Abstracts
The aim of this research was to report the occurrence of two species of thrips in watermelon crops in the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. From August to September 2011, we performed weekly sampling of thrips in a commercial watermelon production area with 10,000m2, using 20 Moericke traps. We captured a total of 431 thrips, belonging to Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) (Thripidae) and Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin) (Phlaeothripidae). This is the first report of H. gowdeyi in watermelon crops in Brazil
Citrullus lanatus; Thysanoptera; Frankliniella schultzei; Haplothrips gowdeyi
O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a ocorrência de duas espécies de tripes na cultura da melancia na região do semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Durante os meses de agosto e setembro de 2011 foram realizadas coletas de tripes semanalmente, em uma área de produção comercial de melancia de 10.000m2, utilizando-se 20 armadilhas Moericke. Foram capturados um total de 431 tripes, pertencente às espécies Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) (Thripidae) e Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin) (Phlaeothripidae). Este é o primeiro relato de ocorrência destas espécies no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte e o primeiro registro de H. gowdeyi na cultura da melancia no Brasil
Citrullus lanatus; Thysanoptera; Frankliniella schultzei; Haplothrips gowdeyi
The cultivation of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) (Cucurbitaceae)
is one of the main segments of agribusiness in the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte
(RN), the third largest producer of watermelon in the Northeastern Region of Brazil (IBGE,
2013). Small, medium and large producers, with production for the domestic and foreign
markets, practice the cultivation of this cucurbit in RN (GRANGEIRO et al., 2005GRANGEIRO, L.C. et al. Acúmulo e exportação de nutrientes pela cultivar
de melancia mickylee. Revista Caatinga, v.18, n.2, p.73-81, 2005. Available from:
<http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=237121137002>. Accessed: Jul. 10,
2013.
http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=23...
).
In Brazil, the attack of insect pests is one of the major threats that can limit the
production of watermelon, frequently causing losses to producers. Some thrips (Insecta:
Thysanoptera) as Thrips tabaci Lindeman, 1889, Thrips palmi
Karny, 1925 and Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom, 1910) are reported causing
damage to flowers and leaves of watermelon plants (MONTEIRO
et al., 1999MONTEIRO, R.C. et al. Espécies de Frankliniella (Thysanoptera:
Thripidae) de importância agrícola no Brasil. Neotropical Entomology, v.30, n.1,
p.65-72, 2001. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1519-566X2001000100011&script=sci_arttext>.
Accessed: Jun. 05, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2001000100011.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S151...
; MICHEREFF FILHO et al.,
2010MICHEREFF FILHO, M. et al. Pragas da melancia e seu controle. Brasília:
EMBRAPA Hortaliças, 2010. 18p. (Circular Técnica 92).). However, there are scarce surveys on the diversity of thrips associated with
watermelon crops, especially in the major production areas in the Northeast Brazil.
Considering these aspects, the aim of this study was to report the occurrence of species of
thrips collected in watermelon crop in the semiarid region of RN.
The sampling was carried out from August to September 2011, in a commercial watermelon production area with 10,000m2 (50m width X 200m long), cultivated with Crimson Sweet variety, in the Baraúna county (05º 05' 55,6" S e 37º 41' 20,8" W), Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. During the sampling, the cultural practices of maintenance (fertilization, weeding and watering) and spraying of pesticides were performed (Thiophanate methyl and metalaxyl + mancozeb at 15 and 35 days after planting - DAP). The study area was surrounded by bands of preserved native vegetation (Caatinga) (10m distant from the edge of the area). The average monthly temperatures were 26.4ºC in August and 27.6ºC in September; and the relative humidity was: 63.3% in August and 54.4% in September (Source: Climatological Station Jerônimo Rosado - UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, 2011).
Sampling of thrips was performed weekly during the crop cycle (approximately 60 days in the study site), using 20 Moericke traps (15cm diameter and 7cm height), containing a mix of water (400mL) and mild detergent (2%), distributed parallel to the planting lines, in two lines (central) of the cultivation (6m distant from each other), where each row contained 10 traps spaced 16m. The traps were installed one week after sowing, placed on the soil and alongside the planting line, and remained in the area until the harvest, allowing seven samplings. After each weekly sampling, the mix of water and mild detergent within the traps was renewed.
The thrips captured in the traps were collected with the help of a thin brush and packed in plastic containers, properly labeled (date and place of collection), containing AGA (1:1:10 parts of glycerin, glacial acetic acid and ethyl alcohol 60%, respectively). Then, they were sent to the Laboratory of Ecology of the Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE), mounted on microscope slides and identified according MOUND & MARULLO (1996)MOUND, L.A.; MARULLO, R. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Florida: Memoirs on Entomology, International, 1996. 487p. and MOUND & KIBBY (1998)MOUND, L.A.; KIBBY, G. Thysanoptera: an identification guide. Wallingford: CABI, 1998. 70p.. The specimens are deposited in the zoological collection of the Laboratory of Ecology of UECE, Department of Biology.
A total of 431 thrips were collected, being 425 F. schultzei (422 yellow form
and 3 dark form) and 6 Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin, 1908). F.
schultzei is a polyphagous species, probably originated from South America (HODDLE et al., 2012HODDLE, M.S. et al. Thrips of California. Queensland: CBIT Publishing,
2012. Available from:
<http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/Thrips_of_California.html>.
Accessed: Set. 04, 2013.
http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thr...
). It is currently widely
distributed throughout the world and reported in all regions of Brazil, including the state
of RN (MONTEIRO et al., 2001MONTEIRO, R.C. et al. Espécies de Frankliniella (Thysanoptera:
Thripidae) de importância agrícola no Brasil. Neotropical Entomology, v.30, n.1,
p.65-72, 2001. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1519-566X2001000100011&script=sci_arttext>.
Accessed: Jun. 05, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2001000100011.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S151...
; CAVALLERI & MOUND, 2012CAVALLERI, A.; MOUND, L.A. Toward the identification of Frankliniella
species in Brazil (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Zootaxa, v.3270, p.1-30, 2012. Available
from: <http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2012/3270.html>. Accessed: Set. 05,
2013.
http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2012...
). In Brazil, the species is considered a
pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) (Malvaceae), melon
(Cucumis melo) (Cucurbitaceae), mango (Mangifera
indica) (Anacardiaceae), lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
(Asteraceae), tomato (Solanum lycopersicun)
(Solanaceae), pepper (Capsicum annuum)
(Solanaceae), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
(Solanaceae), eggplant (Solanum melongena)
(Solanaceae), soybean (Glycine max) (Fabaceae),
rose (Rosa sp.) (Rosaceae) and watermelon (C.
lanatus) (Cucurbitaceae) (MONTEIRO
et al., 1999MONTEIRO, R.C. et al. Thrips (Thysanoptera) as pest of plant production
in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, v.43, p.163-171, 1999.; MONTEIRO et al., 2001MONTEIRO, R.C. et al. Espécies de Frankliniella (Thysanoptera:
Thripidae) de importância agrícola no Brasil. Neotropical Entomology, v.30, n.1,
p.65-72, 2001. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1519-566X2001000100011&script=sci_arttext>.
Accessed: Jun. 05, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2001000100011.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S151...
; BARBOSA et al., 2005BARBOSA, F.R. et al. Artrópodes-praga e predadores (Arthropoda)
associados à cultura da mangueira no Vale do São Francisco, Nordeste do Brasil.
Neotropical Entomology, v.34, n.3, p.471-474, 2005. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-566X2005000300016>.
Accessed: Set. 10, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2005000300016.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
; MESQUITA et al., 2008MESQUITA, A.L.M. et al. Efeito de inseticidas sobre o tripes
Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) em mangueira. Fortaleza: EMBRAPA, 2008. 4p.
(Comunicado Técnico 134).; MICHEREFF FILHO et al.,
2010MICHEREFF FILHO, M. et al. Pragas da melancia e seu controle. Brasília:
EMBRAPA Hortaliças, 2010. 18p. (Circular Técnica 92).; LIMA et al., 2013LIMA, E.F.B. et al. Thrips species (Insecta: Thysanoptera) associated to
cowpea in Piauí, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, v.13, n.1, p.383-386, 2013. Available
from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1676-06032013000100043&script=sci_arttext>.
Accessed: Set. 30, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1676-06032013000100043.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S167...
).
Frankliniella schultzei varies greatly on its morphology, and exhibits two
different color morphs: a light and a dark form. These forms have similar distributions and
often occur together in various parts of the world (HODDLE
et al., 2012HODDLE, M.S. et al. Thrips of California. Queensland: CBIT Publishing,
2012. Available from:
<http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/Thrips_of_California.html>.
Accessed: Set. 04, 2013.
http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thr...
). The darker is usually predominant in plants grown in Brazil,
including cucurbits (MONTEIRO et al., 1999MONTEIRO, R.C. et al. Thrips (Thysanoptera) as pest of plant production
in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, v.43, p.163-171, 1999.).
However, this contrasts with the high number of the light form found during this work.
Frankliniella schultzei is considered a pest of watermelon by attacking mainly
its leaves (MONTEIRO et al., 1999MONTEIRO, R.C. et al. Thrips (Thysanoptera) as pest of plant production
in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, v.43, p.163-171, 1999.; MONTEIRO et al., 2001MONTEIRO, R.C. et al. Espécies de Frankliniella (Thysanoptera:
Thripidae) de importância agrícola no Brasil. Neotropical Entomology, v.30, n.1,
p.65-72, 2001. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1519-566X2001000100011&script=sci_arttext>.
Accessed: Jun. 05, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2001000100011.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S151...
). In addition to the direct
feeding damages, F. schultzei can also be a vector of tospovirus (MONTEIRO et al., 2001MONTEIRO, R.C. et al. Espécies de Frankliniella (Thysanoptera:
Thripidae) de importância agrícola no Brasil. Neotropical Entomology, v.30, n.1,
p.65-72, 2001. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1519-566X2001000100011&script=sci_arttext>.
Accessed: Jun. 05, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2001000100011.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S151...
; WHITFIELD et al., 2005WHITFIELD, A.E. et al. Tospovirus-thrips interactions. Annual Review of
Phytopatology, v.43, p.459-489, 2005. Available from:
<http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140017?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed&>.
Accessed: Set. 02, 2013. doi:
10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140017.
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10...
; RILEY et al.,
2011RILEY, D.G. et al. Thrips vectors of tospoviruses. Journal of Integrated
Pest Management, v.1, n.2, p.1-10, 2011. Available from:
<http://esa.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jipm/2011/00000002/00000001/art00004>.
Accessed: Set. 30, 2013. doi: 10.1603/IPM10020.
http://esa.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/...
). It is important to mention that, although a pest in various crops, there
is a report of F. schultzei acting as facultative predator of mites (WILSON et al., 1996WILSON, L.J. et al. Phytophagous thrips are facultative predators of
twospotted spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cotton in Australia. Bulletin of
Entomological Research, v.86, n.3, p.297-305, 1996. Available from:
<http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=2598164>.
Accessed: Set. 10, 2013. doi: 10.1017/S0007485300052597.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/dis...
).
Haplothrips gowdeyi has a pantropical distribution, and feeds mainly on
flowers (MOUND & ZAPATER, 2003MOUND, L.A.; ZAPATER, M.C. South American Haplothrips species
(Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), with a new species of biological control interest to
Australia against weedy Heliotropium amplexicaule (Boraginaceae). Neotropical
Entomology v.32, n.3, p.437-442, 2003. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-566X2003000300009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en>.
Accessed: Jul. 02, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2003000300009.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
). In Brazil,
H. gowdeyi was recorded on nectarine flowers (Prunus persica
var. nuscipersica) (Rosaceae) in the states of Santa Catarina and
Paraná (HICKEL & DUCROQUET, 1998HICKEL, E.R.; DUCROQUET, J.P.H.J. Tripes associados à floração da
nectarina em Santa Catarina. Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, v.27, n.2,
p.307-308, 1998. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0301-80591998000200020&script=sci_arttext>.
Accessed: Jun. 10, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S0301-80591998000200020.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S030...
; SCHUBER et al., 2008SCHUBER, J.M. et al. Thysanoptera coletados em pomares de Prunus persica
no município de Araucária, Paraná. Scientia Agraria, v.9, n.3, p.411-414, 2008.
Available from:
<http://ojs.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs-2.2.4/index.php/agraria/article/view/12507/8604>.
Accessed: Jun. 01, 2013.
http://ojs.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs-2.2.4/index....
), peach (P. persica)
(Rosaceae) in Paraná and São Paulo (SCHUBER
et al., 2008SCHUBER, J.M. et al. Thysanoptera coletados em pomares de Prunus persica
no município de Araucária, Paraná. Scientia Agraria, v.9, n.3, p.411-414, 2008.
Available from:
<http://ojs.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs-2.2.4/index.php/agraria/article/view/12507/8604>.
Accessed: Jun. 01, 2013.
http://ojs.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs-2.2.4/index....
; PINENT et al., 2008PINENT, S.M.J. et al. Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae, Phlaeothripidae)
damaging peach in Paranapanema, São Paulo state, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology,
v.37, n.4, p.486-488, 2008. Available from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-566X2008000400019>.
Accessed: Jul. 02, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2008000400019.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=s...
), and
recently in association with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
(Fabaceae) in the state of Piauí (LIMA et al.,
2013LIMA, E.F.B. et al. Thrips species (Insecta: Thysanoptera) associated to
cowpea in Piauí, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, v.13, n.1, p.383-386, 2013. Available
from:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1676-06032013000100043&script=sci_arttext>.
Accessed: Set. 30, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1676-06032013000100043.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S167...
). This thrips is not a vector of tospovirus and so far, there are no reports
of damage caused by this species. This is the first occurrence of H. gowdeyi
in watermelon crops in Brazil. Further field observations are needed to determine whether
these plants serve as hosts of this species.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) by granting master's scholarship to the first author. To Marcos R.D. Santos, Francisco S. Santos and Paolo A.F. Silva (undergraduate students in Agronomy / UFERSA) and Carlos H. F. Nogueira (postgraduate student in Plant Science / UFERSA), for the help in sampling.
- BARBOSA, F.R. et al. Artrópodes-praga e predadores (Arthropoda) associados à cultura da mangueira no Vale do São Francisco, Nordeste do Brasil. Neotropical Entomology, v.34, n.3, p.471-474, 2005. Available from: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-566X2005000300016>. Accessed: Set. 10, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2005000300016.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2005000300016» http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-566X2005000300016 - CAVALLERI, A.; MOUND, L.A. Toward the identification of Frankliniella species in Brazil (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Zootaxa, v.3270, p.1-30, 2012. Available from: <http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2012/3270.html>. Accessed: Set. 05, 2013.
» http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2012/3270.html - GRANGEIRO, L.C. et al. Acúmulo e exportação de nutrientes pela cultivar de melancia mickylee. Revista Caatinga, v.18, n.2, p.73-81, 2005. Available from: <http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=237121137002>. Accessed: Jul. 10, 2013.
» http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=237121137002 - HICKEL, E.R.; DUCROQUET, J.P.H.J. Tripes associados à floração da nectarina em Santa Catarina. Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, v.27, n.2, p.307-308, 1998. Available from: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0301-80591998000200020&script=sci_arttext>. Accessed: Jun. 10, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S0301-80591998000200020.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0301-80591998000200020» http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0301-80591998000200020&script=sci_arttext - HODDLE, M.S. et al. Thrips of California. Queensland: CBIT Publishing, 2012. Available from: <http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/Thrips_of_California.html>. Accessed: Set. 04, 2013.
» http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_of_california/Thrips_of_California.html - IBGE. Produção agrícola. Available from: <http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/>. Accessed: Ago. 27, 2013.
» http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/ - LIMA, E.F.B. et al. Thrips species (Insecta: Thysanoptera) associated to cowpea in Piauí, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, v.13, n.1, p.383-386, 2013. Available from: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1676-06032013000100043&script=sci_arttext>. Accessed: Set. 30, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1676-06032013000100043.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013000100043» http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1676-06032013000100043&script=sci_arttext - MESQUITA, A.L.M. et al. Efeito de inseticidas sobre o tripes Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) em mangueira. Fortaleza: EMBRAPA, 2008. 4p. (Comunicado Técnico 134).
- MICHEREFF FILHO, M. et al. Pragas da melancia e seu controle. Brasília: EMBRAPA Hortaliças, 2010. 18p. (Circular Técnica 92).
- MONTEIRO, R.C. et al. Espécies de Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) de importância agrícola no Brasil. Neotropical Entomology, v.30, n.1, p.65-72, 2001. Available from: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1519-566X2001000100011&script=sci_arttext>. Accessed: Jun. 05, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2001000100011.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2001000100011» http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1519-566X2001000100011&script=sci_arttext - MONTEIRO, R.C. et al. Thrips (Thysanoptera) as pest of plant production in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, v.43, p.163-171, 1999.
- MOUND, L.A.; KIBBY, G. Thysanoptera: an identification guide. Wallingford: CABI, 1998. 70p.
- MOUND, L.A.; MARULLO, R. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Florida: Memoirs on Entomology, International, 1996. 487p.
- MOUND, L.A.; ZAPATER, M.C. South American Haplothrips species (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), with a new species of biological control interest to Australia against weedy Heliotropium amplexicaule (Boraginaceae). Neotropical Entomology v.32, n.3, p.437-442, 2003. Available from: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-566X2003000300009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en>. Accessed: Jul. 02, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2003000300009.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2003000300009» http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-566X2003000300009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en - PINENT, S.M.J. et al. Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae, Phlaeothripidae) damaging peach in Paranapanema, São Paulo state, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, v.37, n.4, p.486-488, 2008. Available from: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-566X2008000400019>. Accessed: Jul. 02, 2013. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2008000400019.
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2008000400019» http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-566X2008000400019 - RILEY, D.G. et al. Thrips vectors of tospoviruses. Journal of Integrated Pest Management, v.1, n.2, p.1-10, 2011. Available from: <http://esa.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jipm/2011/00000002/00000001/art00004>. Accessed: Set. 30, 2013. doi: 10.1603/IPM10020.
» https://doi.org/10.1603/IPM10020» http://esa.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jipm/2011/00000002/00000001/art00004 - SCHUBER, J.M. et al. Thysanoptera coletados em pomares de Prunus persica no município de Araucária, Paraná. Scientia Agraria, v.9, n.3, p.411-414, 2008. Available from: <http://ojs.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs-2.2.4/index.php/agraria/article/view/12507/8604>. Accessed: Jun. 01, 2013.
» http://ojs.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs-2.2.4/index.php/agraria/article/view/12507/8604 - WHITFIELD, A.E. et al. Tospovirus-thrips interactions. Annual Review of Phytopatology, v.43, p.459-489, 2005. Available from: <http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140017?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed&>. Accessed: Set. 02, 2013. doi: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140017.
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Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
02 Dec 2014 -
Date of issue
Apr 2015
History
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Received
10 June 2013 -
Accepted
27 Jan 2014