Abstracts
A serological survey in free-ranging crab-eating foxes (Canidae: Cerdocyon thous) and brown-nosed coatis (Procyonidae: Nasua nasua) was performed in the Nhecolândia sub-region of the Brazilian Pantanal to evaluate the presence of anti-smooth Brucella antibodies on those wild populations. The detection of anti-smooth Brucella antibodies was performed by the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) as screening test and the Fluorescence Polarization Assay (FPA) as a confirmatory test. The frequency of smooth Brucella seropositive animals were 13.2% (5/38, 95% CI: 4.4% - 28.1%) for crab-eating foxes and 8.8% (3/34, 95% CI: 1.9% -23.7%) for brown-nosed coatis. No association was found between seropositivity for brucellosis and gender or age. The results of this study suggest exposure to or infection of crab-eating fox and brown-nosed coati from the Brazilian Pantanal by Brucella spp
Brazil; Brucella; Pantanal; Cerdocyon thous; Nasua nasua; reservoirs; epidemiology
Um inquérito sorológico em quatis (Procyonidae: Nasua nasua) e lobinhos (Canidae: Cerdocyon thous) de vida livre foi conduzido na sub-região da Nhecolândia do Pantanal Sulmatogrossense para avaliar a presença de anticorpos anti-Brucella (fenótipo liso). A pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Brucella foi realizada pelo teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado, utilizado como teste de triagem e pelo teste de polarização fluorescente, utilizado como teste confirmatório. A frequência de animais soropositivos para anticorpos anti-Brucella foi de 13,2% (5/38, IC 95%: 4,4% - 28,1%) para lobinhos e de 8,8% (3/34, IC 95%: 1,9% - 23,7%) para coatis. Não foi encontrada associação entre a soropositividade para brucelose e gênero ou idade. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem exposição a ou infecção de lobinhos e quatis do Pantanal Brasileiro por Brucella spp
Brasil; Brucella; Pantanal; Cerdocyon thous; Nasua nasua; reservatórios; epidemiologia
Brazil; Brucella; Pantanal; Cerdocyon thous; Nasua nasua; reservoirs; epidemiology
Brasil; Brucella; Pantanal; Cerdocyon thous; Nasua nasua; reservatórios; epidemiologia
Brucellosis caused by Brucella spp. is a worldwide distributed zoonosis. It is
an important public health problem responsible for direct and indirect losses in animal
production (CORBEL et al., 2006CORBEL, M.J. et al. Brucellosis in humans and animals. Geneva: World
Health Organization, 2006. 89p.). Bovine
brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is the most prevalent brucellosis in
Brazil (POESTER et al., 2002POESTER, F.P. et al. Brucellosis in Brazil. Veterinary Microbiology,
v.90, n.1-4, p.55-62, 2002. Available from:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113502002456>. Accessed:
Nov. 19, 2012.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
). It is widespread
throughout the territory, with herd prevalences ranging from 0.32% to 41.5% (CHATE et al., 2009CHATE, S.C. et al. Situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina no Estado
do Mato Grosso do Sul. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v.61,
supl.1, p.46-55, 2009. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abmvz/v61s1/a07v61s1.pdf>. Accessed: Set. 18, 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352009000700007.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abmvz/v61s1/a07...
; SIKUSAWA et al., 2009SIKUSAWA, S. et al. Situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina no
Estado de Santa Catarina. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia,
v.61, supl.1, p.103-108, 2009. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abmvz/v61s1/a13v61s1.pdf>. Accessed: Nov. 19, 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352009000700013.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abmvz/v61s1/a13...
). Its control and eradication are of the utmost importance
to the country.
The success of bovine brucellosis control and eradication programs requires extensive
epidemiologic investigation on the presence, participation and importance of the disease in
sympatric wildlife, since these may constitute reservoirs able to maintain and transmit
Brucella spp. back to adjacent cattle populations (VAN CAMPEN & RHYAN, 2010VAN CAMPEN, H.; RHYAN, J. The role of wildlife in disease of cattle.
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, v.26, n.1, p.147-161,
2010. Available from:
<http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749-0720(09)00106-6>. Accessed:
Nov. 1, 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.008
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/...
). Brucella spp. infection
has been reported in different wild species in several countries and environments (GODFROID, 2002GODFROID, J. Brucellosis in wildlife. Revue Scientifique et Technique -
Office international des épizooties, v.21, n.2, p.277-286, 2002. Disponível em:
<http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D514.PDF>. Acesso em: Out. 22, 2012.
http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D514.PDF...
) and the transmission is best reported
among bison, elks and cattle in the Greater Yellowstone Area (VAN CAMPEN & RHYAN, 2010VAN CAMPEN, H.; RHYAN, J. The role of wildlife in disease of cattle.
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, v.26, n.1, p.147-161,
2010. Available from:
<http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749-0720(09)00106-6>. Accessed:
Nov. 1, 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.008
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/...
).
The Pantanal, the largest freshwater wetland ecosystem in the world, houses a rich and
dense wildlife. It has about 160,000 hectares in the center of South America, of which
almost 90% belongs to the Brazilian States of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul (MOURÃO et al., 2010MOURÃO, G. et al. How much can the number of jabiru stork (Ciconiidae)
nests vary due to change of flood extension in a large neotropical floodplain?
Zoologia, v.27, p.751-756, 2010. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-46702010000500012>.
Accessed: Out. 9, 2012. doi: 10.1590/S1984-46702010000500012.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
). Crab-eating foxes
(Canidae: Cerdocyon thous) and brown-nosed coatis
(Procyonidae: Nasua nasua) are common species in the region
and widespread in Brazil. The crab-eating fox and brown-nosed coati are generalist, feeding
on fruits, insects, and small vertebrates (GOMPPER
& DECKER, 1998GOMPPER, M.E.; DECKER, D.M. Nasua nasua. Mammalia Species, n.580, p.1-9,
1998. Available from:
<http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-580-01-0001.pdf>. Accessed:
Out. 22, 2012.
http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i00...
; BIANCHI et al.,
2013BIANCHI, R.C. et al. Intraspecific, interspecific, and seasonal
differences in the diet of three mid-sized carnivores in a large neotropical wetland.
Acta Theriologica, v.13, n.53, p.2001-2013, 2013. Available from:
<http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13364-013-0137-x>. Accessed: Out.
20, 2013. doi: 10.1007/s13364-013-0137-x.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007...
).
A serologic investigation of free-ranging crab-eating foxes and brown-nosed coatis was
conducted in the Nhecolândia sub-region of Brazilian Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul State,
Brazil, to evaluate the epidemiologic pattern of anti-smooth Brucella
antibodies in these wild populations. The study was conducted in the Nhumirim Ranch, a
research station of Embrapa, (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation) of around
4,400ha, located 160km east from the municipality of Corumbá, Brazil. There, cattle are
raised among areas of wildlife preservation and B. abortus-infected cattle
have already been identified (CHATE et al.,
2009CHATE, S.C. et al. Situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina no Estado
do Mato Grosso do Sul. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v.61,
supl.1, p.46-55, 2009. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abmvz/v61s1/a07v61s1.pdf>. Accessed: Set. 18, 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352009000700007.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abmvz/v61s1/a07...
).
Blood samples were obtained by femoral vein puncture from anesthetized animals. From 2005
to 2009, 41 sera from 38 crab-eating foxes (21 males and 17 females) and 35 from 34
brown-nosed coatis (24 males and 10 females) were sampled under licenses of Instituto
Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) (Brazilian Institute for
Environment and Natural Resources). Gender and age-class were determined for all animals
(OLIFIERS et al., 2010OLIFIERS, N. et al. Estimating age of carnivores from the Pantanal
region of Brazil. Wildlife Biology, v.16, n.4, p.389-399, 2010. Disponível em:
<http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2981/09-104?journalCode=wbio>. Accessed: Nov.
19, 2012. doi: 10.2981/09-104.
http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2981/09...
). Serum was separated by
centrifugation and stored at -18oC until analysis. Anti-smooth Brucella
antibodies were screened by the Rosa Bengal Test (RBT) (Tecpar, Brazil) (ALTON et al., 1988ALTON, G.G. et al. Techniques for the Brucellosis Laboratory. Paris:
Institut National de La Recherche Agronomique, 1988. 190p.) and confirmed by the Fluorescence
Polarization Assay (FPA) (Diachemix, USA) (NIELSEN et al.,
2000NIELSEN, K. et al. Fluorescent polarization immunoassay: detection of
antibody to Brucella abortus. Methods, v.22, n.1, p.71-76, 2000. Available from:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S1046202300910387>.
Accessed: Out. 9, 2012. doi: 10.1006/meth.2000.1038.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/ar...
). Exact Clopper-Pearson confidence interval for a single binomial proportion
was calculated by the R package binGroup (ZHANG et al.,
2011ZHANG, B. et al. binGroup: Evaluation and experimental design for
binomial group testing. R package version 1.0-8, 2011. Accessed: Jul. 2012. Online.
Available from: <http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=binGroup>.
http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=binGro...
). Association between brucellae serological status and gender or age was
analyzed by the chi-square and Fisher exact tests (α=0.05) (SAMPAIO, 2002SAMPAIO, I.B.M. Estatística aplicada à experimentação animal. Belo
Horizonte: Fundação de Ensino e Pesquisa em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 2002.
265p.), using the software Epi-Info 6.04 (DEAN et al., 2011DEAN, A.G. et al. Epi Info(tm): a word processing, database and
statistics program for epidemiology on micro-computers. Atlanta: Center for Disease
Control, 2011. Available from: <http://www.cdc.gov/epiinfo>. Acessed: April.
24, 2012.
http://www.cdc.gov/epiinfo...
).
The frequency of smooth Brucella seropositive animals in both tests (screening and confirmatory) were 13.2% (5/38, 95% CI: 4.4% - 28.1%) for crab-eating foxes and 8.8% (3/34, 95% CI: 1.9% - 23.7%) for brown-nosed coatis. Of the five Brucella spp. seropositive crab-eating foxes, four were females and one was male; of the three positive brown-nosed coatis, one was female and two were males. No gender association with brucellae serology was observed (χ2=0.67, df=1, P=0.41 for C. thous and Fisher's exact test P=0.20 for N. nasua). Only one juvenile crab-eating fox was serologic positive for brucellosis; all other positive animals were adults. No association was found between seropositivity for Brucella spp. and age (χ2=0.80, df=1, P=0.37 for C. thous and Fisher's exact test P=1.00 for N. nasua). Three crab-eating foxes, one sampled as juvenile and as adult, and one brown-nosed coati were each sampled twice, six to ten month apart, and showed negative results on both occasions.
Those results showed serologic evidence of exposure to or infection of crab-eating foxes
and brown-nosed coatis by Brucella spp. Furthermore, the omnivorous diet of
crab-eating foxes and brown-nosed coatis, which could include aborted fetus and placental
membranes, extremely rich in Brucella spp. (CORBEL et al., 2006CORBEL, M.J. et al. Brucellosis in humans and animals. Geneva: World
Health Organization, 2006. 89p.; BIANCHI et al.,
2013BIANCHI, R.C. et al. Intraspecific, interspecific, and seasonal
differences in the diet of three mid-sized carnivores in a large neotropical wetland.
Acta Theriologica, v.13, n.53, p.2001-2013, 2013. Available from:
<http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13364-013-0137-x>. Accessed: Out.
20, 2013. doi: 10.1007/s13364-013-0137-x.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007...
), could increase the risk of infection. In South America, there is serologic
evidence of infection by B. abortus in hoary fox (Pseudalopex
vetulus) (AZEVEDO et al., 2010AZEVEDO, S.S. et al. Anticorpos anti-Brucella abortus, anti Brucella
canis e anti-Leptospira spp. em raposas (Pseudalopex vetulus) do semiárido paraibano,
Nordeste do Brasil. Ciência Rural, v.40, n.1, p.190-192, 2010. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/pdf/cr/v40n1/a404cr1939.pdf>. Accessed: Set. 18, 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782009005000232.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/cr/v40n1/a404cr...
), and
capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) (LORD
& FLORES, 1983LORD, V.R.; FLORES, R. Brucella spp. from capybara (Hydrochaeris
hydrochaeris) in Venezuela: Serologic studies and metabolic characterization of
isolates. Journal of Wildlife Disease, v.19, n.4, p.308-314, 1983. Disponível em:
<http://www.jwildlifedis.org/content/19/4/308.full.pdf>. Accessed: Out. 2,
2012.
http://www.jwildlifedis.org/content/19/4...
), as well as isolation of the agent from the Pampas fox
(Pseudalopex gymnocercus) and the South American grey fox (P.
griseus) (SZYFRES & GONZÁLEZ TOMÉ,
1966SZYFRES, B.; GONZÁLEZ TOMÉ, J. Natural Brucella infection in Argentine
wild foxes. Bull WHO, v.34, p.919-923, 1966. Available from:
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2476051/pdf/bullwho00615-0109.pdf>.
Accessed: Nov. 1, 2012.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
). Although infection was not confirmed by isolation of Brucella
spp. from the studied animals, the chosen serological strategy, employing serial
testing with RBT and FPA, made the diagnosis highly specific (GODFROID, 2002GODFROID, J. Brucellosis in wildlife. Revue Scientifique et Technique -
Office international des épizooties, v.21, n.2, p.277-286, 2002. Disponível em:
<http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D514.PDF>. Acesso em: Out. 22, 2012.
http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D514.PDF...
). Mato Grosso do Sul State, where Nhecolândia is
located, presents one of the largest prevalence of cattle herds infected by B.
abortus (41.5%) in Brazil (CHATE et al.,
2009CHATE, S.C. et al. Situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina no Estado
do Mato Grosso do Sul. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v.61,
supl.1, p.46-55, 2009. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abmvz/v61s1/a07v61s1.pdf>. Accessed: Set. 18, 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352009000700007.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abmvz/v61s1/a07...
). There, the extensive raising of large beef herds, cooccurring with
wildlife - including crab-eating foxes and brown-nosed coatis - is common. The high
prevalence of brucellosis in cattle in this region (CHATE
et al., 2009CHATE, S.C. et al. Situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina no Estado
do Mato Grosso do Sul. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v.61,
supl.1, p.46-55, 2009. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abmvz/v61s1/a07v61s1.pdf>. Accessed: Set. 18, 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352009000700007.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abmvz/v61s1/a07...
) can facilitate the introduction of the disease in susceptible
sympatric wild animals. Moreover, B. abortus and B. suis were
isolated from cattle in this region (POESTER et al.,
2002POESTER, F.P. et al. Brucellosis in Brazil. Veterinary Microbiology,
v.90, n.1-4, p.55-62, 2002. Available from:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113502002456>. Accessed:
Nov. 19, 2012.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
). Conversely, canids were associated with the spreading of the brucellosis
in other continents (VAN CAMPEN & RHYAN,
2010VAN CAMPEN, H.; RHYAN, J. The role of wildlife in disease of cattle.
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, v.26, n.1, p.147-161,
2010. Available from:
<http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749-0720(09)00106-6>. Accessed:
Nov. 1, 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.008
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/...
), and experimental studies demonstrated that coyotes (Canis
latrans) were capable of transmitting brucellosis to cattle (DAVIS et al., 1988DAVIS, D.S. et al. Interspecific transmission of Brucella abortus from
experimentally infected coyotes (Canis latrans) to parturient cattle. Journal of
Wildlife Disease, v.24, n.3, p.533-537, 1988. Available from:
<http://www.jwildlifedis.org/content/24/3/533.full.pdf>. Accessed: Out. 20,
2012. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-24.3.533.
http://www.jwildlifedis.org/content/24/3...
). In Pantanal, the crab-eating fox
and the brown-nosed coati could be playing this role in the spreading of the infection.
Frequently, wildlife species are resistant to the disease and may even be silent carriers
of the infection (BENGIS et al., 2002BENGIS, R.G. et al. Infectious animal diseases: the wildlife/livestock
interface. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office international des épizooties,
v.21, n.1, p.53-65, 2002. Available from:
<http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/d522.pdf>. Accessed: Set. 18,
2012.
http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/d522.pdf...
). The
importance of livestock/wildlife interface for brucellosis transmission and persistence in
a given area depends on the combination of several factors as host susceptibility,
infectious dose, contact rates between infected and susceptible animals, and environment
characteristics (GODFROID, 2002GODFROID, J. Brucellosis in wildlife. Revue Scientifique et Technique -
Office international des épizooties, v.21, n.2, p.277-286, 2002. Disponível em:
<http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D514.PDF>. Acesso em: Out. 22, 2012.
http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D514.PDF...
; BENGIS et al., 2002BENGIS, R.G. et al. Infectious animal diseases: the wildlife/livestock
interface. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office international des épizooties,
v.21, n.1, p.53-65, 2002. Available from:
<http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/d522.pdf>. Accessed: Set. 18,
2012.
http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/d522.pdf...
; VAN CAMPEN & RHYAN, 2010VAN CAMPEN, H.; RHYAN, J. The role of wildlife in disease of cattle.
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, v.26, n.1, p.147-161,
2010. Available from:
<http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749-0720(09)00106-6>. Accessed:
Nov. 1, 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.008
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/...
).
Although a higher Brucella spp. infection rate could be expected for adult animals, due to a longer exposure time, no age difference was observed in this study for crab-eating foxes, probably due to the small number of seropositive animals observed, which precluded age comparisons. In the case of brown-nosed coatis, only adult animals were studied. Likewise, no significant difference in seropositivity between sexes was observed, but the frequency of seropositive animals was small and the statistical power of the test was therefore low.
In North America and Europe, wildlife species such as bison, elk and feral swine were
characterized as reservoirs of Brucella spp., hampering its eradication (VAN CAMPEN & RHYAN, 2010VAN CAMPEN, H.; RHYAN, J. The role of wildlife in disease of cattle.
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, v.26, n.1, p.147-161,
2010. Available from:
<http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749-0720(09)00106-6>. Accessed:
Nov. 1, 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.008
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/...
). Demonstrating the
presence of wild reservoirs requires a complete overhaul of the strategies previously used
to control brucellosis in livestock so that the impacts of the disease are minimized in
both populations. Currently, Brazil is undertaking a brucellosis control program in cattle
and water buffaloes that will soon turn into an eradication program in some regions. Thus,
identification of Brucella spp. reservoirs among wild species is of major
importance for defining eradication strategies in the country.
Another aspect that must be considered is the conservation of wildlife, as the expansion of
cattle ranching over natural habitats will lead to the increase of interface between
livestock and wild animals therefore increasing the chances of mutual disease transmission
(BENGIS et al., 2002BENGIS, R.G. et al. Infectious animal diseases: the wildlife/livestock
interface. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office international des épizooties,
v.21, n.1, p.53-65, 2002. Available from:
<http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/d522.pdf>. Accessed: Set. 18,
2012.
http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/d522.pdf...
). Populations of wild
animals can be adversely affected by the introduction of new infectious agents (MEDINA-VOGEL, 2010MEDINA-VOGEL, G. Ecología de enfermidades infecciosas emergentes y
conservación de espécies silvestres. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, v.42, n.1,
p.11-24, 2010. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0301-732X20100001
00003&script=sci_arttext>. Accessed: Out. 29, 2012. doi:
10.4067/S0301-732X2010000100003.
http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S030...
), and appropriate animal health is a
goal for the livestock as well as wildlife conservationists (BENGIS et al., 2002BENGIS, R.G. et al. Infectious animal diseases: the wildlife/livestock
interface. Revue Scientifique et Technique - Office international des épizooties,
v.21, n.1, p.53-65, 2002. Available from:
<http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/d522.pdf>. Accessed: Set. 18,
2012.
http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/d522.pdf...
).
The results of this study suggest exposure to or infection of crab-eating fox and brown-nosed coati from the Brazilian Pantanal by Brucella spp. It remains to be investigated whether these species are reservoirs for brucellosis and whether infection adversely affects their health. It is therefore critical for the Brazilian program on the control and eradication of brucellosis to define the role of wild species on the epidemiology of brucellosis. At the same time, conservation actions must take into account the circulation of brucellosis among wild mammals and the impact it may have on wildlife health.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A. P. Lage and E. M. S. Dorneles were indebted to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for their fellowships. RCB was a recipient of doctoral fellowship from Coordenação de Aperferiçoamento do Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes). This study was supported by CNPq, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Fapemig), FEP - MVZ Coordenação Preventiva, Fundect, Embrapa Macro, University of Missouri, FIOCRUZ and Earthwatch Institute.
References
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BIOETHICS AND BIOSSECURITY COMMITTEE APPROVAL Processes #003/2006, #100/2006, #11772-1 and #11772-2.
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
Dec 2014
History
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Received
29 Aug 2013 -
Accepted
25 Feb 2014