Control of the lipid oxidation in Nile tilapia feed

Controle da oxidação lipídica em ração para tilápia do Nilo

ABSTRACT:

The purpose of this research was to investigate the progress of the rancidity in Nile tilapia diets containing bacterial biomass ofRubrivivax gelatinosus . Six experimental treatments comprised basal diet (negative control), diet with asthaxanthin (positive control) and 4 diets with different concentrations of the bacterial biomass. The thiobarbituric acid assay for rancidity analyses were accomplished after 6 and 12 months of diets storage. It was concluded that Rubrivivax gelatinosus biomass minimized the racidity in Nile tilapia diets in 32.52 to 44.72% at 6 months and in 37.85 to 52.37% at 12 months of storage.

Key words:
Antioxidant; rancidity; Rubrivivax gelatinosus; TBARS

RESUMO:

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o curso da rancidez oxidativa em rações de tilápia do Nilo contendo biomassa bacteriana deRubrivivax gelatinosus . Foram aplicados seis tratamentos experimentais constituídos de ração basal (controle negativo), ração basal contendo astaxantina (controle positivo) e ração basal contendo quatro concentrações da biomassa bacteriana. As análises de ácido tiobarbitúrico para estimar a rancidez foram realizadas após 6 e 12 meses de armazenamento das rações. Concluiu-se que a biomassa deR. gelatinosus foi capaz de reduzir a rancidez da ração de peixes em 32,52 a 44,72% após 6 meses de armazenamento e em 37,85 a 52,37% após 12 meses de estocagem.

Palavras-chave:
Antioxidante; rancidez; Rubrivivax gelatinosus; TBARS

According to BORGHESI et al. (2013), utilization of oils and fats for animal feeding has increased in the last years due to the multiple benefits that these ingredients may provided to the animal performance. More than energy source, the dietary lipids play an important role in physiological processes and influence the body fatty acids, thus acting directly on animals` growth, meat yield and fillets quality (JUSTI et al., 2003).

However, the unsaturated fatty acids of the feed may undergo oxidative rancidity, an oxygen-dependent deterioration process mediated by light, heat and metals, which follows the formation of undesirable sensory compounds. Therefore, the ration may get unpalatable and toxic due to aldehydes, ketones, esters, hydrocarbons and other compounds, so becoming a potential hazard for the animals (ORDÓÑEZ, 2005).

Although synthetic antioxidants have widely been used in animal feeding to prevent rancidity, currently, they became an objection subject regarding their harmlessness (ANESINI et al., 2006), so rising the concern of the industry towards the search for alternative natural antioxidants.

In such context, some carotenoids are referred to hold relevant antioxidant properties in foods and feeds, more than just a pigmenting ability, so minimizing the lipids deterioration (BHOSALE & BERNSTEIN, 2005). Moreover, some carotenoids may act against oxidative stress by combating the free radicals and increasing the immune response, thus fomenting the animals´ growth and welfare (SHINDO et al., 2007).

Some examples of carotenoids with antioxidant properties are asthaxanthin and the bacterial oxycarotenoids produced by Rubrivivax gelatinosus . The bacterium grows in industry effluents consuming their organic load and producing a biomass containing mainly protein and oxycarotenoids (HIGUERA-CIAPARA et al., 2006; PONSANO et al., 2011). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Rubrivivax gelatinosus biomass on the course of the lipid oxidation of feeds made for Nile tilapia.

It was used a completely randomized design with six treatments and three repetitions. The basal diet was formulated according to FURUYA et al. (2010) recommendations for tilapia (Table 1) and extruded. It contained 30.52% protein, 6.42% lipids and 7.99% minerals. Treatments comprised the basal diet without antioxidants (negative control), the basal diet added of 350 mg kg^-1 Carophyll pink (asthaxanthin 10%, DSM, positive control) and the basal diet added of 175, 350, 700 and 1400mg kg^-1 Rubrivivax gelatinosus biomass (3mg g^-1 carotenoids and 60% proteins). These products were mixed to the basal diet inside a Y mixer after their previous dissolution in soy oil and the same amount of soy oil was added to the control group. Experimental diets were stored in the dark inside plastic bags (polypropylene) at room temperature (25°C) for 12 months.

Table 1
Experimental diets for Nile tilapia.

• ¹Composition per kg of the product: Vit. A 2400000 UI; Vit. D3 600000 UI; Vit. E 30000 mg; Vit. K3 3000 mg; Vit. B1 4000 mg; Vit. B2 4000 mg; Vit. B6 3500 mg; Vit. B12 8000 mg; Vit. C 60000 mg; Nicotinic acid 20000 mg; Pantothenic calcium 10000 mg; Biotin 200 mg; Folic acid 1200 mg; Cu 3500 mg; Fe 20000 mg; Mn 10000 mg; Zn 24000 mg; Ca 160 mg; Na 100 mg; Co 80 mg; Inositol 25000 mg; Choline chloride 100000 mg.

The lipid oxidation was essayed with the TBARS methodology according to AVANÇO (2012) after 6 and 12 months of storage. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and the means were compared by Tukey`s test at 5% significance.

After 6 months of storage (Table 2), except the treatment with the asthaxanthin, all the other treatments had TBARS values lower than the control group (P=0.0058); although, not significantly. But, after 12 months of storage, all treatments containing the antioxidant products had significantly lower rancidity than the negative control group (Table 2). Treatments containing the highest biomass concentrations (700 and 1400 mg kg^-1) were the most effective to minimize the rancidity. Compared to the negative control group, the treatments containing the bacterial biomass reduced the TBARS values in 32.52 to 44.72% and in 37.85 to 52.37% at 6 and 12 months of storage, respectively.

Table 2
Lipid oxidation of Nile tilapia feed.

• ^a,bMeans followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.05).

So, it was demonstrated that the carotenoids tested were efficient to reduce the lipid oxidation in the tilapia diet, so providing a longer preservation of the sensory properties. Taking into account the researches regarding the toxic effects, the synthetic antioxidants may bring to health (PONCE-PALAFOX et al., 2004) and on the basis of the results found in this study, we presume that the Rubrivivax gelatinosus biomass may be used as a natural antioxidant for those rations.

GRASSI et al. (2016) had already reported an increase in the proteins content of the fillets of tilapias fed with bacterial biomass, as well as an increase in the concentration of carotenoids and a desirable fatty acids composition and SANTO et al. (2016) confirmed the antioxidant activity of the biomass on the fish fillets. However, this was the first time the product was used to prevent rancidity in animal diets and the results indicated its probable practical application.

It was concluded that Rubrivivax gelatinosus biomass minimized the racidity in Nile tilapia diets until 12 months of storage.

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• 1
  CR-2015-1612.R2

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Sept 2016

History

• Received
  12 Dec 2015
• Accepted
  28 Mar 2016
• Reviewed
  07 June 2016