm following traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Springerplus. 2014;3:633.

27 Genonceaux S, Cosnard G, Van De Wyngaert F, Hantson P. Early ischemic lesions following subarachnoid hemorrhage: common cold remedy as precipitating factor? Acta Neurol Belg. 2011;111(1):59-61.

28 Lannes M, Teitelbaum J, del Pilar Cortés M, Cardoso M, Angle M. Milrinone and homeostasis to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Montreal Neurological Hospital protocol. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(3):354-62.

29 Sherif C, Wambacher B, Loyoddin M, Karaic R, Krafft P, Valentin A, et al. Repeated combined endovascular therapy with milrinone and nimodipine for the treatment of severe vasospasm: preliminary results. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2015;120:203-7.

30 Hejčl A, Cihláč F, Smolka V, Vachata P, Bartoš R, Procházka J, et al. Chemical angioplasty with spasmolytics for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(4):713-20.

31 Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, et al. Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurgery. 2018;128(3):717-22.

32 Schmidt U, Bittner E, Pivi S, Marota JJ. Hemodynamic management and outcome of patients treated for cerebral vasospasm with intraarterial nicardipine and/or milrinone. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(3):895-902.

33 Duman E, Karakoc F, Pinar HU, Dogan R, Fırat A, Yıldırım E. Higher dose intra-arterial milrinone and intra-arterial combined milrinone-nimodipine infusion as a rescue therapy for refractory cerebral vasospasm. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017;23(6):636-43.

34 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Yamagata S, Nozaki K, et al. Milrinone reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage of WFNS grade IV or V. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44(8):393-400; discussion 401.

35 Sadamasa N, Yoshida K, Narumi O, Chin M, Yamagata S. Milrinone via lumbar subarachnoid catheter for vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(3):470-5.

36 Santos-Teles AG, Passos RH, Panerai RB, Ramalho C, Farias S, Rosa JG, et al. Intravenous administration of milrinone, as an alternative approach to treat vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report of transcranial Doppler monitoring. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(4):648-52.

37 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.

38 Katyal N, George P, Nattanamai P, Raber LN, Beary JM, Newey CR. Improvement in sonographic vasospasm following intravenous milrinone in a subarachnoid hemorrhage patient with normal cardiac function. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2916.
-3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) seis representavam estudos observacionais, retrospectivos, não controlados,(11 Romero CM, Morales D, Reccius A, Mena F, Prieto J, Bustos P, et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):165-71.,55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.,1616 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Ishii A, Yamagata S. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of seven cases. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(4):723-8; discussion 728-30.,2222 Alturki AY, Alamri AS, Badawy MM, Lo BW. Basilar artery vasospasm after pretuncal non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage responding to milrinone. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2017;22(2):134-7.

23 Anand S, Goel G, Gupta V. Continuous intra-arterial dilatation with nimodipine and milrinone for refractory cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26(1):92-3.

24 Zeiler FA, Silvaggio J. Early angiographic resolution of cerebral vasospasm with high dose intravenous milrinone therapy. Case Rep Crit Care. 2015;2015:164597.

25 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.

26 Lasry O, Marcoux J. The use of intravenous milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm following traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Springerplus. 2014;3:633.

27 Genonceaux S, Cosnard G, Van De Wyngaert F, Hantson P. Early ischemic lesions following subarachnoid hemorrhage: common cold remedy as precipitating factor? Acta Neurol Belg. 2011;111(1):59-61.

28 Lannes M, Teitelbaum J, del Pilar Cortés M, Cardoso M, Angle M. Milrinone and homeostasis to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Montreal Neurological Hospital protocol. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(3):354-62.
-2929 Sherif C, Wambacher B, Loyoddin M, Karaic R, Krafft P, Valentin A, et al. Repeated combined endovascular therapy with milrinone and nimodipine for the treatment of severe vasospasm: preliminary results. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2015;120:203-7.,3636 Santos-Teles AG, Passos RH, Panerai RB, Ramalho C, Farias S, Rosa JG, et al. Intravenous administration of milrinone, as an alternative approach to treat vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report of transcranial Doppler monitoring. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(4):648-52.

37 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.
-3838 Katyal N, George P, Nattanamai P, Raber LN, Beary JM, Newey CR. Improvement in sonographic vasospasm following intravenous milrinone in a subarachnoid hemorrhage patient with normal cardiac function. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2916.) um artigo se referia a um estudo observacional retrospectivo controlado,(3131 Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, et al. Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurgery. 2018;128(3):717-22.) e apenas um dos estudos era um ensaio randomizado controlado (RCT).(3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) Todos os estudos foram realizados em centro único.

Características dos estudos

As características dos estudos estão listadas na tabela 1. O tamanho das amostras variou de 1 a 142 pacientes. Foram avaliados em todos os estudos 641 pacientes, 387 (60,3%) dos quais eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 52,4 (23 - 82). Envolveram pacientes com HSAa 19 estudos,(11 Romero CM, Morales D, Reccius A, Mena F, Prieto J, Bustos P, et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):165-71.,55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.,1414 Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):123-8.,1616 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Ishii A, Yamagata S. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of seven cases. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(4):723-8; discussion 728-30.,2323 Anand S, Goel G, Gupta V. Continuous intra-arterial dilatation with nimodipine and milrinone for refractory cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26(1):92-3.,2424 Zeiler FA, Silvaggio J. Early angiographic resolution of cerebral vasospasm with high dose intravenous milrinone therapy. Case Rep Crit Care. 2015;2015:164597.,2525 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.,2727 Genonceaux S, Cosnard G, Van De Wyngaert F, Hantson P. Early ischemic lesions following subarachnoid hemorrhage: common cold remedy as precipitating factor? Acta Neurol Belg. 2011;111(1):59-61.

28 Lannes M, Teitelbaum J, del Pilar Cortés M, Cardoso M, Angle M. Milrinone and homeostasis to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Montreal Neurological Hospital protocol. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(3):354-62.

29 Sherif C, Wambacher B, Loyoddin M, Karaic R, Krafft P, Valentin A, et al. Repeated combined endovascular therapy with milrinone and nimodipine for the treatment of severe vasospasm: preliminary results. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2015;120:203-7.

30 Hejčl A, Cihláč F, Smolka V, Vachata P, Bartoš R, Procházka J, et al. Chemical angioplasty with spasmolytics for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(4):713-20.

31 Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, et al. Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurgery. 2018;128(3):717-22.

32 Schmidt U, Bittner E, Pivi S, Marota JJ. Hemodynamic management and outcome of patients treated for cerebral vasospasm with intraarterial nicardipine and/or milrinone. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(3):895-902.

33 Duman E, Karakoc F, Pinar HU, Dogan R, Fırat A, Yıldırım E. Higher dose intra-arterial milrinone and intra-arterial combined milrinone-nimodipine infusion as a rescue therapy for refractory cerebral vasospasm. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017;23(6):636-43.

34 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Yamagata S, Nozaki K, et al. Milrinone reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage of WFNS grade IV or V. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44(8):393-400; discussion 401.

35 Sadamasa N, Yoshida K, Narumi O, Chin M, Yamagata S. Milrinone via lumbar subarachnoid catheter for vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(3):470-5.

36 Santos-Teles AG, Passos RH, Panerai RB, Ramalho C, Farias S, Rosa JG, et al. Intravenous administration of milrinone, as an alternative approach to treat vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report of transcranial Doppler monitoring. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(4):648-52.
-3737 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.,3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) um estudo envolveu um paciente com hemorragia subaracnóidea pré-truncal,(2222 Alturki AY, Alamri AS, Badawy MM, Lo BW. Basilar artery vasospasm after pretuncal non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage responding to milrinone. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2017;22(2):134-7.) um estudo avaliou pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea traumática,(2626 Lasry O, Marcoux J. The use of intravenous milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm following traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Springerplus. 2014;3:633.) e um estudo não descreveu a etiologia da hemorragia subaracnóidea.(3838 Katyal N, George P, Nattanamai P, Raber LN, Beary JM, Newey CR. Improvement in sonographic vasospasm following intravenous milrinone in a subarachnoid hemorrhage patient with normal cardiac function. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2916.) A localização do aneurisma variou entre todos os estudos (Tabela 1). Na maioria dos estudos, utilizaram-se as escalas de Fisher e de Hunt & Hess para avaliar os pacientes. O grau da hemorragia subaracnóidea, segundo a escala de Fisher foi descrito em 19 estudos,(11 Romero CM, Morales D, Reccius A, Mena F, Prieto J, Bustos P, et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):165-71.,55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.,1414 Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):123-8.,1616 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Ishii A, Yamagata S. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of seven cases. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(4):723-8; discussion 728-30.,2222 Alturki AY, Alamri AS, Badawy MM, Lo BW. Basilar artery vasospasm after pretuncal non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage responding to milrinone. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2017;22(2):134-7.

23 Anand S, Goel G, Gupta V. Continuous intra-arterial dilatation with nimodipine and milrinone for refractory cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26(1):92-3.

24 Zeiler FA, Silvaggio J. Early angiographic resolution of cerebral vasospasm with high dose intravenous milrinone therapy. Case Rep Crit Care. 2015;2015:164597.

25 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.

26 Lasry O, Marcoux J. The use of intravenous milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm following traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Springerplus. 2014;3:633.

27 Genonceaux S, Cosnard G, Van De Wyngaert F, Hantson P. Early ischemic lesions following subarachnoid hemorrhage: common cold remedy as precipitating factor? Acta Neurol Belg. 2011;111(1):59-61.

28 Lannes M, Teitelbaum J, del Pilar Cortés M, Cardoso M, Angle M. Milrinone and homeostasis to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Montreal Neurological Hospital protocol. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(3):354-62.
-2929 Sherif C, Wambacher B, Loyoddin M, Karaic R, Krafft P, Valentin A, et al. Repeated combined endovascular therapy with milrinone and nimodipine for the treatment of severe vasospasm: preliminary results. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2015;120:203-7.,3131 Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, et al. Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurgery. 2018;128(3):717-22.,3333 Duman E, Karakoc F, Pinar HU, Dogan R, Fırat A, Yıldırım E. Higher dose intra-arterial milrinone and intra-arterial combined milrinone-nimodipine infusion as a rescue therapy for refractory cerebral vasospasm. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017;23(6):636-43.,3434 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Yamagata S, Nozaki K, et al. Milrinone reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage of WFNS grade IV or V. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44(8):393-400; discussion 401.,3636 Santos-Teles AG, Passos RH, Panerai RB, Ramalho C, Farias S, Rosa JG, et al. Intravenous administration of milrinone, as an alternative approach to treat vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report of transcranial Doppler monitoring. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(4):648-52.

37 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.

38 Katyal N, George P, Nattanamai P, Raber LN, Beary JM, Newey CR. Improvement in sonographic vasospasm following intravenous milrinone in a subarachnoid hemorrhage patient with normal cardiac function. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2916.
-3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) e 18 desses estudos(11 Romero CM, Morales D, Reccius A, Mena F, Prieto J, Bustos P, et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):165-71.,55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.,1414 Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):123-8.,1616 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Ishii A, Yamagata S. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of seven cases. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(4):723-8; discussion 728-30.,2323 Anand S, Goel G, Gupta V. Continuous intra-arterial dilatation with nimodipine and milrinone for refractory cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26(1):92-3.

24 Zeiler FA, Silvaggio J. Early angiographic resolution of cerebral vasospasm with high dose intravenous milrinone therapy. Case Rep Crit Care. 2015;2015:164597.

25 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.

26 Lasry O, Marcoux J. The use of intravenous milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm following traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Springerplus. 2014;3:633.

27 Genonceaux S, Cosnard G, Van De Wyngaert F, Hantson P. Early ischemic lesions following subarachnoid hemorrhage: common cold remedy as precipitating factor? Acta Neurol Belg. 2011;111(1):59-61.

28 Lannes M, Teitelbaum J, del Pilar Cortés M, Cardoso M, Angle M. Milrinone and homeostasis to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Montreal Neurological Hospital protocol. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(3):354-62.
-2929 Sherif C, Wambacher B, Loyoddin M, Karaic R, Krafft P, Valentin A, et al. Repeated combined endovascular therapy with milrinone and nimodipine for the treatment of severe vasospasm: preliminary results. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2015;120:203-7.,3131 Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, et al. Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurgery. 2018;128(3):717-22.,3333 Duman E, Karakoc F, Pinar HU, Dogan R, Fırat A, Yıldırım E. Higher dose intra-arterial milrinone and intra-arterial combined milrinone-nimodipine infusion as a rescue therapy for refractory cerebral vasospasm. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017;23(6):636-43.,3434 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Yamagata S, Nozaki K, et al. Milrinone reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage of WFNS grade IV or V. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44(8):393-400; discussion 401.,3636 Santos-Teles AG, Passos RH, Panerai RB, Ramalho C, Farias S, Rosa JG, et al. Intravenous administration of milrinone, as an alternative approach to treat vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report of transcranial Doppler monitoring. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(4):648-52.

37 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.

38 Katyal N, George P, Nattanamai P, Raber LN, Beary JM, Newey CR. Improvement in sonographic vasospasm following intravenous milrinone in a subarachnoid hemorrhage patient with normal cardiac function. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2916.
-3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) incluíram pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea moderada a grave (Fisher 3 - 4).

Tabela 1
Características das publicações identificadas examinando a eficácia e a segurança de milrinona no vasoespasmo cerebral após hemorragia subaracnóidea

O único RCT incluído nesta revisão relatou uma comparação entre magnésio e milrinona para tratamento do vasoespasmo,(3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) sem um grupo placebo. Este estudo incluiu 90 pacientes, dos quais 45 receberam magnésio e 45 receberam milrinona. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso de magnésio diminuiu a incidência de vasoespasmo em comparação ao grupo tratado com milrinona.(3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) Mais ainda, neste estudo, não se observou qualquer diminuição nas velocidades médias de fluxo no grupo tratado com milrinona (a velocidade média do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral antes do tratamento foi 88,36 ± 13,75, e a velocidade média do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral após o tratamento foi 114,71 ± 25,15).(3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.)

Administração de milrinona

Três estudos, que incluíram 95 pacientes, utilizaram a via intra-arterial para administração de milrinona,(11 Romero CM, Morales D, Reccius A, Mena F, Prieto J, Bustos P, et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):165-71.,1414 Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):123-8.,3232 Schmidt U, Bittner E, Pivi S, Marota JJ. Hemodynamic management and outcome of patients treated for cerebral vasospasm with intraarterial nicardipine and/or milrinone. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(3):895-902.) e nove outros estudos, que incluíram 174 pacientes, foram conduzidos com utilização de administração endovenosa.(2222 Alturki AY, Alamri AS, Badawy MM, Lo BW. Basilar artery vasospasm after pretuncal non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage responding to milrinone. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2017;22(2):134-7.,2525 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.

26 Lasry O, Marcoux J. The use of intravenous milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm following traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Springerplus. 2014;3:633.

27 Genonceaux S, Cosnard G, Van De Wyngaert F, Hantson P. Early ischemic lesions following subarachnoid hemorrhage: common cold remedy as precipitating factor? Acta Neurol Belg. 2011;111(1):59-61.
-2828 Lannes M, Teitelbaum J, del Pilar Cortés M, Cardoso M, Angle M. Milrinone and homeostasis to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Montreal Neurological Hospital protocol. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(3):354-62.,3030 Hejčl A, Cihláč F, Smolka V, Vachata P, Bartoš R, Procházka J, et al. Chemical angioplasty with spasmolytics for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(4):713-20.,3636 Santos-Teles AG, Passos RH, Panerai RB, Ramalho C, Farias S, Rosa JG, et al. Intravenous administration of milrinone, as an alternative approach to treat vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report of transcranial Doppler monitoring. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(4):648-52.,3838 Katyal N, George P, Nattanamai P, Raber LN, Beary JM, Newey CR. Improvement in sonographic vasospasm following intravenous milrinone in a subarachnoid hemorrhage patient with normal cardiac function. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2916.,3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) Em seis outros estudos, a administração de milrinona foi feita pelas duas vias.(55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.,1616 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Ishii A, Yamagata S. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of seven cases. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(4):723-8; discussion 728-30.,2323 Anand S, Goel G, Gupta V. Continuous intra-arterial dilatation with nimodipine and milrinone for refractory cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26(1):92-3.,2424 Zeiler FA, Silvaggio J. Early angiographic resolution of cerebral vasospasm with high dose intravenous milrinone therapy. Case Rep Crit Care. 2015;2015:164597.,3333 Duman E, Karakoc F, Pinar HU, Dogan R, Fırat A, Yıldırım E. Higher dose intra-arterial milrinone and intra-arterial combined milrinone-nimodipine infusion as a rescue therapy for refractory cerebral vasospasm. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017;23(6):636-43.,3737 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.) Dois estudos utilizaram a via intratecal,(3131 Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, et al. Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurgery. 2018;128(3):717-22.,3535 Sadamasa N, Yoshida K, Narumi O, Chin M, Yamagata S. Milrinone via lumbar subarachnoid catheter for vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(3):470-5.) um aplicou milrinona via cisterna,(3434 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Yamagata S, Nozaki K, et al. Milrinone reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage of WFNS grade IV or V. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44(8):393-400; discussion 401.) e o último estudo não mencionou a via de administração.(2929 Sherif C, Wambacher B, Loyoddin M, Karaic R, Krafft P, Valentin A, et al. Repeated combined endovascular therapy with milrinone and nimodipine for the treatment of severe vasospasm: preliminary results. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2015;120:203-7.) Um estudo(3737 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.) comparou a combinação da infusão intra-arterial de milrinona seguida por administração endovenosa versus infusão endovenosa contínua de milrinona. A taxa de reversão do vasoespasmo cerebral foi de 71% (59% - 83%) no protocolo com injeção intra-arterial mais via endovenosa e 64% (58% - 71%) no protocolo por via endovenosa. Esse resultado indica que a infusão contínua de milrinona foi tão eficiente quanto a intra-arterial mais endovenosa para o tratamento do vasoespasmo cerebral. A dosagem de milrinona variou entre os estudos. Contudo, a posologia inicial variou entre 0,5mcg/kg/minuto e 0,75mcg/kg/minuto na maioria (54%) dos estudos (Tabela 1).

Diagnóstico do vasoespasmo

A ferramenta de triagem do vasoespasmo diferiu da ferramenta para diagnóstico em muitos estudos. Os pacientes foram triados por meio de Doppler transcraniano (DTC) seriado em 11 dos estudos,(11 Romero CM, Morales D, Reccius A, Mena F, Prieto J, Bustos P, et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):165-71.,55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.,1414 Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):123-8.,2727 Genonceaux S, Cosnard G, Van De Wyngaert F, Hantson P. Early ischemic lesions following subarachnoid hemorrhage: common cold remedy as precipitating factor? Acta Neurol Belg. 2011;111(1):59-61.,2929 Sherif C, Wambacher B, Loyoddin M, Karaic R, Krafft P, Valentin A, et al. Repeated combined endovascular therapy with milrinone and nimodipine for the treatment of severe vasospasm: preliminary results. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2015;120:203-7.,3030 Hejčl A, Cihláč F, Smolka V, Vachata P, Bartoš R, Procházka J, et al. Chemical angioplasty with spasmolytics for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(4):713-20.,3232 Schmidt U, Bittner E, Pivi S, Marota JJ. Hemodynamic management and outcome of patients treated for cerebral vasospasm with intraarterial nicardipine and/or milrinone. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(3):895-902.,3636 Santos-Teles AG, Passos RH, Panerai RB, Ramalho C, Farias S, Rosa JG, et al. Intravenous administration of milrinone, as an alternative approach to treat vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report of transcranial Doppler monitoring. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(4):648-52.

37 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.

38 Katyal N, George P, Nattanamai P, Raber LN, Beary JM, Newey CR. Improvement in sonographic vasospasm following intravenous milrinone in a subarachnoid hemorrhage patient with normal cardiac function. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2916.
-3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) por angiografia em cinco,(2020 Brozek JL, Akl EA, Jaeschke R, Lang DM, Bossuyt P, Glasziou P, Helfand M, Ueffing E, Alonso-Coello P, Meerpohl J, Phillips B, Horvath AR, Bousquet J, Guyatt GH, Schünemann HJ; GRADE Working Group. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines: Part 2 of 3. The GRADE approach to grading quality of evidence about diagnostic tests and strategies. Allergy. 2009;64(8):1109-16.,2323 Anand S, Goel G, Gupta V. Continuous intra-arterial dilatation with nimodipine and milrinone for refractory cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26(1):92-3.,2424 Zeiler FA, Silvaggio J. Early angiographic resolution of cerebral vasospasm with high dose intravenous milrinone therapy. Case Rep Crit Care. 2015;2015:164597.,3333 Duman E, Karakoc F, Pinar HU, Dogan R, Fırat A, Yıldırım E. Higher dose intra-arterial milrinone and intra-arterial combined milrinone-nimodipine infusion as a rescue therapy for refractory cerebral vasospasm. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017;23(6):636-43.,3535 Sadamasa N, Yoshida K, Narumi O, Chin M, Yamagata S. Milrinone via lumbar subarachnoid catheter for vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(3):470-5.) por angiografia ou DTC em dois(1616 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Ishii A, Yamagata S. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of seven cases. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(4):723-8; discussion 728-30.,2828 Lannes M, Teitelbaum J, del Pilar Cortés M, Cardoso M, Angle M. Milrinone and homeostasis to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Montreal Neurological Hospital protocol. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(3):354-62.) e por angiografia por tomografia computadorizada (TC) em um.(2525 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.) O diagnóstico foi realizado por diferentes métodos. Onze estudos utilizaram apenas angiografia,(11 Romero CM, Morales D, Reccius A, Mena F, Prieto J, Bustos P, et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):165-71.,55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.,1414 Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):123-8.,2222 Alturki AY, Alamri AS, Badawy MM, Lo BW. Basilar artery vasospasm after pretuncal non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage responding to milrinone. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2017;22(2):134-7.

23 Anand S, Goel G, Gupta V. Continuous intra-arterial dilatation with nimodipine and milrinone for refractory cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26(1):92-3.

24 Zeiler FA, Silvaggio J. Early angiographic resolution of cerebral vasospasm with high dose intravenous milrinone therapy. Case Rep Crit Care. 2015;2015:164597.
-2525 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.,3030 Hejčl A, Cihláč F, Smolka V, Vachata P, Bartoš R, Procházka J, et al. Chemical angioplasty with spasmolytics for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(4):713-20.

31 Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, et al. Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurgery. 2018;128(3):717-22.

32 Schmidt U, Bittner E, Pivi S, Marota JJ. Hemodynamic management and outcome of patients treated for cerebral vasospasm with intraarterial nicardipine and/or milrinone. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(3):895-902.
-3333 Duman E, Karakoc F, Pinar HU, Dogan R, Fırat A, Yıldırım E. Higher dose intra-arterial milrinone and intra-arterial combined milrinone-nimodipine infusion as a rescue therapy for refractory cerebral vasospasm. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017;23(6):636-43.) dois usaram angiografia e TC,(1616 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Ishii A, Yamagata S. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of seven cases. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(4):723-8; discussion 728-30.,2626 Lasry O, Marcoux J. The use of intravenous milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm following traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Springerplus. 2014;3:633.) três usaram angiografia ou DTC(2828 Lannes M, Teitelbaum J, del Pilar Cortés M, Cardoso M, Angle M. Milrinone and homeostasis to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Montreal Neurological Hospital protocol. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(3):354-62.,3737 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.,3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) e quatro outros utilizaram DTC isoladamente para diagnóstico de vasoespasmo.(2727 Genonceaux S, Cosnard G, Van De Wyngaert F, Hantson P. Early ischemic lesions following subarachnoid hemorrhage: common cold remedy as precipitating factor? Acta Neurol Belg. 2011;111(1):59-61.,2929 Sherif C, Wambacher B, Loyoddin M, Karaic R, Krafft P, Valentin A, et al. Repeated combined endovascular therapy with milrinone and nimodipine for the treatment of severe vasospasm: preliminary results. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2015;120:203-7.,3636 Santos-Teles AG, Passos RH, Panerai RB, Ramalho C, Farias S, Rosa JG, et al. Intravenous administration of milrinone, as an alternative approach to treat vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report of transcranial Doppler monitoring. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(4):648-52.,3838 Katyal N, George P, Nattanamai P, Raber LN, Beary JM, Newey CR. Improvement in sonographic vasospasm following intravenous milrinone in a subarachnoid hemorrhage patient with normal cardiac function. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2916.)

Resolução do vasoespasmo

Vinte e um estudos demonstraram resolução do vasoespasmo após administração de milrinona, independentemente de posologia, localização do aneurisma, grau do vasoespasmo, via de administração ou métodos de diagnóstico, conforme demonstra a tabela 1.(11 Romero CM, Morales D, Reccius A, Mena F, Prieto J, Bustos P, et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):165-71.,55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.,1414 Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):123-8.,1818 Hernandes E, Zamboni A, Fabbri S. Using GQM and TAM to evaluate StArt - a tool that supports systematic review. CLEI Electron J. 2012;15(1):1-13.,2222 Alturki AY, Alamri AS, Badawy MM, Lo BW. Basilar artery vasospasm after pretuncal non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage responding to milrinone. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2017;22(2):134-7.

23 Anand S, Goel G, Gupta V. Continuous intra-arterial dilatation with nimodipine and milrinone for refractory cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26(1):92-3.

24 Zeiler FA, Silvaggio J. Early angiographic resolution of cerebral vasospasm with high dose intravenous milrinone therapy. Case Rep Crit Care. 2015;2015:164597.

25 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.

26 Lasry O, Marcoux J. The use of intravenous milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm following traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Springerplus. 2014;3:633.

27 Genonceaux S, Cosnard G, Van De Wyngaert F, Hantson P. Early ischemic lesions following subarachnoid hemorrhage: common cold remedy as precipitating factor? Acta Neurol Belg. 2011;111(1):59-61.

28 Lannes M, Teitelbaum J, del Pilar Cortés M, Cardoso M, Angle M. Milrinone and homeostasis to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Montreal Neurological Hospital protocol. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(3):354-62.

29 Sherif C, Wambacher B, Loyoddin M, Karaic R, Krafft P, Valentin A, et al. Repeated combined endovascular therapy with milrinone and nimodipine for the treatment of severe vasospasm: preliminary results. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2015;120:203-7.

30 Hejčl A, Cihláč F, Smolka V, Vachata P, Bartoš R, Procházka J, et al. Chemical angioplasty with spasmolytics for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(4):713-20.

31 Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, et al. Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurgery. 2018;128(3):717-22.

32 Schmidt U, Bittner E, Pivi S, Marota JJ. Hemodynamic management and outcome of patients treated for cerebral vasospasm with intraarterial nicardipine and/or milrinone. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(3):895-902.

33 Duman E, Karakoc F, Pinar HU, Dogan R, Fırat A, Yıldırım E. Higher dose intra-arterial milrinone and intra-arterial combined milrinone-nimodipine infusion as a rescue therapy for refractory cerebral vasospasm. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017;23(6):636-43.

34 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Yamagata S, Nozaki K, et al. Milrinone reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage of WFNS grade IV or V. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44(8):393-400; discussion 401.
-3535 Sadamasa N, Yoshida K, Narumi O, Chin M, Yamagata S. Milrinone via lumbar subarachnoid catheter for vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(3):470-5.) Por outro lado, o RCT que comparou magnésio com milrinona indicou que o uso de magnésio foi mais eficaz do que milrinona para resolução do vasoespasmo, considerando o escore na escala de coma de Glasgow e a velocidade média do fluxo cerebral.(3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.)

Em 17 estudos, é importante salientar que a resolução do vasoespasmo foi definida por melhora angiográfica no diâmetro das artérias após o tratamento,(11 Romero CM, Morales D, Reccius A, Mena F, Prieto J, Bustos P, et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):165-71.,55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.,1414 Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):123-8.,1616 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Ishii A, Yamagata S. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of seven cases. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(4):723-8; discussion 728-30.,2222 Alturki AY, Alamri AS, Badawy MM, Lo BW. Basilar artery vasospasm after pretuncal non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage responding to milrinone. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2017;22(2):134-7.

23 Anand S, Goel G, Gupta V. Continuous intra-arterial dilatation with nimodipine and milrinone for refractory cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26(1):92-3.

24 Zeiler FA, Silvaggio J. Early angiographic resolution of cerebral vasospasm with high dose intravenous milrinone therapy. Case Rep Crit Care. 2015;2015:164597.
-2525 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.,2727 Genonceaux S, Cosnard G, Van De Wyngaert F, Hantson P. Early ischemic lesions following subarachnoid hemorrhage: common cold remedy as precipitating factor? Acta Neurol Belg. 2011;111(1):59-61.,3030 Hejčl A, Cihláč F, Smolka V, Vachata P, Bartoš R, Procházka J, et al. Chemical angioplasty with spasmolytics for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(4):713-20.

31 Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, et al. Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurgery. 2018;128(3):717-22.

32 Schmidt U, Bittner E, Pivi S, Marota JJ. Hemodynamic management and outcome of patients treated for cerebral vasospasm with intraarterial nicardipine and/or milrinone. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(3):895-902.

33 Duman E, Karakoc F, Pinar HU, Dogan R, Fırat A, Yıldırım E. Higher dose intra-arterial milrinone and intra-arterial combined milrinone-nimodipine infusion as a rescue therapy for refractory cerebral vasospasm. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017;23(6):636-43.

34 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Yamagata S, Nozaki K, et al. Milrinone reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage of WFNS grade IV or V. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44(8):393-400; discussion 401.
-3535 Sadamasa N, Yoshida K, Narumi O, Chin M, Yamagata S. Milrinone via lumbar subarachnoid catheter for vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(3):470-5.,3737 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.,3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) redução do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral por DTC em quatro estudos(2626 Lasry O, Marcoux J. The use of intravenous milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm following traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Springerplus. 2014;3:633.,2929 Sherif C, Wambacher B, Loyoddin M, Karaic R, Krafft P, Valentin A, et al. Repeated combined endovascular therapy with milrinone and nimodipine for the treatment of severe vasospasm: preliminary results. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2015;120:203-7.,3636 Santos-Teles AG, Passos RH, Panerai RB, Ramalho C, Farias S, Rosa JG, et al. Intravenous administration of milrinone, as an alternative approach to treat vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report of transcranial Doppler monitoring. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(4):648-52.,3838 Katyal N, George P, Nattanamai P, Raber LN, Beary JM, Newey CR. Improvement in sonographic vasospasm following intravenous milrinone in a subarachnoid hemorrhage patient with normal cardiac function. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2916.) e por ambos os métodos em um estudo.(2828 Lannes M, Teitelbaum J, del Pilar Cortés M, Cardoso M, Angle M. Milrinone and homeostasis to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Montreal Neurological Hospital protocol. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(3):354-62.) Semelhantemente, foram estabelecidos desfechos favoráveis considerando o desfecho clínico e défices neurológicos em oito estudos.(2222 Alturki AY, Alamri AS, Badawy MM, Lo BW. Basilar artery vasospasm after pretuncal non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage responding to milrinone. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2017;22(2):134-7.

23 Anand S, Goel G, Gupta V. Continuous intra-arterial dilatation with nimodipine and milrinone for refractory cerebral vasospasm. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26(1):92-3.

24 Zeiler FA, Silvaggio J. Early angiographic resolution of cerebral vasospasm with high dose intravenous milrinone therapy. Case Rep Crit Care. 2015;2015:164597.
-2525 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.,2727 Genonceaux S, Cosnard G, Van De Wyngaert F, Hantson P. Early ischemic lesions following subarachnoid hemorrhage: common cold remedy as precipitating factor? Acta Neurol Belg. 2011;111(1):59-61.,3232 Schmidt U, Bittner E, Pivi S, Marota JJ. Hemodynamic management and outcome of patients treated for cerebral vasospasm with intraarterial nicardipine and/or milrinone. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(3):895-902.,3636 Santos-Teles AG, Passos RH, Panerai RB, Ramalho C, Farias S, Rosa JG, et al. Intravenous administration of milrinone, as an alternative approach to treat vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report of transcranial Doppler monitoring. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(4):648-52.,3838 Katyal N, George P, Nattanamai P, Raber LN, Beary JM, Newey CR. Improvement in sonographic vasospasm following intravenous milrinone in a subarachnoid hemorrhage patient with normal cardiac function. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2916.) Entretanto, o escore modificado de Rankin foi utilizado em cinco estudos,(1414 Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):123-8.,2828 Lannes M, Teitelbaum J, del Pilar Cortés M, Cardoso M, Angle M. Milrinone and homeostasis to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Montreal Neurological Hospital protocol. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(3):354-62.,2929 Sherif C, Wambacher B, Loyoddin M, Karaic R, Krafft P, Valentin A, et al. Repeated combined endovascular therapy with milrinone and nimodipine for the treatment of severe vasospasm: preliminary results. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2015;120:203-7.,3535 Sadamasa N, Yoshida K, Narumi O, Chin M, Yamagata S. Milrinone via lumbar subarachnoid catheter for vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(3):470-5.,3737 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.) a escala de coma de Glasgow em três estudos,(2626 Lasry O, Marcoux J. The use of intravenous milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm following traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Springerplus. 2014;3:633.,3030 Hejčl A, Cihláč F, Smolka V, Vachata P, Bartoš R, Procházka J, et al. Chemical angioplasty with spasmolytics for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(4):713-20.,3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) o escore modificado de Rankin e o índice Barthel foram utilizados em dois estudos,(11 Romero CM, Morales D, Reccius A, Mena F, Prieto J, Bustos P, et al. Milrinone as a rescue therapy for symptomatic refractory cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):165-71.,3333 Duman E, Karakoc F, Pinar HU, Dogan R, Fırat A, Yıldırım E. Higher dose intra-arterial milrinone and intra-arterial combined milrinone-nimodipine infusion as a rescue therapy for refractory cerebral vasospasm. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017;23(6):636-43.) e o grau segundo a World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) foi utilizado em quatro estudos.(55 Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, Saint Maurice JP, Payen D. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(3):893-8.,1616 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Ishii A, Yamagata S. Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: report of seven cases. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(4):723-8; discussion 728-30.,3131 Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, et al. Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurgery. 2018;128(3):717-22.,3434 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Yamagata S, Nozaki K, et al. Milrinone reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage of WFNS grade IV or V. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44(8):393-400; discussion 401.)

Efeitos colaterais

Apenas seis estudos(1414 Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):123-8.,2525 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.,3030 Hejčl A, Cihláč F, Smolka V, Vachata P, Bartoš R, Procházka J, et al. Chemical angioplasty with spasmolytics for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(4):713-20.,3434 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Yamagata S, Nozaki K, et al. Milrinone reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage of WFNS grade IV or V. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44(8):393-400; discussion 401.,3737 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.,3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) relataram efeitos colaterais de milrinona. Em um estudo, a administração endovenosa de milrinona se associou com cardiomiopatia e arritmias em pacientes sem cardiomiopatia prévia.(2525 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.) O outro estudo avaliou 12 pacientes e demonstrou que a administração de milrinona através da cisterna em hemorragia subaracnóidea de baixo grau melhorou a condição desses pacientes, mas se associou com pneumocéfalo, meningite bacteriana e infecção cerebral.(3434 Arakawa Y, Kikuta K, Hojo M, Goto Y, Yamagata S, Nozaki K, et al. Milrinone reduces cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage of WFNS grade IV or V. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2004;44(8):393-400; discussion 401.) O terceiro estudo descreveu hipotensão como efeito colateral de milrinona.(1414 Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C. Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(2):123-8.) O quarto estudo, que foi uma análise retrospectiva de 34 pacientes de HSAa com milrinona por via endovenosa, descreveu hipotensão, deterioração da condição clínica e hemiparesia temporária como efeitos colaterais.(3030 Hejčl A, Cihláč F, Smolka V, Vachata P, Bartoš R, Procházka J, et al. Chemical angioplasty with spasmolytics for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(4):713-20.) Crespy et al. descreveram hipocalemia, arritmia, aumento da dose de norepinefrina e instabilidade hemodinâmica independentemente da via de administração de milrinona (endovenosa ou intra-arterial).(3737 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.) Finalmente, em seu ensaio randomizado e controlado, Soliman e Zohry relataram um aumento da incidência de hipotensão e necessidade de utilizar dopamina e norepinefrina no grupo de pacientes com milrinona em comparação com os tratados com sulfato de magnésio após HSAa.(3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.)

DISCUSSÃO

Nesta revisão sistemática que avaliou o uso de milrinona na HSAa, os estudos incluídos sugeriram um potencial papel da milrinona no tratamento do vasoespasmo após hemorragia subaracnóidea. Contudo, a baixa qualidade dos estudos e sua substancial heterogeneidade impedem qualquer conclusão mais definitiva.

Cerca de 30% dos pacientes com vasoespasmo desenvolvem ICR. A ICR é uma complicação grave que depende de diagnóstico clínico e, como tal, é muito difícil de detectar em HSAa de baixo grau.(3636 Santos-Teles AG, Passos RH, Panerai RB, Ramalho C, Farias S, Rosa JG, et al. Intravenous administration of milrinone, as an alternative approach to treat vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report of transcranial Doppler monitoring. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(4):648-52.,4040 Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJ, Rinkel GJ, Schaaf IC. Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R23.

41 Liu YF, Qiu HC, Su J, Jiang WJ. Drug treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage following aneurysms. Chin Neurosurg J. 2016;2(1).
-4242 Francoeur CL, Mayer SA. Management of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):277.) A ICR se associa fortemente com vasoespasmo, embora outras causas possam estar envolvidas.(3636 Santos-Teles AG, Passos RH, Panerai RB, Ramalho C, Farias S, Rosa JG, et al. Intravenous administration of milrinone, as an alternative approach to treat vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report of transcranial Doppler monitoring. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(4):648-52.,4343 Vergouwen MD, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J, Rinkel GJ, Wijdicks EF, Muizelaar JP, et al. Definition of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as an outcome event in clinical trials and observational studies: proposal of a multidisciplinary research group. Stroke. 2010;41(10):2391-5.)

Terapias utilizadas por muitos anos para tratamento do vasoespasmo foram agora comprovadas ineficazes e potencialmente danosas.(4040 Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJ, Rinkel GJ, Schaaf IC. Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R23.,4141 Liu YF, Qiu HC, Su J, Jiang WJ. Drug treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage following aneurysms. Chin Neurosurg J. 2016;2(1).,4444 Muehlschlegel S. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2018;24(6):1623-57.

45 Nassar HG, Ghali AA, Bahnasy WS, Elawady MM. Vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: prediction, detection, and intervention. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2019;55(1):3.

46 Hollingworth M, Jamjoom AA, Bulters D, Patel HC. How is vasospasm screening using transcranial Doppler associated with delayed cerebral ischemia and outcomes in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage? Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2019;161(2):385-92.

47 de Oliveira Manoel AL, Goffi A, Marotta TR, Schweizer TA, Abrahamson S, Macdonald RL. The critical care management of poor-grade subarachnoid haemorrhage. Crit Care. 2016;20:21.
-4848 Bauer AM, Rasmussen PA. Treatment of intracranial vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Neurol. 2014;5:72.) A terapia "triplo H" foi amplamente sustentada com base em sua justificativa fisiopatológica, que busca aumentar o fluxo sanguíneo cerebral por meio da indução de hipertensão, hipervolemia e hemodiluição.(4040 Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJ, Rinkel GJ, Schaaf IC. Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R23.,4545 Nassar HG, Ghali AA, Bahnasy WS, Elawady MM. Vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: prediction, detection, and intervention. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2019;55(1):3.) Estudos mais recentes demonstraram o dano provocado por esse tratamento, como menor suprimento de oxigênio por causa da hemodiluição, edema pulmonar, isquemia miocárdica, hiponatremia, hemorragia cerebral e edema cerebral.(4040 Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJ, Rinkel GJ, Schaaf IC. Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R23.,4545 Nassar HG, Ghali AA, Bahnasy WS, Elawady MM. Vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: prediction, detection, and intervention. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2019;55(1):3.) Além disso, uso de estatinas e magnésio não demonstraram qualquer potencial para eliminação do vasoespasmo.(4949 Vergouwen MD, Meijers JC, Geskus RB, Coert BA, Horn J, Stroes ES, et al. Biologic effects of simvastatin in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009;29(8):1444-53.) Embora a hipomagnesemia seja comum na admissão, o uso de magnésio não se mostrou superior ao placebo para melhora dos desfechos desfavoráveis após hemorragia subaracnóidea.(5050 Wong GK, Poon WS, Chan MT, Boet R, Gin T, Ng SC, Zee BC; IMASH Investigators. Intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (IMASH): a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III trial. Stroke. 2010;41(5):921-6.) O nimodipino vem sendo atualmente o fármaco mais aceito para prevenção da ICR. Esse fármaco não age diretamente para redução do espasmo propriamente dito, mas aumenta os desfechos favoráveis e diminui a mortalidade.(1212 Al-Mufti F, Amuluru K, Damodara N, El-Ghanem M, Nuoman R, Kamal N, et al. Novel management strategies for medically-refractory vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci. 2018;390:44-51.,1515 Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J. Calcium antagonists in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Neurology. 1998;50(4):876-83.)

Nossos resultados indicam que a milrinona pode ter um papel como potencial alternativa no tratamento do vasoespasmo, porém há uma falta de evidência para comprovar sua eficácia e sua segurança. Em comparação com tratamentos prévios, a milrinona pode representar uma opção que exerce pouco impacto na volemia, embora outros efeitos adversos tenham sido descritos nos estudos avaliados nesta revisão sistemática. Contudo, mesmo nos estudos que relataram efeitos adversos, o uso de milrinona se associou com resolução do vasoespasmo.

Apenas um estudo deixou de relatar melhora do vasoespasmo em pacientes tratados com milrinona.(3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) Esse estudo foi um ensaio randomizado controlado que comparou milrinona com magnésico como terapia para vasoespasmo. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso de magnésio foi mais eficaz para resolução do vasoespasmo do que o uso de milrinona. Entretanto, um estudo previamente publicado, randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado com placebo, multicêntrico, fase III, com desfechos centrados no paciente, concluiu que o uso de magnésio não foi superior ao do placebo para melhorar os desfechos neurológicos após HSAa.(5050 Wong GK, Poon WS, Chan MT, Boet R, Gin T, Ng SC, Zee BC; IMASH Investigators. Intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (IMASH): a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III trial. Stroke. 2010;41(5):921-6.) Como marcadores substitutos, como as velocidades do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral, podem não se traduzir prontamente em desfechos centrados no paciente, como mortalidade e desfechos funcionais, o RCT referido(3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) não responde a questão se a milrinona é superior ao placebo ou ao atual tratamento clínico para HSAa.

Uma revisão sistemática sobre esse assunto foi publicada em 2016.(5151 Lannes M, Zeiler F, Guichon C, Teitelbaum J. The use of milrinone in patients with delayed cerebral ischemia following subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Can J Neurol Sci. 2017;44(2):152-60.) Contudo, o vasoespasmo continua a apresentar altas taxas de mortalidade, e novos estudos têm sido publicados nesses 3 últimos anos, inclusive o primeiro RCT relatado.(2222 Alturki AY, Alamri AS, Badawy MM, Lo BW. Basilar artery vasospasm after pretuncal non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage responding to milrinone. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2017;22(2):134-7.,2525 Wu EM, El Ahmadieh TY, Kafka B, Davies MT, Aoun SG, White JA. Milrinone-associated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia in cerebral vasospasm. World Neurosurg. 2018;114:252-6.,3030 Hejčl A, Cihláč F, Smolka V, Vachata P, Bartoš R, Procházka J, et al. Chemical angioplasty with spasmolytics for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(4):713-20.,3131 Koyanagi M, Fukuda H, Lo B, Uezato M, Kurosaki Y, Sadamasa N, et al. Effect of intrathecal milrinone injection via lumbar catheter on delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurgery. 2018;128(3):717-22.,3333 Duman E, Karakoc F, Pinar HU, Dogan R, Fırat A, Yıldırım E. Higher dose intra-arterial milrinone and intra-arterial combined milrinone-nimodipine infusion as a rescue therapy for refractory cerebral vasospasm. Interv Neuroradiol. 2017;23(6):636-43.,3636 Santos-Teles AG, Passos RH, Panerai RB, Ramalho C, Farias S, Rosa JG, et al. Intravenous administration of milrinone, as an alternative approach to treat vasospasm in subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case report of transcranial Doppler monitoring. Clin Case Rep. 2019;7(4):648-52.

37 Crespy T, Heintzelmann M, Chiron C, Vinclair M, Tahon F, Francony G, et al. Which protocol for milrinone to treat cerebral vasospasm associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2018;31(3):323-9.

38 Katyal N, George P, Nattanamai P, Raber LN, Beary JM, Newey CR. Improvement in sonographic vasospasm following intravenous milrinone in a subarachnoid hemorrhage patient with normal cardiac function. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2916.
-3939 Soliman R, Zohry G. [Effect of magnesium sulphate and milrinone on cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69(1):64-71. Portuguese.) Assim, essa nova revisão sistemática atualizada pode ajudar a informar a prática clínica. Embora essa revisão prévia tenha contemplado critérios diferentes dos nossos para inclusão de estudos, incluindo resumos de conferências e teses, seus resultados não discordam dos nossos. Mais ainda, essa revisão relatou o uso de milrinona na ICR e, em contraste, este estudo se focalizou na ocorrência de vasoespasmo.(5151 Lannes M, Zeiler F, Guichon C, Teitelbaum J. The use of milrinone in patients with delayed cerebral ischemia following subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Can J Neurol Sci. 2017;44(2):152-60.)

A revisão sistemática é significante para a literatura sobre HSAa. Embora o vasoespasmo seja um evento neurológico comum e represente alta morbidade após HSAa, no presente momento não está disponível qualquer tratamento com eficácia comprovada,(4040 Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJ, Rinkel GJ, Schaaf IC. Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R23.,4141 Liu YF, Qiu HC, Su J, Jiang WJ. Drug treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage following aneurysms. Chin Neurosurg J. 2016;2(1).,4545 Nassar HG, Ghali AA, Bahnasy WS, Elawady MM. Vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: prediction, detection, and intervention. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2019;55(1):3.,4747 de Oliveira Manoel AL, Goffi A, Marotta TR, Schweizer TA, Abrahamson S, Macdonald RL. The critical care management of poor-grade subarachnoid haemorrhage. Crit Care. 2016;20:21.,4848 Bauer AM, Rasmussen PA. Treatment of intracranial vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Neurol. 2014;5:72.) e não há evidência satisfatória que possa ajudar na tomada de decisão.(4040 Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJ, Rinkel GJ, Schaaf IC. Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2010;14(1):R23.,4141 Liu YF, Qiu HC, Su J, Jiang WJ. Drug treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage following aneurysms. Chin Neurosurg J. 2016;2(1).,4545 Nassar HG, Ghali AA, Bahnasy WS, Elawady MM. Vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: prediction, detection, and intervention. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2019;55(1):3.,4747 de Oliveira Manoel AL, Goffi A, Marotta TR, Schweizer TA, Abrahamson S, Macdonald RL. The critical care management of poor-grade subarachnoid haemorrhage. Crit Care. 2016;20:21.,4848 Bauer AM, Rasmussen PA. Treatment of intracranial vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Neurol. 2014;5:72.) A quantidade e a qualidade dos estudos demonstradas nesta revisão também elucidam a necessidade de um maior foco e recursos para pesquisas adicionais a respeito do uso de milrinona como terapia para o vasoespasmo. Reconhecemos que um estudo como esse pode ser de realização difícil, como ilustrado pelo fato de que o único estudo intervencional randomizado registrado em clinicaltrials.gov foi encerrado em razão da falta de recrutamento (NCT02712788).

Limitações

Esta revisão tem algumas limitações. A mais importante delas se refere à heterogeneidade e à qualidade dos estudos. Quase todos os estudos, exceto um RCT, foram relatos de casos ou séries de casos. Na literatura, há apenas um ensaio randomizado controlado que não comparou milrinona ao atual padrão de tratamento e não relatou desfechos centrados no paciente. É importante salientar que a via de administração do fármaco variou entre os estudos, e os potenciais efeitos colaterais de cada uma delas não foram descritos. Em razão da heterogeneidade dos estudos, não foi possível conduzir uma metanálise entre os estudos incluídos. Por exemplo, a posologia de milrinona, a via de administração do fármaco e os métodos diagnósticos para identificação de vasoespasmo variaram entre os estudos, limitando assim a interpretação dos dados. Embora também tenham sido incluídos estudos com ICR, foram descritos a evidência com relação ao prognóstico e os efeitos colaterais do uso de milrinona no tratamento do vasoespasmo.

CONCLUSÃO

Embora a maior parte dos estudos analisados sugira que milrinona pode ter um papel na terapia do vasoespasmo cerebral, a baixa qualidade e a grande heterogeneidade, em termos de pacientes, posologia e vias de administração, impedem a obtenção de conclusões fortes. Nossos achados podem estimular a realização de futuros ensaios randomizados controlados com desfechos centrados no paciente, para fornecer recomendações mais claras para a prática clínica.

AGRADECIMENTOS

Os autores agradecem sinceramente ao Hospital São Rafael pelo suporte a este trabalho.

Apêndice 1


Avaliação global da confiança

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Editado por

Editor responsável: Leandro Utino Taniguchi

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    13 Jan 2021
  • Data do Fascículo
    Oct-Dec 2020

Histórico

  • Recebido
    05 Out 2019
  • Aceito
    17 Mar 2020
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