Effects of Different Rotary Files Combined with Different Irrigation Needles on Apically Extruded Debris

Abstracts

The aim of this study was to compare the apically extruded debris associated with ProTaper Next and OneShape Apical files using two different irrigation needles, open-ended and closed-ended (Max-I-Probe). Forty-eight mandibular premolars were assigned to four groups (n=12) as follows: Group PTN-SN: Root canal was prepared with ProTaper Next (PTN) and irrigated with open-ended standard needle; Group PTN-MP: Root canal was prepared with PTN and irrigated with Max-I-Probe; Group OSA-SN: Root canal was prepared with OneShape Apical (OSA) and irrigated with open-ended needle; Group OSA-MP: Root canal was prepared with OSA and irrigated with Max-I-Probe. Debris extruded during instrumentation was collected into pre-weighed Eppendorf tubes. After storage in an incubator at 70 °C for 5 days, the Eppendorf tubes were weighed to obtain the final weight with extruded debris. The difference between pre-and post-debris weights was calculated and statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed between files and needles regarding amount of apically extruded debris (p>0.05). OneShape Apical and ProTaper Next resulted in extrusion of debris beyond the apical foramen, regardless of needle tip.

needles; root canal irrigants; root canal preparation.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a extrusão apical de restos de preparação de canais, associada às brocas ProTaper Next e OneShape Apical usando duas agulhas de irrigação, de ponta aberta e ponta fechada (Max-I-Probe). Quarenta e oito premolares inferiores foram divididos em quatro grupos (n=12): Grupo PTN-SN: o canal radicular foi preparado com ProTaper Next (PTN) e irrigado com agulha convencional de ponta aberta; Grupo PTN-MP: o canal radicular foi preparado com PTN e irrigado com Max-I-Probe; Grupo OSA-SN: o canal radicular foi preparado com OneShape Apical (OSA) e irrigado com agulha de ponta aberta; Grupo OSA-MP: o canal radicular foi preparado com OSA e irrigado com Max-I-Probe. Os restos extrudados apicalmente foram coletados em tubos Eppendorf previamente pesados. Após armazenagem por cinco dias a 70 °C, os tubos Eppendorf foram pesados para obter o peso final com os resíduos. A diferença entre as pesagens antes e depois foi calculada e análise estatística foi feita usando os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney U (p<0,05). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as brocas e agulhas com relação à quantidade de resíduos extrudados (p>0,05). As brocas ProTaper Next e OneShape Apical promoveram extrusão além do forame apical, independente do tipo de agulha utilizada.

Introduction

Chemomechanical preparation of root canal is the most crucial step of root canal treatment. Irrigants, dentin chips, pulp tissue and microorganisms may be extruded into the periradicular tissues during this step, and these extruded materials may cause postoperative pain and complications ^{( 1 , 2 )}. Previous studies have reported that all preparation techniques and instruments are associated with some debris extrusion apically ^{( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 )}.

Manufacturers have designed new nickel titanium rotary files that prepare root canal faster, easier and at the same time, preserve the original canal shape with considerably less iatrogenic errors ^{( 10 , 11 )}. ProTaper Next (PTN) is a new set of rotary instruments designed with progressive and regressive percentage tapers. It has a snake-like swaggering movement because of an off-centered rectangular cross section that generates an enlarged space for debris removal according to manufacturer. These instruments are manufactured from M-wire NiTi alloy that is claimed to improve file flexibility and resist cyclic fatigue while retaining cutting efficiency ⁽¹²⁾. Recently manufactured OneShape Apical (OSA) files are single-use NiTi finishing instruments, which are used after shaping with OneShape in order to prepare the apical part of the root canal. Two instruments are available: OSA 1 (#30/.06) and OSA 2 (#37/.06). OSA 1 instruments have a constant 0.06 taper only between D0-D5. Between D6-D16 it has zero taper. It is made of a conventional austenite 55-NiTi alloy. The cross-section represents three cutting edges in the tip region and two cutting edges in the middle. Design of file changes progressively and the S-shaped cross section shows two cutting edges at the shank. This design is purported to eliminate threading and binding of the instrument during continuous rotation ⁽¹³⁾.

Apart from files there are several factors such as anatomy of the apical area, type and size of the irrigation needle, needle placement depth, amount and flow rate of the irrigant that affect the amount of apically extruded debris ^{( 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 )}.

The aim of this study was to compare the amount of apically extruded debris with ProTaper Next and OneShape systems with two different needle tips. There is no current study evaluating the amount of apically extruded debris with OneShape Apical. There is several studies reported apical extrusion with PTN, without combining with different needle types ^{( 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 ).} The null hypothesis was that there are no differences in the amount of apically extruded debris between: (i) file systems and (ii) needle designs.

Material and Methods

Forty-eight extracted mandibular premolars with fully formed apices, curvature between 0 and 15° according to the Schneider method ⁽¹⁹⁾, and free of root resorption, previous root fillings, caries/cracks/fractures on the root surface were selected. The presence of a single canal was confirmed with radiographs taken in buccal and proximal directions. The teeth were cleaned of debris and soft tissue remnants and stored in distilled water until use. The length of the teeth was standardized to 21 mm by flattening the top of buccal cusps with silicon carbide discs. Then, an access cavity was prepared in each tooth. Working length was determined by advancing a size 10 K-file (Mani Inc., Tochigi, Japan) into the canal until it was just visible at the foramen and then subtracting 1 mm from this measurement. The size of the minor constriction was controlled by advancing a size 15 K-file (Mani Inc.) to the working length. Teeth where the tip of the file extruded beyond the apical foramen were excluded ^{( 3 , 4 )}.

A similar experimental model described previously was used for determining extruded debris ^{( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 20 )}. Stoppers were separated from the Eppendorf tubes. An analytical balance (Radwag, Radom, Poland) with an accuracy of 10^-4 g was used to measure the initial weights of the tubes. Three consecutive weights were obtained for each tube, and the mean value was calculated. A hole was created on each stopper. Each tooth was inserted up to the cementoenamel junction, and a 27-gauge needle (Ultradent, South Jordan, UT, USA) was placed alongside the stopper. This acted as a drainage cannula and helped to balance the air pressure inside and outside the tubes. Then, each stopper with the tooth and the needle was attached to its Eppendorf tube, and the tubes were fitted into vials with cyanoacrylate. A rubber-dam sheet was used to prevent leakage of overflowing irrigant and also the root apex shielded from operator during the instrumentation procedure. Teeth were divided into four groups (n=12) as follows:

Group PTN-SN: PTN (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) files were used with the sequence ProTaper Universal SX, PTN X1 (#17/04), X2 (#25/06), X3 (#30/.07), at a rotational speed of 300 rpm and 200 gcm torque with a torque- controlled endodontic motor (X-Smart; Dentsply Maillefer). Each file was used with a brushing motion. All instruments were used at WL. Irrigation with distilled water was performed with an open-ended standard needle (SN; 27 gauge; Hayat, Istanbul, Turkey).

Group PTN-MP: The instrumentation procedure was similar to that in Group PTN-SN. However, the irrigation procedure was performed with Max-I-Probe side-vented closed ended needle (MP; 28 gauge, Dentsply Rinn, Elgin, IL, USA).

Group OSA-SN: The OS files (Micro-Mega, Besançon, France) were used with the sequence OS (#25/.06) and OSA 1(#30/.06) at a rotational speed of 400 rpm and 400 gcm torque with a torque- controlled endodontic motor (X-Smart; Dentsply Maillefer). When apical resistance was encountered, the instrument was removed and cleaned, and the root canal was irrigated with distilled water. Irrigation was performed with an open-ended standard needle (SN; 27 gauge; Hayat).

Group OSA-MP: The instrumentation procedure was similar to that of Group OSA-SN. However, the irrigation procedure was performed with Max-I-Probe side-vented closed ended needle (MP; 28 gauge, Dentsply Rinn).

One operator conducted canal preparation and irrigation during the experiment. Irrigation was performed after each file, using 2 mL and 4 mL distilled water for PTN and OS groups, respectively. The total volume of irrigant in each group was the same and 8 mL for every tooth. The needle was inserted into the canal within 3 mm from the working length without binding and moved in an up-and-down motion dynamically during irrigation ⁽¹⁵⁾. Irrigation was performed with minimum pressure.

On completion of the preparation, the canals were irrigated with 2 mL of distilled water as a final irrigation, dried with paper points (Diadent Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea), and the teeth were removed from the Eppendorf tubes. The apical part of the tooth was washed with distilled water in order to collect the apically extruded debris that had adhered to the root. All of the tubes were incubated at 70 °C for 5 days before being weighed again, to evaporate the irrigant in the Eppendorf tubes. After the incubation period, the tubes were weighed again 3 times. The average of these measurements was considered to be the weight of the tube plus the debris.

The difference between pre- and post-weights was calculated, and statistical evaluation was performed using SPSS 19.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Normality distribution of data was determined by Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables were expressed as median (minimum-maximum). Apical extrusion was compared with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test (p<0.05).

Results

The mean weight standard deviation and median for each group are presented in Table 1. The results indicated that both files and needles caused measurable apical extrusion of debris. There were no significant differences among groups (p=0.283); mean amount of apically extruded debris sequence was OSA-SN≥PTN-SN≥PTN-MP≥OSA-MP. No statistically significant difference was observed between files regardless of needle tips (p=0.321) and also needles tips, regardless of files (p=0.183).

Table 1
The number of specimens, mean extrusion values (g), standard deviations (SD), median, minimum and maximum values for each group. PTN: ProTaper Next, SN: open-ended standard needle, OSA: One Shape Apical, MP: Max-I-Probe

Discussion

The results of the present study showed that both file systems and needle types tested produced apically extruded debris in vitro. It has been reported that file system, needle type, needle insertion depth and apical preparation size had a significant effect on irrigant extrusion ^{( 4 , 9 , 17 )}. Single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were used and special care was taken to attain groups that were as similar as possible in terms of anatomical feature. Only teeth with compatible foramen to size 15 K-files were selected. The apical diameter of master apical instruments in all the groups were standardized at ISO size 30 to avoid any variations in the amount of extruded debris due to the size of apical enlargement.

Apical preparation size and needle insertion depth were constant in the present study. Closed-ended side-vented needle Max-I-Probe was compared to standard open-ended needle. It was reported that the open-ended needle extruded significantly more irrigant than the closed-ended ⁽¹⁷⁾. Although the standard needle exhibited a higher numeric amount of debris (0.00028 g) than the Max-I-Probe (0.00020 g), the differences between groups were not statistically different. It is reported also both side-venting and standard needles can be used for irrigation safely and effectively if a dynamic irrigation technique (moving the needle up and down inside the canals while irrigating) is employed without binding of the needle in the canal ⁽¹⁵⁾. The needle was inserted into the canal within 3 mm from the working length without binding and moved dynamically during irrigation procedure. The tip of the irrigating needle should be positioned as apically as possible in the root canal for efficient root canal according to Sedgley et al. ⁽²¹⁾. On the other hand, if the tip of the needle is positioned too close to the apical foramen, the risk of extrusion of irrigant into the periapical tissues increases ⁽¹⁷⁾. Extrusion of toxic irrigants can be resulted in considerable pain and inflammation ⁽²²⁾.

The new swaggering motion of the ProTaper Next system serves to minimize the engagement between dentin and the file and enhances pushing debris out of the canal ⁽²³⁾. There are limited previous studies that evaluated the apically extruded debris with ProTaper Next files ^{( 4 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 )}, with side-vented open-ended needles ^{( 4 , 8 )}. In most of the studies, preparation was done up to X2 ^{( 4 , 5 , 9 )}. Ozsu et al. ⁽⁸⁾ prepared teeth up to X4 and irrigated with 31 gauge double side-port needle, while Koçak et al. ⁽⁶⁾ prepared teeth up to X3, but there was no information regarding needle type in latter one. In the present study, the weights of apically extruded debris of teeth prepared up to X3 and irrigated with two different needles were nearly similar and took place in the previously reported weight's range ^{( 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 )}.

OneShape is characterized by a changing triangular cross-section and it was reported that OneShape (25/.06) maintained the original canal curvature well and was safe to use in severely curved root canals ⁽¹⁰⁾. Bürklein et al. ⁽³⁾ and Küçükyılmaz et al. ⁽⁷⁾ evaluated apically extruded debris with OneShape as a single-file system. To the best of our knowledge, there are no data in the literature on the extrusion of apical debris with the OneShape Apical files. Bürklein et al. ^{( 3 )} reported the weight of apically extruded debris with OneShape combined with 31 gauge double side-port needle as 0.00019 ± 0.00009 g, while Küçükyılmaz et al. ⁽⁷⁾ reported the weight of apically extruded debris with OneShape combined with 25 gauge needle as 0.000431 ± 0.000171 g. In the current study when OneShape Apical combined with standard open-ended needle apically extruded debris was 0.00031 ± 0.00021 g, however when irrigation was done with Max-I-Probe needle, weight of apically extruded debris was less as 0.00018 ± 0.00012 g.

Distilled water was used as an irrigation solution to avoid any possible crystallization of sodium hypochlorite that could alter the weight of dentin debris and compromise the reliability of the results ⁽²⁴⁾. It is important to emphasize that file systems were compared in an experimental model using that collected apically extruded debris from extracted teeth. This methodology is generally accepted and has been used previously ^{( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 20 )}. Although the technique allows a comparison of the file systems under identical conditions, it does have limitations ⁽²⁴⁾. The main disadvantage of the method is that vital periapical tissues cannot be mimicked. Apical extrusion was not limited, because of the absence of a physical backpressure provided by periapical tissues in vivo ⁽²⁵⁾. This is an imminent shortcoming of in vitro designs with no periapical resistance; as a result certain degree of caution should be taken when transferring the present results to the clinical situation. If the quantities of debris extruded in this study were extruded routinely in clinical practice, a higher incidence of postoperative pain might be anticipated. Furthermore, this study was limited to teeth with mature root morphology. The observed results should not be generalized to teeth with immature root development and open apices.

Within the limitations of this in vitro study, ProTaper Next and OneShape Apical files extruded debris apically, regardless of needle type. Further research is needed for evaluating extrusion potential of OneShape Apical systems.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jul-Aug 2015

History

• Received
  17 Feb 2015
• Accepted
  24 June 2015