Degree of Conversion and Mechanical Properties of Resin Cements Cured Through Different All-Ceramic Systems

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to verify the degree of conversion (DC), Vickers microhardness (VH) and elastic modulus (E) of resin cements cured through different ceramic systems. One 1.5-mm-thick disc of each ceramic system (feldspathic, lithium dissilicate and zircônia veneered with feldspathic) was used. Three dual-cured (Allcem, Variolink II and RelyX U200) and one chemically-cured (Multilink) resin cements were activated through ceramic discs. For dual-cured resin cements was used a conventional halogen light-curing unit (Optilux 501 at 650 mW/cm2 for 120 s). Samples cured without the ceramic disc were used as control. The samples were stored at 37 °C for 24 h. ATR/FTIR spectrometry was used to evaluate the extent of polymerization in the samples (n=5). Micromechanical properties - VH and E - of the resin cements (n=5) were measured with a dynamic indentation test. Data were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA, Tukey's test and Pearson's correlation (α=0.05). DC was affected only by the type of resin cement (p=0.001). For VH, significant interaction was detected between resin cement and ceramic (p=0.045). The dual-cured resin cements showed no significant differences in mean values for E and significantly higher values than the chemically-cured resin cement. The degree of conversion and the mechanical properties of the evaluated resin cements depend on their activation mode and the type of ceramics used in 1.5 mm thickness. The dual-cured resin cements performed better than the chemically-cured resin cement in all studied properties.

Key Words:
resin cements; ceramics; polymerization; hardness; elastic modulus.

Resumo:

O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar grau de conversão (GC), microdureza Vickers (VH) e módulo de elasticidade (E) de cimentos resinosos polimerizados através de diferentes sistemas cerâmicos. Um disco de 1,5 mm de espessura de cada sistema cerâmico (cerâmica feldspática, dissilicato de lítio e zircônia coberto por cerâmica feldspática) foi utilizado. Três cimentos resinosos duais (Allcem, Variolink II e RelyX U200) e um cimento resinoso quimicamente ativado (Multilink) foram ativados através dos discos de cerâmica. Para os cimentos resinosos duais foi utilizado um aparelho de lâmpada halógena (Optilux 501 a 650 mW/cm2 por 120 s). Amostras polimerizadas sem a interposição do disco de cerâmica foram utilizadas como controle. As amostras foram armazenadas a 37 °C durante 24 h. ATR/FTIR foi utilizado para avaliar a extensão da polimerização nas amostras (n=5). Propriedades micromecânicas - VH e E - dos cimentos resinosos (n=5) foram medidas com um teste dinâmico de indentação. Os dados foram analisados através de análise de variância a dois fatores, teste de Tukey e correlação de Pearson (α=0,05). O GC foi afetado somente pelo tipo de cimento resinoso (p=0,001). Para VH, houve interação entre o tipo de cimento resinoso e o tipo de cerâmica (p=0,045). Os cimentos resinosos duais não apresentaram diferenças significativas nos valores médios de E e valores significativamente maiores que o cimento resinoso quimicamente ativado. O grau de conversão e as propriedades mecânicas dos cimentos resinosos avaliados dependem do seu modo de ativação e do tipo de cerâmica usada na espessura de 1,5 mm. Os cimentos resinosos duais desempenharam melhor que o cimento resinoso quimicamente ativado em todas as propriedades estudadas.

Introduction

The interest in all-ceramic materials is on increase, since these materials have adequate physical and mechanical properties, excellent esthetic and biocompatibility that make them suitable for dental rehabilitation ¹. However, the success of all-ceramic restorations depends largely on the reliable bonding between ceramic and dental hard tissues by luting materials.

With the developments in adhesive dentistry, resin cements became attractive because of their low solubility, good esthetics, and proper bond strength to both tooth substrate and restorative materials ². These materials can be classified according to their activation modes, since the activation can be chemical, physical (by light) or combination of both (dual) ³. When the restoration thickness is above 1.5-2 mm or its opacity hinders the light transmission, the use of dual- or chemically-cured resin cements has been advocated ^{4 5} to attain proper polymerization of resin cements. Inadequate polymerization, characterized by low degree of conversion (DC), decreases the mechanical properties of cement and increases water sorption and solubility. Furthermore, it was shown that increased amount of residual monomers may cause pulp irritation and irreversible pulpitis ⁶. Insufficient DC can negatively affect the mechanical properties, alter dimensional stability, and decrease the bonding of resin cements to tooth structures, impairing the clinical longevity of restorations ^{1 7 8}.

The type of ceramics, their thickness, shade and translucency, the resin cement composition, mode of activation as well as the curing light output power, setting time and distance are factors that affect the resin cement polymerization ^{1 5 9 10}. The glass ceramic systems, feldspathic, leucite and lithium disilicate systems have pleasing aesthetics, are amenable to acid etching and present translucency that allows light transmission through the restoration to underlying tooth structure. However, higher strength ceramic systems, such as alumina or zirconia-based ceramics are required as substructure, as these ceramics used as coping have high opacity and can hinder the light transmission¹¹.

It is therefore important to assess the way in which the type of ceramic system may interfere in properties of different resin cements, in order to better understand the interaction between ceramic and luting material. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate DC, Vickers microhardness (VH) and elastic modulus (E) of resin cements cured under different ceramic systems.

The tested null hypothesis was that ceramic type and the type of resin cement would have no significant influence on the mechanical properties of the resin cements.

Material and Methods

Preparation of Ceramic Discs

Three all-ceramic materials were selected for this study: feldspathic glass-ceramic (Noritake EX 3; Kuraray, Miyoshi, Chugoku, Japan); low translucency lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e-max Press LT; Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and polycrystalline zirconia ceramic (Lava All-Ceramic System; 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Bavaria, Germany). For the last one, a feldspathic ceramic (Noritake EX 3) was applied over the core made from zirconia ceramic. For the feldspathic glass-ceramic, a machined metal pattern was duplicated with silicon (Aerojet; São Paulo, SP, Brazil) and used to manufacture the feldspathic ceramic disc. The feldspathic ceramic was sintered (Alumini Press II; EDG, São Carlos, SP, Brazil) according to the manufacturer's instructions. IPS e-max Press ceramic discs were prepared by the heat-pressing technique in specific furnace (Ivoclar Vivadent) following the manufacturer's instructions. An opaque zircon disc was milled in the Zirkonzahn CAD/CAM (Zirkonzahn Worldwide, Gais, Italy) system using zircon blanks (0.3 mm thick) and a feldspathic ceramic was applied onto the fabricated 1.2-mm-thick zirconia disc. Three ceramic discs were 1.5 mm thick, 10 mm in diameter and Vita shade A2 color. Next, the samples were stored at room temperature. The light transmission through ceramics was measured with radiometer (Demetron; Kerr, Orange, CA, USA).

Preparation of Resin Cement Samples through Ceramic Discs

Three dual-cured (Allcem, Variolink II and RelyX U200) and one chemically-cured (Multilink) resin cements were selected for this study. All resin cements information is summarized in Table 1. The resin cements were manipulated as recommended by manufacturers and inserted into vinyl molds (1 mm thick x 2 mm inner diameter x 10 mm outer diameter). Mylar strips (Quimidrol; Joinville, SC, Brazil) were used on the bottom and top surfaces of the sample to ensure smooth surfaces, allow the ceramic disc placement over the sample and avoid inhibition of polymerization by oxygen ¹². The cements were mixed in controlled temperature 23(±1) °C and 40% relative humidity. The ceramic discs were placed over the resin cement samples assisted with a teflon positioning ring and waited five minutes for chemical setting of the cements ¹³. The samples were shielded from room light by positioning a dark compartment over the samples, during the five minutes of chemical setting. The light curing was performed for the dual-cured resin cements through the ceramic discs for 40 s on the top and on both sides of the samples to simulate light-activation on the occlusal, lingual and buccal surfaces. Each sample was submitted to light exposure for 120 s ¹², using a halogen light-curing unit (Optilux 501; Kerr) at 650 mW/cm². Samples from each cement group cured without the ceramic disc were used as control samples. All samples were stored under dry and dark conditions at 37 °C for 24 h.

Table 1
Resin cements assessed in this study

• * According to manufacturers. Bis-GMA: 2,2-bis {p-(2'-hydroxy-3'methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl} propane; TEGDMA: triethylene glycol dimethacrylate Bis-EMA: ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate; UEDMA: 1,6-bis(methacryloxy-2-ethoxycarbonylamino)-2,4,4-trimethylhexane; HEMA: hydroxyethylmethacrylate.

Degree of Conversion

The DC of the samples (n=5) was determined using attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/ FTIR Vertex 70; Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany). Preliminary reading for a small amount of each uncured material was recorded in absorbance spectrum acquired by scanning the samples 32 times over a 4,000 to 400 cm^-1 range with a resolution of 4 cm^-1. Additional spectrum was obtained from cured specimen after dry storage at 37 °C for 24 h and shielded from the room light. Shielding was performed by keeping the material inside the closed sample compartment. The ratio between aliphatic carbon-to-carbon double bond (at 1,637 cm⁻¹⁾and aromatic component group (at 1,608 cm⁻¹⁾ for uncured and cured samples were used to calculate the DC according to the following equation:

%DC=1−{abs(C=C_aliphatic)/abs(C=C_aromatic)} polymer/{abs(C=C_aliphatic)/abs(C=C_aromatic)} monomer x 100

where DC is the degree of conversion, Abs (C=C_arom) is the height of the benzene ring peak, and Abs (C=C_aliph) is the height of the aliphatic C=C bond peak, for both cured and uncured resin cements ^{14 15}.

Vickers Microhardness and Elastic Modulus

The samples were embedded in polyester resin (Instrumental; São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Prior to testing, the surfaces were finished with 600, 800, 1200 and 2000-grit silicon-carbide papers sizes (Norton; Campinas, SP, Brazil) and polished with metallographic diamond pastes with 6-, 3-, 1-, and 1/4 µm- sizes (Arotec; São Paulo, SP, Brazil) ¹⁶. Cement samples were ultrasonically cleaned (Cristofoli; Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil) for 10 min. VH measurements were performed on the top surface of resin cement using micro-hardness dynamic indenter (Micro Indentation Tester; CSM, Peseux, Switzerland). The test load was increased and decreased at a constant speed between 0 and 500 mN. The force increased from 0 to 500 mN in 20 s intervals, applied constantly for 5 s. Then the force was gradually removed from 500 mN to 0 mN in 20 s intervals. The load and the penetration depth of the indenter were continuously measured while loading-unloading the force. Five measurements were performed for each resin cement sample and the mean value was established as the Vickers hardness number (VHN) for statistical analysis (n=5).

From a multiplicity of measurements stored in a database supplied by the manufacturer, a conversion factor between hardness and VHN was calculated and introduced into the software, so that the measurements were expressed in Vickers hardness units:

VHN = P/A

where: P is the maximum load; A is the depth-sensing instrument.

The indentation modulus was calculated from the slope of the indentation tangent depth-curve at maximum force and is comparable with the elasticity modulus of the material.

Statistical Analysis

DC, VH and E data were individually analyzed using two-way ANOVA, with ceramics and resin cement as the factors. All post hoc multiple comparisons were performed using Tukey's test. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was used to analyze a possible correlation between the analyzed three mechanical properties. Statistical significance was set at α=0.05.

Results

Light transmission values of the ceramic discs are shown in Table 2.

Table 2
Energy density values (mW/cm2) measured through different types of ceramic discs

Degree of Conversion

The mean DC values and standard deviations according to the ceramic type and resin cement type are shown in Table 3. The factor resin cement type (p=0.001) was significant for DC. The factors ceramic type (p=0.703) and interaction between the study (p=0.056) were not significant. Tukey HDS showed differences among resin cements; chemically-cured resin cement exhibited the lowest values for DC.

Table 3
Mean values and standard deviations of DC (%) for the experimental groups

• * For pooled average, different letters represent statistically significant differences (2-way ANOVA/Tukey, p<0.05).

Vickers Microhardness

There was statistical significance for resin cement (p<0.001), ceramic (p<0.001) and interaction between these factors (p=0.045). The means and standard deviations for VH are in Table 4. The chemically-cured cement showed lower VH values than the dual-cured cements. When cured without the interposition of a ceramic disc or through feldspathic ceramic, Allcem and RelyXU200 presented the highest VH values Nevertheless, when cured through lithium disilicate and zirconia + feldspathic ceramic, RelyXU200 showed the highest values and Allcem resembled the other two dual-cured resin cements. The control group had the highest VH values for all studied cements or resembled the ceramics.

Table 4
Mean values and standard deviations of VH (N/mm2)

• The means followed by different letters (upper case letters within the columns and lower case letters within the rows) are significantly different (statistical categories defined by Tukey test; p<0.05).

Elastic Modulus

The means and standard deviations for E are in Table 5. The factor resin cement was significant (p<0.001); no significant difference was found for the factor ceramic type (p=0.287) and interaction between the ceramic and resin cement (p=0.259). Dual-cured resin cements showed similar values for E and significantly higher values than the chemically-cured resin cement.

Table 5
Means and standard deviations of E (GPa) obtained according to the experimental groups

• For pooled average, different letters represent statistically significant differences (2-way ANOVA/Tukey, p<0.05).

Pearson's Correlation

The Pearson's correlation test revealed a moderate correlation between DC and VH (r²=0.594) and between the DC and E (r²=0.389) and a strong correlation between VH and E (r²=0.804).

Discussion

Traditionally, DC is used to investigate factors affecting the polymerization reaction; whereas the final DC of a polymer has important effect on the mechanical properties ¹⁷. It is important to emphasize that beyond polymerization efficiency measured by DC, other factors affect the mechanical properties of resin cements and, consequently, the clinical performance of adhesively luted restorations ¹⁸. In the current study, mechanical properties were assessed using a dynamic indentation test that provides both hardness and modulus of elasticity of the material directly from indentation load and displacement measurements ¹⁹. A strong correlation between these mechanical properties was shown, but weaker correlations were found between both mechanical properties and DC.

The polymerization depends on several factors, including resin cement composition and activation mode. Regarding activation-mode, the lowest values of DC, VH and E were observed for the chemically-activated cement. The amount of initiators (usually benzoyl peroxide and an amine) added to resin cements to produce chemical activation of the polymerization reaction is limited to allow longer working time. Considering that the final DC of the chemically-activated cement is proportional to the amount of chemical initiators, were expected reduced values of DC ²⁰. Chemical-activation also is present in dual cured cement, but the light activation increases the amount of free radicals available to initiate the polymerization. Thus, the energy density provided by light-curing unit may have significant effect on polymerization kinetics and final DC ²¹. To simulate a clinical condition of ceramic cementation, light activation was performed through a 1.5-mm-thick ceramic disc. The interposition of a ceramic can lead to some attenuation of light depending on ceramic crystalline structure, light refractive index, shade and thickness ^{5 9}. The ceramics used during the light activation of cements resulted in an energy loss from light-curing unit varying from 11 to 22%. However, this loss of energy did not result in reduction of DC irrespective the evaluated dual-cured cement (Table 2). The increased time of light-curing (120 s) may help to compensate the reduction of energy density, explaining the outcomes. Therefore, when dual-cured cement is light-cured through a ceramic system, extending light-curing time accordingly may still be necessary to achieve optimal polymerization ²². Furthermore, the 5 min of delay before the light-activation allows effective chemically activated polymerization ¹³.

Among the dual-cured cements, Allcem showed the highest values and Variolink II the lowest one, irrespective the conditions of light activation. Differences in composition, including amount of chemicals and photo-initiators, monomeric composition, ratio of diluent monomers and filler content can explain the results. However, considering that the exact concentration of each cement component is not provided by manufacturer, explanations of DC results based on composition are speculative. It is important to emphasize that differences of DC between resin cements do not necessarily indicate similar behavior when mechanical properties are evaluated ²³. Interestingly, the behavior of hardness between the cements was similar to those observed for DC. In fact, beyond the compositional factors and the developed polymer structure, DC has important effect on hardness. However, despite the absence of differences between the ceramics for DC, the type of ceramic used during light activation significantly affected the hardness values for all cements.

Increased elastic modulus of resin cements reduces the stress over the restorative materials under occlusal loads and can improve the restoration longevity ²⁴. In this study, all dual-cured resin cements behaved in the same way and better than the chemically cured cement, which may be explained by the lower filler volume, resulting in a flexible material with low E. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected since both the ceramic type and resin cement type affected the assessed properties.

Thus, according to the data obtained in this study, it may be concluded that the type of ceramic and resin cement affected the mechanical properties of the resin cements. The dual-cured resin cement showed better performance compared to chemically cured resin cement. Strong correlation between the mechanical properties (HV and E) was shown; however, weaker correlations were found between both mechanical properties and DC.

Evaluation of the mechanical properties is important to predict the materials' behavior in clinical situations. The influence of the factors related to bonding strength with tooth and indirect restoration, handling properties, wear resistance, and color stability should be taken into account because they will also determine the clinical performance of the material ²⁵. Future research should consider the polymerization of resin cements as function of time and ceramic thickness.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Oct 2015

History

• Received
  01 Apr 2015
• Accepted
  07 July 2015