Influence of Temporary Cements on the Bond Strength of Self-Adhesive Cement to the Metal Coronal Substrate

This research evaluated the influence of temporary cements (eugenol-containing [EC] or eugenol-free [EF]) on the tensile strength of Ni-Cr copings fixed with self-adhesive resin cement to the metal coronal substrate. Thirty-six temporary crowns were divided into 4 groups (n=9) according to the temporary cements: Provy, Dentsply (eugenol-containing), Temp Cem, Vigodent (eugenol-containing), RelyX Temp NE, 3M ESPE (eugenol-free) and Temp Bond NE, Kerr Corp (eugenol-free). After 24 h of temporary cementation, tensile strength tests were performed in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min and 1 kN (100 kgf) load cell. Afterwards, the cast metal cores were cleaned by scraping with curettes and air jet. Thirty-six Ni-Cr copings were cemented to the cast metal cores with self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200, 3M ESPE). Tensile strength tests were performed again. In the temporary cementation, Temp Bond NE (12.91±2.54) and Temp Cem (12.22±2.96) presented the highest values of tensile strength and were statistically similar to each other (p>0.05). Statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed only between Provy (164.44±31.23) and Temp Bond NE (88.48±21.83) after cementation of Ni-Cr copings with self-adhesive resin cement. In addition, Temp Cem (120.68±48.27) and RelyX Temp NE (103.04±26.09) showed intermediate tensile strength values. In conclusion, the Provy eugenol-containing temporary cement was associated with the highest bond strength among the resin cements when Ni-Cr copings were cemented to cast metal cores. However, the eugenol cannot be considered a determining factor in increased bond strength, since the other tested cements (1 eugenol-containing and 2 eugenol-free) were similar.

dental prosthesis; temporary cements; resin cements; tensile strength

Resumo

Esta pesquisa avaliou a influência dos cimentos temporários (contendo eugenol [CE]ou livre de eugenol[LE]) na resistência à tração de copingsde Ni-Cr fixados com cimento resinoso auto-adesivo sobre substrato coronário metálico. Trinta e seis coroas provisórias foram divididas em 4 grupos (n=9) de acordo com os cimentos temporários: Provy, Dentsply (contendo eugenol), Temp Cem, Vigodent (contendo eugenol), RelyXTemp NE, 3M ESPE (livre de eugenol) andTemp Bond NE, KerrCorp (livre de eugenol). Após 24 h da cimentação temporária, testes de resistência à tração foram realizados em uma máquina universal de ensaios, com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. e célula de carga de 1kN (100 kgf). Em seguida, os núcleos metálicos fundidos foram limpos por meio de raspagem com cureta ejatos de ar. Trinta e seis copings de Ni-Cr foram cimentados sobre os núcleos metálicos com cimento resinoso auto-adesivo (RelyX U200, 3M ESPE). Testes de resistência à tração foram novamente realizados. Na cimentação provisória, Temp Bond NE (12,91±2,54) e Temp Cem (12,22±2,96) apresentaram os maiores valores de resistência à tração e foram estatisticamente semelhantes entre si (p>0,05). Diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0.05) foi observada apenas entre Provy (164,44±31,23) e Temp Bond NE (88,48±21,83)após cimentação dos copingsdeNi-Cr com cimento resinoso auto-adesivo. Além disso, Temp Cem (120,68±48,27) e RelyX Temp NE (103,04±26,09) mostraram valores intermediários de resistência à tração. Em conclusão, o cimento temporário contendo eugenol, Proxy, foi associado com a mais alta resistência de união do cimento resinoso, quando os copingsde Ni-Cr foram cimentados sobre os núcleos metálicos fundidos. Entretanto, o eugenol não pode ser considerado como um fator determinante no aumento da resistência de união, já que outros cimentos testados (1 contendo eugenol e 2 livres de eugenol) foram semelhantes.

Introduction

Indirect restorations are recommended in oral rehabilitation when there is great loss of tooth structure ¹. Advances in adhesive dentistry have been followed by an increase in choice of resin cements that exhibit greater bond strength and reduced solubility when compared with non-adhesive luting cements and can assure greater longevity of the indirect restorations ^{2 3}. However, indirect restoration procedure requires more clinical time and use of temporary restorations and cements ⁴.

A temporary restoration is fixed into the prepared tooth and the bond strength of the cement should be adequate to retain the restoration in function, but small enough to allow easy removal of the provisional restoration before cementing the final restoration ⁵. Complete elimination of temporary cement from tooth or metal surfaces (cast cores and copings) is difficult and the residual particles may interfere with adhesive properties of resin cements ^{3 6}.

The presence of residual particles of the temporary cements on substrate is a potential risk of contamination that may affect the adhesion of resin cement, causing reduction of the surface free energy ^{4 7 8}. Additionally, the use of eugenol-containing temporary cements before adhesive cementation has been associated with lower bond strength of resin cements, affecting the polymerization of monomers and the physical properties of the resin cement ^{9 10 11 12 13 14}. However, some studies suggested that temporary cements, regardless of the eugenol content, reduce the bond strength of resin cements ^{15 16}.

The influence of eugenol-containing temporary cements on the bond strength of adhesive systems and resin cements to dentin was largely studied in the literature (3,4,6-10); however, to our knowledge and according to a Pubmed search (August 24, 2015; search terms: ["temporary cements" or "provisional cements"] and "bond strength of resin cement" and "metal core"), there are no studies in literature evaluating the association of eugenol-containing temporary cements with changes in the tensile strength of resin cements in metal coronal substrate.

This study evaluated the influence of temporary cements (containing eugenol or eugenol-free) on the tensile strength of Ni-Cr copings cemented with self-adhesive resin cement to the metal coronal substrate. The work hypothesis was that eugenol-containing or eugenol-free temporary cements would not interfere in the bond strength of the self-adhesive resin cement to metal coronal substrate.

Material and Methods

Manufacture of Metal Cores

Thirty-six Ni-Cr metal cores were obtained from a stainless steel model according to methodology described by Peixoto et al. ¹⁷. This model presented a crown preparation with about 4 degrees axial taper, a height of 8.28 mm and a chamfer finish line. The occlusal surface was flat with a diameter of 5.58 mm and cervical shoulder of 9.16 mm.

Acrylic resin custom trays were manufactured and the model was duplicated using condensation silicone impression material (Optosil^??#63615;/Xantopren^?, Heraeus Kulzer, Germany). The molding process was conducted with a surveyor to standardize the process of molding.

Molten modeling wax was poured inside the mold to make replicas of the dies (metal cores). The replicas were cast by the lost wax method, using an oxygen-gas flame and subsequent injection of the Ni-Cr dental alloy (Verabond II, Aalba Dent, Cordelia, CA, USA) by centrifugation. Metal cores were included in rigid PVC rings with acrylic resin Dencrilon (Dencril, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil) (Fig. 1) and the surveyor was again present to standardize the positioning of the metal cores. After inclusion, the 36 metal cores were sandblasted with 80 µm aluminum oxide particles under 80 lb/in² pressure for 15 s at a distance of approximately 1 cm from the metal core.

Figure 1
Metal cores included in PVC rings.

Fabrication of Temporary Crowns

A temporary crown in acrylic resin Duralay (Reliance Dental MFG Co., Worth, IL, USA) containing a hole to adapt it in the universal testing machine was manufactured on one of these metal cores (Fig. 2A). Next, a silicone matrix (Zetalabor, Zhermack, Rovigo, Italy) was fabricated to standardize all temporary crowns (n=36) (Figs. 2B and 2C). Powder and liquid (2:1) were mixed for 5 s with a #7 spatula and inserted into the silicone matrix (Fig. 2D). To avoid incorporation of air bubbles, the mixture was slowly inserted under vibration until total filling of the die.

Figure 2
Fabrication of temporary crowns in acrylic resin Duralay (A). Temporary crown molding (B) to manufacture a silicone matrix (C) and to standardize the preparation of all temporary crowns (D).

Temporary Cementing Procedure

Temporary crowns were divided into 4 groups (n=9) according to temporary cements: Provy (Dentsply, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil; eugenol-containing), Temp Cem (Vigodent, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; eugenol-containing), RelyX^TM Temp NE (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany; eugenol-free) and Temp Bond^(r)NE (Kerr Corp, Orange, CA, USA; eugenol-free). The preparation of cements followed the manufacturers' recommendations. A metal device (5 kg) attached to the top of the mobile rod of a modified surveyor was used to maintain constant pressure during 24 h (Fig. 3), considering the late setting reaction of cement according to manufacturer's recommendation.

Figure 3
Modified surveyor used to maintain constant pressure on the specimen during the setting time of the cement.

Tensile Strength Testing

Tensile strength test was performed in a universal testing machine (EMIC, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min and 1 kN (100 kgf) load cell. The tensile strength was recorded in N.

Fabrication of Ni-Cr Copings

Plaster dies were produced from the cast metal cores to obtain the Ni-Cr copings according to the methodology described by Peixoto et al. ¹⁷. The metal cores were fixed in a rigid plastic ring with chemically activated acrylic resin, molded with condensation silicone impression material (Optosil^(r)/Xantopren^(r)) and waxed. A capsule-matrix overlapping 1 mm the height of the plaster dies was used to standardize the wax patterns thickness. The resulting wax patterns were cast with Ni-Cr dental alloy (Verabond II) in a Discovery Plasma Ar-arc vacuum-pressure casting machine (EDG, São Carlos, SP, Brazil). The Ni-Cr copings (n=36) were divested immediately after cooling at room temperature, sandblasted with 80-µm aluminum oxide particles under 80 lb/in² (5.62 kgf/cm²⁾ pressure, and divided into 4 groups for definitive cementation.

Definitive Cementing Procedure

After tensile strength test of temporary crowns, the metal cores were cleaned with curettes and air jet simulating a clinical situation. The Ni-Cr copings were cemented with self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200; 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) and the same modified surveyor with metal device (Fig. 3) was used to maintain constant pressure during the polymerization of the cement. Tensile strength test was performed again as previously described.

Statistical Analysis

The results were analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 17.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). To evaluate differences between the various groups two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test were used with a significance level of 5%.

Results

The statistical results of tensile strength (kgf) of the groups fixed with temporary cements are presented in Table 1. Temp Bond NE (12.91±2.54) and Temp Cem (12.22±2.96) presented similar and the highest values of tensile strength (p>0.05) and Provy the lowest value (p<0.05). Temp Bond NE showed intermediate value compared with Temp Cem and Temp Bond NE groups (p>0.05).

After cementation with self-adhesive resin cement, Provy (164.44±31.23) presented significantly higher tensile strength when compared with Temp Bond NE (88.48±21.83) (p<0.05). Provy was statistically similar to Temp Cem (120.68±48.27) (p>0.05) and RelyX Temp NE (103.04±26.09) (p>0.05) (Table 2).

Table 1
Tensile strength values (kgf) of the eugenol-containing (EC) or eugenol-free (EF) temporary cements

• ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni's test. Different letters indicate statistically significant difference (p<0.05).

Table 2
Tensile strength values (kgf) of the groups after cementation with resin cement

• ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test. Different letters indicate statistically significant difference (p<0.05).

Discussion

The temporary restoration phase is a reliable indicator of the clinical long-term success of the definitive restorations, because it helps to clear all the doubts that usually arise during treatment, like defining the shape, contour, vertical dimension and aesthetics of the definitive restorations ¹⁸. However, retention of the temporary cement should be adequate to maintain the restoration in function, but low enough to allow easy removal of the temporary restoration before the final restoration ⁵. In this context, tensile strength tests are often used and they consist in the use of a load required for the removal of crowns during the traction movement ¹⁷.

The present study initially evaluated the tensile strength of temporary crowns as they were cemented with four temporary cements (Table 2). G1 (eugenol-containing cement) showed the worst tensile strength while the G4 (eugenol-free cement) and G2 (eugenol-containing cement) showed the best results and both were similar to each other. Therefore, zinc-oxide eugenol-free cement does not seem to be associated with higher tensile strength, unlike observed by Kim et al. ¹⁹. These authors evaluated the tensile strength of temporary crowns cemented on implant abutment (metal substrate) and showed significantly higher values for eugenol-free temporary cement (Temp Bond NE, Kerr) when compared to eugenol-containing cement (Temp Bond, Kerr).

Despite the presence of residual particles of the temporary cements, some authors believe that these residual particles may affect the bond strength of resin cements, in consequence of the reduction of surface free energy ^{4 7}. In general, residual temporary cements might act as a barrier that inhibits the interactions between acidic functional monomers and inorganic components of dentin ⁴. Previous studies using scanning electron microscopy ^{4 20 21} and atomic force microscopy ³ reported that remnants of temporary materials remain on dentin surfaces, even after mechanical cleaning and etching with 37% phosphoric acid. However, some studies reported that these remnants are not sufficient to interfere with the bond strength of these adhesive systems and resin cements, whether eugenol-containing or not ^{22 23}.

Conversely, many studies showed that eugenol-containing cements significantly reduced bond strength of resin cements ^{3 7 10 12 24}. A possible explanation for this is the high affinity of eugenol to free radicals, producing chemical inhibition of the polymerization of resin materials. Thus, eugenol competes with the monomers for union to the initiators of polymerization, preventing complete reaction and affecting the mechanical properties of the adhesive and resin cement ^{9 13 14}. The negative effect of eugenol on polymerization of resin cements occurs even in rather small quantities due to its high capacity of diffusion into dentin ¹⁴. Fujisawa ¹⁴ and Ganss and Jung ²² affirmed that the concentration of eugenol in waste of temporary cements is so small that it would not cause any adverse effect on the adhesive bond and resin cements.

Unlike most studies in the literature, this research simulated a very common clinical situation in which metal crowns were cemented into a cast metal core. Based on this, the influence of eugenol-containing temporary cements in the bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement was evaluated. The results of tensile strength of the Ni-Cr copings showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05) only between G1 (Eugenol-containing, Provy, Dentsply) and G4 (Eugenol-free, Temp Bond (r) NE, Kerr Corp) (Table 2). Despite the statistical difference between G1 and G4, it cannot be stated that eugenol is the determining factor for higher tensile strength of copings observed in G1 because G2 (eugenol-containing) and G3 (eugenol-free) showed similar tensile strength values (p>0.05). Thus, the work hypothesis was confirmed by showing that temporary cements (eugenol-containing or eugenol-free) do not interfere in the bond strength of the self-adhesive resin cement into metal coronal substrate, suggesting that the observed statistical difference could be associated with other Provy cement components, not only eugenol. Moreover, it is possible to infer that the residual particles of temporary cements were more easily removed from the metal cast than from the dentin because dentin may absorb eugenol and interfere with polymerization rate changing the bond strength.

There are other mechanical and chemical methods that may effectively help removing temporary cements. Mosharraf et al. ²⁵ showed that eugenol-containing temporary cements were easily removed by ultrasonic cleaning from the surface of cast restorations. In addition, Koch et al. ⁸ showed that phosphoric acid or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) etching significantly reduced the amount of eugenol in dentin and this method may be an alternative to cleaning metal surfaces before cementation with resin cements.

Further investigations with similar experimental design should be performed to bring more information about the interference of temporary cements on the tensile strength of indirect restorations to the metal substrates, since a wide majority of studies evaluate the bond strength to dentin.

In conclusion, the Provy eugenol-containing temporary cement was associated with the best bond strength of the resin cement when Ni-Cr copings were cemented to cast metal cores. However, eugenol cannot be considered as a determining factor in increased bond strength, since the other tested cements (1 eugenol-containing and 2 eugenol-free) were similar.

Acknowledgements

This investigation was supported by The São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (grant #2010/01546-9).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Nov-Dec 2015

History

• Received
  04 May 2015
• Accepted
  17 Sept 2015