Anticaries potential of a fluoride mouthrinse evaluated in vitro by validated protocols

Anticaries potential of a fluoride mouthrinse evaluated in vitro by validated protocols

Gisele Pedroso Moi; Lívia Maria Andaló Tenuta; Jaime Aparecido Cury

Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

This blind and randomized study tested in vitro, using validated protocols, the anticaries potential of an experimental fluoride mouthrinse. One-hundred enamel slabs, half sound and half with caries-like lesions (carious), all with known surface microhardness (SMH), were submitted to 3 treatment groups: A) a placebo mouthrinse (negative control); B) a positive control mouthrinse containing 0.05% NaF; and C) an experimental formulation containing 0.05% NaF and cetylpyridinium chloride as an antibacterial substance. To evaluate the formation of F products on enamel, sound (n=10) and carious (n=10) slabs were treated with the formulations during 10 min and loosely and firmly-bound F formed in enamel were determined after extraction with alkali and acid, respectively. To evaluate the inhibition of enamel demineralization, sound enamel slabs (n=10) were treated with the mouthrinse formulations 2x/day during 1 min and subjected to a pH-cycling regimen simulating a cariogenic challenge (demineralization). To evaluate enamel remineralization, the carious slabs (n=10) were submitted to the treatments 3x/day and subjected to a pH-cycling model simulating a remineralizing condition. After 8 days, enamel SMH was determined again and the percentage of SMH loss or SMH recovery was calculated for the sound and carious slabs, respectively. The experimental formulation was superior to the negative control (p<0.05) and equivalent to the positive control (p>0.05) in the formation of F products in enamel, and in the inhibition of enamel demineralization and enhancement of remineralization. These data suggest that the tested experimental fluoride mouthrinse has anticaries potential.

Key Words: fluoride, mouthrinse, demineralization, remineralization, enamel, fluoride uptake.

RESUMO

Este estudo in vitro, cego e randomizado avaliou o potencial anticárie de uma formulação experimental de enxaguatório fluoretado (F), usando protocolos previamente validados. Blocos de esmalte (120), 60 hígidos e 60 com lesão artificial de cárie, com microdureza de superfície (MDS) conhecida, foram submetidos a 3 grupos de tratamentos: A) Enxaguatório placebo (controle negativo); B) Controle positivo contendo NaF 0,05% e C) Uma formulação experimental contendo NaF 0,05% e cloreto de cloreto de cetil-piridínio como antibacteriano. Para testar a capacidade de formação de produtos fluoretados no esmalte, blocos hígidos (n=10) e cariados (n=10) foram tratados durante 10 min e os fluoretos fracamente e fortemente ligados formados foram determinados após extração com álcali e ácido, respectivamente. Para avaliar a inibição da desmineralização do esmalte, os blocos hígidos (n=10) foram tratados com as formulações 2 x/dia durante 1 min e submetidos a um modelo de ciclagem de pH, simulando o processo de desmineralização. Para avaliar a ativação da remineralização do esmalte, os blocos com lesões de cárie (n=10) foram tratados 3 x/dia e submetidos a um modelo de ciclagens de pH, simulando uma condição de remineralização. Após 8 dias, a MDS do esmalte foi novamente determinada e as porcentagens de sua redução ou aumento foram calculadas, respectivamente para os blocos hígidos ou com lesão de cárie. A formulação experimental foi superior ao controle negativo (p<0,05) e equivalente ao positivo (p>0,05), na formação de produtos fluoretados no esmalte e na inibição de sua desmineralização e ativação da remineralização. Conclui-se que o enxaguatório experimental apresenta fluoreto ativo com potencial para controlar cárie dental.

INTRODUCTION

Fluoride (F) has played an important role in dental caries control and it has been added to several commercial products for individual and professional use (1). However fluoride is very reactive and it can be inactivated by other chemical components present in commercial products (2). Therefore, any commercial product should be checked for F activity to control caries before being available for general use.

Several methods have been proposed to evaluate the anticaries potential of commercial F formulations, and in vitro studies simulating the physicochemical effect of F on caries have been extensively used (3). However, in vitro models should be previously validated in terms of dose-response (4,5) to differentiate the anticaries potential of different F formulations.

It is well known that F applied on tooth surfaces reacts with either enamel or dentin forming two products, named loosely-bound F (calcium-fluoride like, CaF₂) and firmly-bound F (fluorapatite, FA). Since CaF₂ has been considered the responsible for the effect of F on caries control (6), the evaluation should be focused mainly on the ability of F formulations to form this kind of compound. Also, the formation of this F reservoir in carious enamel is also related to the clinical anticaries efficacy of the commercial F formulation used (7).

Furthermore, in the evaluation of a new F formulation, it is important to show that F products formed on enamel are able to interfere with the dynamics of caries development (6). Thus, pH cycling models simulating dental caries process should be used to evaluate the effect of F on the reduction of enamel demineralization and enhancement of remineralization

Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate, using validated protocols, if a fluoride mouthrinse is more efficacious than a placebo formulation and at least equivalent to a positive control in the reaction with sound and carious enamel to form F products, and also if it is able to inhibit enamel demineralization and enhance its remineralization.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Experimental Design

This blind and randomized study evaluated in vitro, using previously validated protocols (8,9), the anticaries potential of a new fluoride mouthrinse. Randomized groups of 10 enamel slabs each were used to evaluate the following mouthrinse formulations: A) negative control formulation, without F or cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), but containing all the other ingredients present in the experimental formulation; B) positive control, same formulation as that of the experimental formulation, but containing 0.05% NaF and no CPC; and C) experimental formulation, containing 0.05% NaF and 0.05% CPC and other ingredients. The formulations were prepared and codified by the company Colgate-Palmolive from Brazil (Colgate-Palmolive Indústria e Comércio Ltda., São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil). The experimental formulation is currently named Prevident^&reg 220. The response variables studied were: CaF₂ and FA formed in sound and carious enamel by the formulations, and enamel surface microhardness loss (%SML) and recovery (%SMR), lesion depth (LD) and total fluoride (TF) in enamel after the pH-cycling regimens and treatments with the formulations. Independent statistical comparisons among treatments were made for sound and carious enamel.

Preparation of Sound and Carious Enamel Slabs

Two hundred and forty enamel slabs (4 x 4 x 3 mm) were obtained from bovine incisor teeth that were stored in 2% formaldehyde solution (10). The slabs were polished flat and 160 slabs were selected based on baseline surface microhardness (SMH) (mean 312.4 kg/mm², SD 15.0). SMH was measured using a microhardness tester (Future-Tech Corp., Tokyo, Japan) with Knoop diamond under a 25-g load for 5 s (11), by making 3 indentations spaced 100 µm from each other at the center of enamel surface.

The area of enamel surface was measured and all slab surfaces were protected with wax, except for the enamel surface. Sixty slabs were randomly grouped as sound and were kept at 4ºC in humid environment until analyses. The remaining 100 slabs were immersed (at 2 mL solution per mm² of enamel) in 0.1 M acetate buffer pH 5.0 containing 1.28 mM Ca, 0.74 mM P_i and 0.03 mg F/mL, during 16 h at 37ºC (9), to create caries-like lesions. SMH was measured again by making 3 indentations located 150 µm away from the previous ones, and 60 slabs with a mean SMH of 27.2 + 7.6 kg/mm² were selected for the tests with carious enamel.

The selected 60 sound enamel slabs and the 60 carious ones were randomized to six groups of 10 slabs each for the tests.

Reactivity Test

Groups of 10 sound and 10 carious slabs were immersed in the treatment solutions (1 mL/mm² of enamel area) under agitation (100 rpm) and at room temperature (8). After 10 min, the slabs were removed and washed with distilled water (DW) during 1 min.

Immediately after the reactivity test, each slab was individually immersed in 0.5 mL of 1.0 M KOH solution for CaF₂ extraction (12). After 24 h at room temperature and under agitation (100 rpm), the extract was buffered with 0.5 mL TISAB II (1.0 M acetate buffer pH 5.0, 1M NaCL and 0.4% CDTA) containing 1.0 M HCL. The slabs were removed and washed for 30 s with DW.

After CaF₂ extraction, each slab was immersed in 0.25 mL of 0.5 M HCL for 30 s under agitation to remove an enamel layer and quantify FA formed in enamel. The extract was buffered with the same volume of TISAB II pH 5.0 containing 0.5 M NaOH (13). Due to difference of composition between sound and carious enamel, the data were expressed as mg F/cm² rather than in ppm (10).

Inhibition of Enamel Demineralization Using a pH-Cycling Model

The pH-cycling model used in this study simulates a cariogenic clinical condition where the demineralizing condition is higher than the opposed remineralizing (De>Re). It was previously validated showing dose-response effect to F, i.e., the inhibition of enamel demineralization is proportional to F concentration of the treatment made on enamel during the pH-cycling (9).

Sound slabs (n=10) were individually immersed for 4 h in the demineralizing solution described above to provoke caries-like lesions (3 mL/mm²) and for 20 h in a remineralizing solution (1.5 mL/mm²) containing 1.5 mM Ca, 0.9 mM P_i, 150 mM KCL, 0.05 µg F/mL, 0.1 M Tris buffer, pH 7.0. This cycle was repeated for 8 days, at 37ºC. Twice a day (before and after immersion in the demineralizing solution), the slabs were briefly washed with DW and immersed in one of the mouthrinse formulations for 1 min under agitation at room temperature. The pH-cycling solutions were replaced on the 4th day by fresh ones. After the 8th cycle, the slabs remained in the remineralization solution for an additional 24-h period (11).

Enamel SMH was measured again by making 3 indentations spaced 150 µm from the baseline ones. The percentage of surface microhardness loss (%SML) was calculated using the equation: %SML = (sound SMH SMH after pH-cycling)/ sound SMH) * 100.

Enamel Remineralization in a pH-Cycling Model

The model used simulates a situation where the remineralizing condition is higher than the demineralizing (Re>De), and was also validated showing dose-response effect to F, i.e., enhancement of enamel remineralization proportional to the F concentration used as a treatment in the cycling model (9). Carious enamel slabs were kept for 2 h in the demineralizing and for 22 h in the remineralizing solution described above, daily, at 37ºC, during 8 days. Three times a day (soon after, 3 h before and 3 h after immersion in the demineralizing solution), the slabs were washed with DW and immersed in one of the treatments for 1 min under agitation at room temperature. After the treatments, the blocks were washed again. On the 4th day, the de- and remineralizing solutions were replaced by fresh ones.

SMH was measured again by making a new row of 3 indentations spaced 150 µm from the previous ones, and the percentage of surface microhardness recovery (%SMR) was calculated using the folowing equation: %SMR = (SMHafter pH-cycling SMH after caries-like lesion)/(sound SMH SMH after caries-like lesion) * 100.

Lesion Depth Determination and F Concentration in pH-Cycled Slabs

After final SMH determination, the slabs were longitudinally sectioned through the center using a water-cooled diamond saw, in a hard-tissue microtome. One half of the slab was used for lesion depth determination using polarized microscopy analysis and the other half for total F determination.

Longitudinal sections (100 + 10 mm) were obtained from the central part of one half of each slab, which were immersed in DW and mounted in glass-slides. The artificial caries lesion depth was analyzed with a polarized light microscope (DM LSP: Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) at x20. Digital images were obtained and the lesion depths were measured at 3 sites using Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA). The three measurements were averaged.

Total fluoride (CaF₂ + FA) was extracted from the other halves of each slab submitted to the pH-cycling regimens. The area of enamel surface was measured and all the slab surfaces were protected with a layer of acid-resistant varnish, except for the enamel surface. Three sequentially layers of the enamel were removed by immersion in 0.50 mL of 0.5 M HCL under agitation for 15, 30 and 60 s, and the amount of F found in each layer were then summed and expressed as mg F/cm² (10).

Fluoride Determination

The concentration of F as CaF₂, FA and total F (mg F/cm²) were determined in the extracts using an ion-selective electrode (Orion 96-09; Orion Research Inc., Boston, MA, USA) and an ion analyzer (Orion EA-940), previously calibrated with standard F solutions containing 0.1 to 16 mg F/mL prepared according to the reagents used in each determination.

Statistical Analysis

Independent statistical comparisons among treatments were made for sound and carious enamel. For all analyses, ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey's test. The assumptions of equality of variances and normal distribution of errors were previously checked for all response variables (14). For all analyses, SAS System 8.01 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used and the significance level was set at 5%.

RESULTS

The amount of loosely-bound F (CaF₂) deposited on sound and carious enamel was statistically similar after treatment with the positive control and experimental formulations (p>0.05), but was significantly higher than that found on the slabs treated with the negative control formulation (p<0.05) (Fig. 1). The firmly-bound F (FA) formed on the sound enamel slabs was not significantly different among the three formulations (p<0.05). However, the amount of FA formed on the carious enamel slabs was significantly higher for the positive control and experimental formulations in comparison to the negative control (p<0.05), and did not differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). Figure 1 shows that the amount of F products formed on enamel was higher for the carious slabs than for the sound slabs.

Mineral loss evaluated by the %SML and lesion depth (LD) was significantly higher in slabs treated with the negative control formulation (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed between the positive control and the experimental formulation (p>0.05) (Fig. 2). As a result of the pH-cycling, total F concentration at the end of the cycling was significantly higher in enamel slabs treated with the positive control and experimental formulations (p<0.05) (Fig. 2).

When the carious enamel slabs were submitted to the pH cycling, the %SMR was significantly higher for the positive control and experimental formulations when compared to the negative control (p<0.05) (Fig. 3). The lesion depth also decreased significantly in these groups (p<0.05) (Fig. 3). After the pH cycling, the amount of total F in the carious enamel slabs was significantly increased for the positive control and experimental formulations (p<0.05) (Fig. 3).

DISCUSSION

Anticaries effect of F formulations can be modified by F interactions with other formula components (2) or still by the interaction of these components with the dental surface (15), reducing F uptake (16).

The findings clearly showed that the tested formulation presents anticaries potential because it was able not only to incorporate F in enamel (Fig. 1), but also to interfere with the phenomena of caries development, reducing enamel demineralization (Fig. 2) and enhancing remineralization (Fig. 3). This effect was superior to that of the negative control and equivalent to that of the positive control, showing that the other components of the formulation did not reduce the F effect.

With regard to the reactivity test, the main product formed on enamel was loosely-bound F (CaF₂). This result is relevant because there is a consensus that CaF₂ may be considered more important than firmly-bound F (FA) on caries control (6). Also, the concentration of CaF₂ formed on carious enamel was higher than that formed on sound enamel, which may be explained by the increased porosity of the carious enamel, increasing the reaction area (2,17). Although FA is not considered the most important product formed in enamel by topical F, some effect on caries control cannot be discarded (18). Thus, the data of the present study showed that the ability of the F formulations to form FA in sound enamel was not different than that of the negative control (Fig. 1). However, the experimental formulation was statistically superior to the negative control on the formation of FA in carious enamel. Since the in vitro reactivity of F formulation with demineralized enamel correlates with its clinical anticaries effect (7), the present findings suggest that carious enamel should be preferably used to evaluate in vitro the anticaries potential of F products.

Additionally to F uptake assessments, pH-cycling models (9) were used to evaluate the anticaries potential of experimental formulation simulating two distinct clinical situations, a high and a low cariogenic challenge, to differentiate the effect of the treatments in caries progression and reversal (2). After each pH-cycling regimen (9), it was possible to demonstrate that the experimental formulation has anticaries potential either to inhibit enamel demineralization (Fig. 2) or to enhance remineralization (Fig. 3) compared with the negative control. Additionally, it was equivalent to the positive control, showing that the other components of the formulation do not impair the F effect to interfere with caries control. It should be emphasized that mineral loss or gain was assessed by SMH and depth of caries lesions (Figs. 2 and 3) and the data were consistent. Furthermore, F-treated enamel gained F after the pH-cycling regimens (Figs. 2 and 3). It is known that enamel can acquire resistance to further demineralization after a cariogenic challenge in the presence of F, and this increase of F (Figs. 2 and 3) may contribute for this effect.

In summary, the experimental mouthrinse evaluated in the present study presents active F with anticaries potential.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank Mr. Waldomiro Vieira Filho, from the Dental School of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas, for technical assistance. The last author, authorized by the State University of Campinas, was a scientific consultant to Colgate-Palmolive from Brazil during the course of this study.

Accepted January 30, 2008

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  11 June 2008
• Date of issue
  2008