Abstracts
The objective of this study was to evaluate nutritional and energetic value of rice by-products, with or without phytase, using growing pigs. Thirty-six male pigs were housed in individual metabolic cages. Total collection of feces and urine was carried out in two periods of ten days: five days for adaptation and five days for collection. A randomized blocks design was used, considering the sampling period as a block, with five treatments and seven replicates. Two control diets (with and without phytase - Phy) were used in the digestibility calculations, the latter in order to evaluate the enzyme influence on energy digestibility of the tested ingredients. The control diet was replaced by 30% of one of the ingredients: defatted rice bran (DRB) with and without Phy and dephytinised defatted rice bran (DDRB). The use of Phy in the control diet did not influence DRB+Phy energy digestibility. Relative to DRB+Phy, dephytinised defatted rice bran had higher contents of ME and digestible protein but lower digestible P and Ca. Phy supplementation increased Ca and P utilization of DRB and improved energy and protein digestibility. The DRB without Phy showed the lowest digestibility coefficients for all responses. Metabolizable energy, digestible protein, phosphorus and calcium of DRB, DRB+Phy and DDRB were respectively, 2140, 2288 and 2519kcal kg-1; 79.25, 92.41 and 107.10g kg-1; 1.62, 3.41, and 2.11g kg-1 and 2.80, 3.79 and 2.90g kg-1.
alternative ingredients; dephytinization; enzyme; nutrients
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o valor nutricional e energético de subprodutos do arroz, na presença ou não de fitase, para suínos em crescimento. Foram utilizados 36 suínos machos, castrados, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas individuais. Realizou-se a coleta total de fezes e urina em dois períodos de dez dias: cinco de adaptação e cinco de coleta. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, tendo-se considerado o período de coleta como bloco, com cinco tratamentos e sete repetições. Duas dietas controle (com e sem fitase - Fit) foram utilizadas nos cálculos de digestibilidade, a última para avaliar a influência da enzima na digestibilidade da energia dos ingredientes teste. A dieta controle foi substituída em 30% pelos subprodutos testados: farelo de arroz desengordurado (FAD) com ou sem Fit e farelo de arroz desengordurado desfitinizado (FADD). O uso de fitase na dieta controle não influenciou na digestibilidade da energia do FAD+Fit. Comparado ao FAD+Fit, o farelo de arroz desengordurado desfitinizado apresentou mais EM e proteína digestível, mas menos P e Ca digestíveis. A suplementação de fitase melhorou a utilização do P e Ca do FAD e aumentou a digestibilidade da energia e da proteína. O FAD sem fitase apresentou os menores coeficientes de digestibilidade para todas as respostas. Energia metabolizável, proteína, fósforo e cálcio digestíveis do FAD, FAD+Fit e FADD foram, respectivamente, 2.140; 2.288 e 2.519kcal kg-1; 79,25; 92,41 e 107,10g kg-1; 1,62; 3,41 e 2,11g kg-1 e 2,80; 3,79 e 2,90g kg-1.
desfitinização; enzima; ingredientes alternativos; nutrientes
INTRODUCTION:
Grain-based diets contain enough total P to meet the requirements of pigs. However, 60
to 80% of P is in the form of phytate (SELLE et al.,
2011SELLE, P.H.; RAVINDRAN, V. Phytate-degrading enzymes in pig nutrition.
Livestock Science, v.p.113:99-122, 2008. Available from:
<http://www.livestockscience.com/article/S1871-1413(07)00363-0/abstract>.
Accessed: Dec. 12, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.05.014.
http://www.livestockscience.com/article/...
); hence, the bioavailability of this P is low in pigs. Defatted rice bran
contains high levels of crude protein (15.3%) and P (1.89%) (ROSTAGNO et al., 2011REGMI, P.R. et al. Starch with high amylose and low in vitro
digestibility increases intestinal nutrient flow and microbial fermentation and
selectively promotes bifidobacteria in pigs. Journal of Nutrition, v.141, p.1273-1280,
2011. Available from:
<http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/2011/05/31/jn.111.140509.full.pdf>.
Accessed: Feb. 06, 2014. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.140509.
http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/20...
). However, about 85% of the total P is
unavailable to non-ruminant animals as it is bound up in phytate (ROSTAGNO et al., 2011REGMI, P.R. et al. Starch with high amylose and low in vitro
digestibility increases intestinal nutrient flow and microbial fermentation and
selectively promotes bifidobacteria in pigs. Journal of Nutrition, v.141, p.1273-1280,
2011. Available from:
<http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/2011/05/31/jn.111.140509.full.pdf>.
Accessed: Feb. 06, 2014. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.140509.
http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/20...
). This impairs P absorption by pigs and
facilitates chelation with other minerals. Previous research by HASTAD et al. (2005GOMES, J.D.F. et al. Efeitos do incremento de fibra dietética sobre a
digestibilidade, desempenho e características de carcaça: suínos em crescimento e
terminação. Ciências Agrárias, v.28, p.483-492, 2007. Available from:
<http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2007v28n3p483>. Accessed: Dec. 06,
2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2007...
) determined that some varieties of low-phytate
corn had a greater energy content compared with conventional varieties.
The use of phytase (Phy) to increase the use of phytic acid is already known in the
monogastric feed industry. Phytase catalyzes the hydrolytic degradation of phytic acid
(myo-inositol hexaphosphate) and its salts (phytate), resulting in inositol, inositol
monophosphate and inorganic phosphate (MULLANEY et al.,
2000LIAO, S.F. et al. Supplementation of microbial phytase to swine diets:
effects on utilization of nutrients. In: NAKANO, T.;. OZIMEK, L. (Eds). Food science
and product technology. Kerala, India: Research Signpost, 2002.
p.199-227.). According to LIAO et al. (2002LEE, S.H. et al. Dietary phytic acid lowers the blood glucose level in
diabetic KK mice. Nutritional Research, v.26, p.474-479, 2006. Available from:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271531706001199>. Accessed:
Apr. 14, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.06.017.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
),
phytate may decrease starch digestibility by several mechanisms. Supplementation of
phytase may release starch and α-amylase, thereby increasing the digestible energy
content of the diets.
Besides the use of phytase, phytic acid removal from vegetable ingredients through
industrial processes and/or laboratory methods have been employed successfully by SERVI et al. (2008SELLE, P.H. et al. Phytate and phytase: enzymes. In: BEDFORD, M.R.;
PARTRIDGE, G.G. (Eds.). Farm animals nutrition. Oxfordshire: CAB Intl,, 2011.
p.164.) and CANAN et al. (2011CAMPBELL, G.L. et al. Calculation of metabolizable energy for
ingredients incorporated at low levels into a reference diet. Poultry of Animal
Science, v.62, p.705-707, 1983. Available from:
<http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/4/705.short>. Accessed: Feb. 22, 2014.
doi: 10.3382/ps.0620705.
http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/...
). The removal of phytic acid from rice bran
through these techniques aims to produce, as the main product, phytate, and generate as
a by-product dephytinised defatted rice bran. Phytate is used in cosmetics and in the
pharmaceutical industry, to help prevent certain human diseases such as diabetes (LEE et al., 2006LEE, B.J.; HENDRICKS, D.G. Phytic acid protective effect beef round
muscle lipid peroxidation. Journal of Food Science, v.60, p.241-244, 1995. Available
from:
<http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb05646.x/pdf>.
Accessed: Feb. 27, 2014.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.11...
) and kidney stones (SAW et al., 2007SAS INSTITUTE. SAS/EST: User´s guide. Version 8.2. Cary, 2001.
343p.), and in the food industry to
inhibit oxidative peroxidation (LEE & HENDRICKS et
al., 1995KUNRATH, M.A. et al. Metodologias de avaliação do valor nutricional do
farelo de arroz desengordurado para suínos. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v.45,
p.1172-1179, 2010. Available from:
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2010001000017>. Accessed: Feb. 10, 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2010...
). Nevertheless, dephytinised rice bran can be used in the feed
industry, and may have higher nutrient availability because of its low content of
phytate phosphorus. The aim of this study was to evaluate nutritional and energetic
value of rice-by products, with or without phytase, using growing pigs.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Thirty-six crossbred barrows were used (PIC sire and female DB-DanBred). The experiment was conducted in metabolic cages and divided into two periods of 10 consecutive days, with 5 days of adaptation and 5 days of total feces and urine collection. Pigs weighed 29±0.73kg and 37±0.55kg at the beginning of the first and second period, respectively.
The dephytinisation process consisted of maceration of the defatted rice bran (DRB), solubilizing the bran in an aqueous solution followed by acidification of the solution. The methodology was developed by the Federal University of Santa Maria and a private company (INGAL(r)). The same source of DRB used to feed the animals was used for the dephytinisation process.
A randomized blocks design was used, considering the sampling period as a block, with five treatments and seven replicates. The experimental unit was the pig. The treatments were: (CONT) Control diet (ground corn and soybean meal); (CONT+Phy) Control diet with 100mg kg-1 phytase; (CONT+DRB) 700g kg-1 Control diet and 300g kg-1 DRB (defatted rice bran); (CONT+DRB+Phy) 700g kg-1 Control diet, 300g kg-1 DRB and 200mg kg-1 phytase; (CONT+DDRB) 700g kg-1 Control diet, 300g kg-1 dephytinised defatted rice bran. The control diet with phytase was introduced because phytase could affect the reference diet, delivering nutrients that could be attributed erroneously to DRB.
The enzyme used was Quantum Blue(r), an enhanced 6-phytase from Escherichia coli and with an activity of 6,800 FTU g-1. The digestibility of the DRB, DRB+Phy and DDRD were calculated by the difference (indirect) approach (ADEOLA, 2001).
Pigs received water ad libitum and the amount of feed, distributed in
two daily meals 9h and 17h, was adjusted to give an energy consumption of 2.6 times
maintenance, estimated as 250kcal kg-1 EM×LW0.60 (NOBLET & SHI, 1993NAMKUNG, H.; LEESON, S. Effect of phytase enzyme on dietary
nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy and ileal digestibility of nitrogen
and amino acids in broiler chicks. Poultry Science, v.78, p.1317-1319, 1999.
Available from: <http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/78/9/1317.long>.
Accessed: Apr. 12, 2014. doi: 10.1093/ps/78.9.1317.
http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/78/...
). The Control diet was
formulated according to the nutritional recommendations proposed by ROSTAGNO et al. (2011REGMI, P.R. et al. Starch with high amylose and low in vitro
digestibility increases intestinal nutrient flow and microbial fermentation and
selectively promotes bifidobacteria in pigs. Journal of Nutrition, v.141, p.1273-1280,
2011. Available from:
<http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/2011/05/31/jn.111.140509.full.pdf>.
Accessed: Feb. 06, 2014. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.140509.
http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/20...
) (Table 1) for growing pigs. Rice bran was included in the diet by a
difference (indirect) approach, wherein 300g kg-1 of the control diet on a
dry matter basis was replaced with the test ingredients.
Total feces and urine were collected, and the beginning and end of each collection determined by the appearance of marked feces with the addition of 0.25% of ferric oxide (Fe2O3) in the diets. Feces were collected twice a day (10h and 18h), weighed, packed in plastic bags and stored in a freezer at -10°C. At the end of the experiment, the feces were homogenized and sampled (300g kg-1), dried in a forced air oven at 60°C for 72 hours, and ground for later analysis. Urine was collected in plastic buckets together with 5ml H2SO4. The volume was weighed daily, and a 10% aliquot was removed and refrigerated at -10°C.
Diet, defatted and dephytinised rice bran and feces samples were ground in a knife mill with a one millimeter sieve, and analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, phosphorus and calcium. Gross energy was analyzed by bomb calorimetry (model C2000 - IKA Werke GmbH and Co. KG, Staufen, Germany). Urine samples from each animal were dried in a forced air oven at 60°C for 72 hours, and also analyzed for gross energy.
Determination of the coefficients of digestibility (CD) of dry matter (CDDM), gross
energy (CDGE), crude protein (CDCP), calcium and phosphorus for the diets and
ingredients were calculated. The values of digestible protein (DP) in the defatted and
dephytinised rice bran were determined according to SAKOMURA & ROSTAGNO (2007ROSTAGNO, H.S. et al. Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos: composição
de alimentos e exigências nutricionais, 3.ed. Viçosa: UFV, 2011. 252p. ). To calculate DE and ME of the ingredients,
CAMPBELL et al. (1983)CAMPBELL, G.L. et al. Calculation of metabolizable energy for
ingredients incorporated at low levels into a reference diet. Poultry of Animal
Science, v.62, p.705-707, 1983. Available from:
<http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/4/705.short>. Accessed: Feb. 22, 2014.
doi: 10.3382/ps.0620705.
http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/...
formula was used. From
this calculation, the energy values of the two control diets, CONT and CONT+Phy were
compared.
Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design, considering the period as a block, by ANOVA and LS Means using the GLM procedure (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.2). Pooled SEM was calculated by averaging the SEM calculated by the GLM procedure of SAS for the variable of interest. A level of P<0.05 was defined as indicating statistical significance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
In the comparison of the two control diets (with and without Phy), there was no difference in the energy values obtained, independently of the use of phytase. Thus, all other calculations were developed using the control diet without phytase.
Dry matter intake was similar for all treatments, as expected since feed was provided in
accordance with metabolic weight and the pigs had similar body weights (Table 2).The coefficients of digestibility of dry
matter, gross energy, crude protein, Ca, P, as well as DE and ME of the two control
diets were high compared to the other diets. This result is consistent, since the
control diets had adequate nutritional balance in their formulations and less fiber due
to the absence of rice bran (Table 1). However,
CONT+Phy showed a higher P digestibility. Dietary starch and fiber are important
nutrients for pigs but are underappreciated in their complexity (REGMI et al., 2011PARTANEN, K. et al. Effects of a dietary organic acid mixture and of
dietary fibre levels on ileal and faecal nutrient apparent digestibility, bacterial
nitrogen flow, microbial metabolite concentrations and rate of passage in the
digestive tract of pigs. Animal, v.1, p.389-401, 2007. Available from:
<http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?%20fromPage=online&aid=964340&fileId=S1751731107657838>.
Accessed: May 02, 2014.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/dis...
). Increasing rice bran levels in growing and
finishing pig diets had a linear effect on nutrients digestibility (KUNRATH et al., 2010HURRELL, R.F. Phytic acid degradation as a means of improving iron
absorption. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutritional Research, v.74,
p.445-452, 2004. Available from:
<http://www.medcontent.metapress.com/content/b164379r1|747088>. Accessed: Feb.
05, 2014. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831.74.6.445.
http://www.medcontent.metapress.com/cont...
), related to the increase in
fiber content, since increasing dietary fiber increases the rate of digesta passage
(PARTANEN et al., 2007OMOGBENIGNUN, F.O. et al. The effect of supplementing microbial phytase
and organic acid to a corn-soybean based diet fed to early-weaned pigs. Journal of
Animal Science, v.8, p.1806-1813, 2003. Available from:
<http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/%20 content/81/7/1806.full.pdf>.
Accessed: May 02, 2014. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008. 00590.x.
http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/%2...
) and negatively affects
the digestibility of many nutrients, even fiber itself (GOMES et al., 2007DENARDIN, C.C. et al. Composição mineral de cultivares de arroz
integral, parbolizado e branco. Alimentos e Nutrição, v.15, p125-130, 2004. Available
from:
<http://serv-bib.fcfar.unesp.br/seer/index.php/alimentos/article/viewFile/66/81>.
Accessed: Feb. 22, 2014.
http://serv-bib.fcfar.unesp.br/seer/inde...
).
The addition of phytase to the diet with rice bran not only improved the use of Ca and
P, an effect that is already well known in the literature (OMOGBENIGNUN et al., 2003NOBLET, J.; SHI, X.S. Comparative digestibility of energy and nutrients
in growing pigs fed ad libitum and adult sows fed at maintenance. Livestock
Production Science, v.34, p.137-152, 1993. Available from:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/030162269390042G>. Accessed:
Apr. 25, 2014. doi: 10.1016/0301-6226(93)90042-G.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ ar...
), but also improved digestibility of dry
matter, energy and protein, similar to the findings of ZANELLA et al. (1999TRUJILLO, J.H.A.; LINDEMANN, M.D. Phosphorus utilization in growing pigs
fed a phosphorus deficient diet supplemented with a rice bran product and amended
with phytase. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, v.23, p.429-443, 2010.
Available from:
<http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-06902010000400004&script=
sci_arttext>. Accessed: Feb. 07, 2014.
http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=...
). The diet with dephytinised DRB had lower dry matter
digestibility than the diet with DRB+Phy, but similar gross energy and crude protein
digestibility. The DE and ME of the diet with dephytinised DRB were higher compared to
rice bran-containing diets. For the DDRB diet, Ca and P digestibility were lower than
those for the DRB without Phy. The DRB diet generally had the lowest nutrient
digestibilities.
Regarding the digestibility of the test ingredients (Table 3), control diet of dry matter, gross energy and crude protein were
higher for DRB+Phy and Dephytinised DRB than DRB. These values agree with those obtained
by NAMKUNG & LEESON (1999MULLANEY, E.J. et al. Advances in phytase research. Advances in Applied
Microbiology, v.47, p.157-199, 2000. Available from:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216400470048>. Accessed:
Mar. 12, 2014. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2164(00)47004-8.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
), in which the use
of phytase increased energy, minerals, and amino acid availability in the diet of
broilers. In the present study, the dephytinisation process had similar effect to the
use of phytase enzyme in the animal.
The digestible protein (DP) of rice bran in this study was lower than that found by
ROSTAGNO et al. (2011REGMI, P.R. et al. Starch with high amylose and low in vitro
digestibility increases intestinal nutrient flow and microbial fermentation and
selectively promotes bifidobacteria in pigs. Journal of Nutrition, v.141, p.1273-1280,
2011. Available from:
<http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/2011/05/31/jn.111.140509.full.pdf>.
Accessed: Feb. 06, 2014. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.140509.
http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/20...
) (79.3 vs 114.1g
kg-1), although similar values for crude protein content were noted (15.3
and 15.5%, respectively). A low crude protein digestibility (56.6%) was also observed by
KUNRATH et al. (2010HURRELL, R.F. Phytic acid degradation as a means of improving iron
absorption. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutritional Research, v.74,
p.445-452, 2004. Available from:
<http://www.medcontent.metapress.com/content/b164379r1|747088>. Accessed: Feb.
05, 2014. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831.74.6.445.
http://www.medcontent.metapress.com/cont...
), and is close to the
value seen in this experiment (51.8%), and lower than the values suggested by ROSTAGNO et al. (2011REGMI, P.R. et al. Starch with high amylose and low in vitro
digestibility increases intestinal nutrient flow and microbial fermentation and
selectively promotes bifidobacteria in pigs. Journal of Nutrition, v.141, p.1273-1280,
2011. Available from:
<http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/2011/05/31/jn.111.140509.full.pdf>.
Accessed: Feb. 06, 2014. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.140509.
http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/20...
; 74.6%). These variations may
be associated with intrinsic and/or extrinsic ingredient characteristics, such as source
and processing. In the two cases cited as having low digestibility, the rice bran was
from the south of Brazil. The type of rice processing can also influence the chemical
composition of the bran (DENARDIN et al.,
2004CASEY, A.; WALSH, G. Identification and characterization of a phytase of
potential commercial interest. Journal of Biotechnology, v.110, p.313-322, 2004.
Available from:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165604001567>. Accessed:
Feb. 26, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.03.001.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
).
The Ca and P digestibility was greater for DRB+Phy than for DRB. The phytase enzyme has
proven to be successful for degrading phytic acid in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs,
with increases in the amounts of calcium and phosphorus available, a response that
confirms the results in table 2 and is in agreement with TRUJILLO & LINDEMANN (2010SILVA, H.O. et al. Influência da fitase sobre a digestibilidade ileal
aparente de aminoácidos em ingredientes para suínos na fase de crescimento. In:
REUNIÃO ANUAL DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ZOOTECNIA, 42, 2005, Goiânia, GO. Anais...
Goiânia: SBZ, 2005. V.42. 420p. p.236. ). The negative values seen in this experiment
for Ca and P digestibility may be associated with the high level of complexed P in rice
bran and endogenous Ca and P. The antinutritive properties of phytate include forming
complexes with amino acids, inhibiting porcine proteolytic enzymes, and increasing
endogenous amino acid secretions, thereby reducing apparent amino acids digestibility
and decreasing availability of P, Ca, and other divalent minerals (SELLE & RAVINDRAN, 2008SAW, N.K. et al. Effects of inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) on calcium
binding, calcium oxalate crystallization and in vitro stone growth. Journal of
Urology, v.177, p.2366-2370, 2007. Available from:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/%20S0022534707002510>.
Accessed: Mar. 05, 2014. doi: 10.1016/jjuro.2007. 01.113.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
).
The reduced coefficients of digestibility of Ca and P in Dephytinised rice bran compared
to DRB+Phy may be associated with high amounts of phytic acid still remaining in the
former after the dephytinisation process. The rice bran and Dephytinised rice bran had
2.68 and 1.17% of total phosphorus, respectively (Table
1), showing that 44% of the total phosphorus remained in the dephytinised
bran. According to SERVI et al. (2008SELLE, P.H. et al. Phytate and phytase: enzymes. In: BEDFORD, M.R.;
PARTRIDGE, G.G. (Eds.). Farm animals nutrition. Oxfordshire: CAB Intl,, 2011.
p.164.), reduction
of phytic acid by more than 90% could significantly improve bioavailability and
absorption of minerals and proteins. Since dephytinisation did not remove all P, one can
assume that some of remaining phosphorus was in the form of phytate, and supplementation
with phytase could be positive. The dephytinised rice bran showed the highest values of
digestible protein, DE and ME (P<0.001), compared to rice bran independently of the
use of phytase. The higher crude protein and gross energy found in Dephytinised,
compared to rice bran (16.3% and 3,771kcal kg-1 vs. 15.3% and 3,494kcal
kg-1, respectively, table 1), and the slightly higher amount of starch
(50.0 vs 47.8%) explain the higher DE values of DDRB. According to HURRELL (2004HASTAD, C.W. et al. Comparison of yellow dent and NutriDense corn
hybrids in swine diets. Journal of Animal Science, v.83, p.2624-2631, 2005. Available
from: <http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/83/11/2624.full.pdf>.
Accessed: Mar. 13,2014. doi: 10.2527/jas.2007-0594.
http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/co...
), removing phytic acid facilitates ingredient digestion
because it prevents the chelation of myo-inositol hexaphosphate molecules with
multivalent metal ions, especially zinc and calcium. Phytate also binds with proteins,
amino acids, starch and enzymes such pepsin, trypsin and alpha amylase, compromising
digestion and absorption (CASEY & WALSH,
2004CANAN, C. et al. Studies on the extraction and purification of phytic
acid from rice bran. Journal of Food Composition e Analysis, v.24, p.1057-1063, 2011.
Available from:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157511000317>. Accessed:
Feb. 10, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.12.014.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
). The low nutrient digestibility observed with DRB compared to DRB+Phy was
also observed by SILVA et al. (2005SERVI, S. et al. Dephytinisation of wheat bran by fermentation with
bakers' yeast; incubation with barley malt flour and autoclaving at diferent pH
levels. Journal of Cereal Science, v.48, p.471-476, 2008. Available from:
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0733521007002172>. Accessed:
Apr. 22, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.10.011.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art...
), when
phytase supplementation improved the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids from
defatted rice bran and soybean meal in growing pigs.
CONCLUSION:
The dephytinization process and phytase addition improved the nutrient digestibility of defatted rice bran. Metabolizable energy, digestible protein, phosphorus and calcium of DRB, DRB+Phy and DDRB were respectively, 2,140; 2,288 and 2,519kcal kg-1; 79.25; 92.41 and 107.10g kg-1; 1.62; 3.41, and 2.11g kg-1 and 2.80; 3.79 and 2.90g kg-1.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the scholarship for this project from National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).
- CAMPBELL, G.L. et al. Calculation of metabolizable energy for ingredients incorporated at low levels into a reference diet. Poultry of Animal Science, v.62, p.705-707, 1983. Available from: <http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/4/705.short>. Accessed: Feb. 22, 2014. doi: 10.3382/ps.0620705.
» https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0620705.» http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/4/705.short - CANAN, C. et al. Studies on the extraction and purification of phytic acid from rice bran. Journal of Food Composition e Analysis, v.24, p.1057-1063, 2011. Available from: <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157511000317>. Accessed: Feb. 10, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.12.014.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.12.014.» http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889157511000317 - CASEY, A.; WALSH, G. Identification and characterization of a phytase of potential commercial interest. Journal of Biotechnology, v.110, p.313-322, 2004. Available from: <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165604001567>. Accessed: Feb. 26, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.03.001.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.03.001.» http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165604001567 - DENARDIN, C.C. et al. Composição mineral de cultivares de arroz integral, parbolizado e branco. Alimentos e Nutrição, v.15, p125-130, 2004. Available from: <http://serv-bib.fcfar.unesp.br/seer/index.php/alimentos/article/viewFile/66/81>. Accessed: Feb. 22, 2014.
» http://serv-bib.fcfar.unesp.br/seer/index.php/alimentos/article/viewFile/66/81 - GOMES, J.D.F. et al. Efeitos do incremento de fibra dietética sobre a digestibilidade, desempenho e características de carcaça: suínos em crescimento e terminação. Ciências Agrárias, v.28, p.483-492, 2007. Available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2007v28n3p483>. Accessed: Dec. 06, 2013.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2007v28n3p483 - HASTAD, C.W. et al. Comparison of yellow dent and NutriDense corn hybrids in swine diets. Journal of Animal Science, v.83, p.2624-2631, 2005. Available from: <http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/83/11/2624.full.pdf>. Accessed: Mar. 13,2014. doi: 10.2527/jas.2007-0594.
» https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0594.» http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/83/11/2624.full.pdf - HURRELL, R.F. Phytic acid degradation as a means of improving iron absorption. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutritional Research, v.74, p.445-452, 2004. Available from: <http://www.medcontent.metapress.com/content/b164379r1|747088>. Accessed: Feb. 05, 2014. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831.74.6.445.
» https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.74.6.445.» http://www.medcontent.metapress.com/content/b164379r1|747088 - KUNRATH, M.A. et al. Metodologias de avaliação do valor nutricional do farelo de arroz desengordurado para suínos. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v.45, p.1172-1179, 2010. Available from: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2010001000017>. Accessed: Feb. 10, 2014.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2010001000017 - LEE, B.J.; HENDRICKS, D.G. Phytic acid protective effect beef round muscle lipid peroxidation. Journal of Food Science, v.60, p.241-244, 1995. Available from: <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb05646.x/pdf>. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2014.
» http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb05646.x/pdf - LEE, S.H. et al. Dietary phytic acid lowers the blood glucose level in diabetic KK mice. Nutritional Research, v.26, p.474-479, 2006. Available from: <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271531706001199>. Accessed: Apr. 14, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.06.017.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2006.06.017.» http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271531706001199 - LIAO, S.F. et al. Supplementation of microbial phytase to swine diets: effects on utilization of nutrients. In: NAKANO, T.;. OZIMEK, L. (Eds). Food science and product technology. Kerala, India: Research Signpost, 2002. p.199-227.
- MULLANEY, E.J. et al. Advances in phytase research. Advances in Applied Microbiology, v.47, p.157-199, 2000. Available from: <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216400470048>. Accessed: Mar. 12, 2014. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2164(00)47004-8.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2164(00)47004-8.» http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216400470048 - NAMKUNG, H.; LEESON, S. Effect of phytase enzyme on dietary nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy and ileal digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids in broiler chicks. Poultry Science, v.78, p.1317-1319, 1999. Available from: <http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/78/9/1317.long>. Accessed: Apr. 12, 2014. doi: 10.1093/ps/78.9.1317.
» https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/78.9.1317.» http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/78/9/1317.long - NOBLET, J.; SHI, X.S. Comparative digestibility of energy and nutrients in growing pigs fed ad libitum and adult sows fed at maintenance. Livestock Production Science, v.34, p.137-152, 1993. Available from: <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/030162269390042G>. Accessed: Apr. 25, 2014. doi: 10.1016/0301-6226(93)90042-G.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(93)90042-G.» http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/030162269390042G - OMOGBENIGNUN, F.O. et al. The effect of supplementing microbial phytase and organic acid to a corn-soybean based diet fed to early-weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science, v.8, p.1806-1813, 2003. Available from: <http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/%20 content/81/7/1806.full.pdf>. Accessed: May 02, 2014. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008. 00590.x.
» http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/%20 content/81/7/1806.full.pdf - PARTANEN, K. et al. Effects of a dietary organic acid mixture and of dietary fibre levels on ileal and faecal nutrient apparent digestibility, bacterial nitrogen flow, microbial metabolite concentrations and rate of passage in the digestive tract of pigs. Animal, v.1, p.389-401, 2007. Available from: <http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?%20fromPage=online&aid=964340&fileId=S1751731107657838>. Accessed: May 02, 2014.
» http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?%20fromPage=online&aid=964340&fileId=S1751731107657838 - REGMI, P.R. et al. Starch with high amylose and low in vitro digestibility increases intestinal nutrient flow and microbial fermentation and selectively promotes bifidobacteria in pigs. Journal of Nutrition, v.141, p.1273-1280, 2011. Available from: <http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/2011/05/31/jn.111.140509.full.pdf>. Accessed: Feb. 06, 2014. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.140509.
» https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.140509.» http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/2011/05/31/jn.111.140509.full.pdf - ROSTAGNO, H.S. et al. Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos: composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais, 3.ed. Viçosa: UFV, 2011. 252p.
- SAKOMURA, N.K.; ROSTAGNO, H.S.Métodos de pesquisa em nutrição de monogástricos. Jaboticabal: Funep, 2007. 283p.
- SAS INSTITUTE. SAS/EST: User´s guide. Version 8.2. Cary, 2001. 343p.
- SAW, N.K. et al. Effects of inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) on calcium binding, calcium oxalate crystallization and in vitro stone growth. Journal of Urology, v.177, p.2366-2370, 2007. Available from: <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/%20S0022534707002510>. Accessed: Mar. 05, 2014. doi: 10.1016/jjuro.2007. 01.113.
» http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/%20S0022534707002510 - SELLE, P.H.; RAVINDRAN, V. Phytate-degrading enzymes in pig nutrition. Livestock Science, v.p.113:99-122, 2008. Available from: <http://www.livestockscience.com/article/S1871-1413(07)00363-0/abstract>. Accessed: Dec. 12, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.05.014.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.05.014.» http://www.livestockscience.com/article/S1871-1413(07)00363-0/abstract - SELLE, P.H. et al. Phytate and phytase: enzymes. In: BEDFORD, M.R.; PARTRIDGE, G.G. (Eds.). Farm animals nutrition. Oxfordshire: CAB Intl,, 2011. p.164.
- SERVI, S. et al. Dephytinisation of wheat bran by fermentation with bakers' yeast; incubation with barley malt flour and autoclaving at diferent pH levels. Journal of Cereal Science, v.48, p.471-476, 2008. Available from: <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0733521007002172>. Accessed: Apr. 22, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.10.011.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2007.10.011.» http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0733521007002172 - SILVA, H.O. et al. Influência da fitase sobre a digestibilidade ileal aparente de aminoácidos em ingredientes para suínos na fase de crescimento. In: REUNIÃO ANUAL DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ZOOTECNIA, 42, 2005, Goiânia, GO. Anais... Goiânia: SBZ, 2005. V.42. 420p. p.236.
- TRUJILLO, J.H.A.; LINDEMANN, M.D. Phosphorus utilization in growing pigs fed a phosphorus deficient diet supplemented with a rice bran product and amended with phytase. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, v.23, p.429-443, 2010. Available from: <http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-06902010000400004&script= sci_arttext>. Accessed: Feb. 07, 2014.
» http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-06902010000400004&script= sci_arttext - ZANELLA, I. et al. Effect of enzyme supplementation of broiler diets based on corn and soybeans. Poultry Science, v.78, p.561-568, 1999. Available from: <http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/78/4/561.abstract>. Accessed: Dec. 06, 2013. doi: 10.1093/ps/78.4.561.
» https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/78.4.561.» http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/content/78/4/561.abstract
-
1
ETHICS AND ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION COMMITTEE All research methods approved by the ethics and animal experimentation committee at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (project 20908), and followed all the requirements in relation to animal welfare.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
15 May 2015 -
Date of issue
July 2015
History
-
Received
21 Aug 2014 -
Accepted
30 Oct 2014