Decreased levels of vitamin D₃ and supplementation with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D_3-glycoside on performance, carcass yield and bone quality in broilers

Diminuição dos níveis de vitamina D₃ e suplementação com 1,25-dihidroxivitamina D₃ glicosídeo sobre o desempenho, o rendimento da carcaça e a qualidade dos ossos em frangos de corte

ABSTRACT:

An experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of decreased levels of vitamin D₃ in the premix and 1,25-dyhydroxyvitamin D₃-glycoside (1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside) supplementation on performance, carcass yield and bone quality in 42d old broilers. Seven-d-old male chickens Cobb500^® were distributed in a randomized design with six treatments: a control diet with inclusion of vitamin D₃ in the premix, without supplementation of 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside, and five diets with decreased levels of vitamin D₃ (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0% about the control) plus the addition of 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside, 50g ton^-1 of diet. The main results were to reduce the tenor of Vitamin D₃ in the premix when the addition of 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside did not affect (P>0.05) the performance, carcass yield and bone quality variables. However, performance (feed intake, gain weight, feed conversion), yield (warm carcass weight) and bone quality (dry weight, length, mineral matter and breaking strength) of broilers fed with diets without vitamin D₃ in the premix and with addition of 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside, which was the single source of vitamin D, had as a result very low (P<0.05) values comparing to the control. For the purposes of the present research, it was concluded that is possible the reduction of vitamin D₃ tenor in the premix up to 75% when the diet of male broilers is supplemented with 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside. However, the use of 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside as a single source of vitamin D, as tested here, is not recommended for broilers diets.

Key words:
bone growth; bone strength; calcitriol; poultry; Solanum glaucophylum.

RESUMO:

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da diminuição dos níveis de vitamina D₃ no premix e a suplementação de 1,25-dihidroxivitamina D₃-glicosídeo (1,25(OH)₂D₃-glicosídeo) sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e qualidade óssea em frangos de corte de 42 dias. Machos Cobb500^® de sete dias de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos: uma dieta controle com inclusão de vitamina D₃ no premix, sem suplementação de 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glicosídeo, e cinco dietas com níveis decrescentes de vitamina D₃ (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% e 0% em relação ao controle) mais a adição de 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glicosídeo (50g ton^-1 de dieta). Entre os principais resultados, foi observado que a redução do teor de vitamina D₃ no premix quando adicionado 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glicosídeo não afetou (P>0,05) o desempenho, o rendimento da carcaça e as variáveis da qualidade óssea. No entanto, as variáveis do desempenho e o rendimento (consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, peso da carcaça quente) e da qualidade dos ossos (peso seco, comprimento, matéria mineral e resistência à ruptura) de frangos alimentados com dietas sem vitamina D₃ no premix, com a adição de 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glicosídeo como a única fonte de vitamina D, teve como resultado valores muito baixos (P<0,05) em comparação ao controle. Para os propósitos da presente pesquisa, concluiu-se que é possível a redução do teor de vitamina D₃ no premix até 75% quando a dieta de frangos de corte machos é suplementada com 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glicosídeo. No entanto, o uso de 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glicosídeo como única fonte de vitamina D, conforme testado aqui, não é recomendado para dietas de frangos de corte.

Palavras-chave:
avicultura; calcitriol; crescimento ósseo; força óssea; Solanum glaucophylum

INTRODUCTION:

The use of metabolites of vitamin D on broiler diets prevents skeletal problems and promotes bone quality to support gain of muscular mass in broiler strains of rapid growth, especially on birds with bone quality problems, as tibial dyschondroplasia, that affects the performance (BRITO et al., 2010; GARCIA et al., 2013). The more available metabolites to use as additives, are hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D₃) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ or calcitriol (1,25(OH)₂D₃) (APPLEGATE & ANGEL, 2005).

In all animals, the ingested vitamin D₃ is metabolized in 25(OH)D₃ on the liver, and then, it is metabolized in 1,25(OH)₂D₃ (the active metabolite) on the kidneys (WHITEHEAD, 2002). Besides 1,25(OH)₂D₃ could be obtained from botanical sources, as dry leaves of Solanum glaucophyllum (BOLAND et al., 2003), also known as Solanum malacoxylon or Solanum glaucum, a common bush from temperate zone of South America. However, the aqueous extract could be considered toxic due to high levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus ions, which leads to depressed of bone resorption. Therefore, desirable bioactive form could be obtained from the salt-free extract of Solanum glaucophyllum (LLOYD et al., 1975).

The supplement industry works with a safety margin of two to ten times greater than the actual need of the birds, to guarantee the minimum supplementation of the nutrients after the manufacturing physical processes, transportation and diets storage (COELHO et al, 1995; FÉLIX et al. 2009). However, BRITO et al. (2010) did not recognize the advantage of using high levels of vitamin D₃ on performance of broilers, as well as ALAHYARI-SHAHRASB et al. (2012) suggested that it has been possible to reduce the amount of some vitamins in the premix for finisher’s diets by 33% without affecting the performance and metabolic characteristics.

The bone quality is assessed by measuring bone’s density, resistance to breakage and percentage of minerals in the bones, through mechanical, physical and chemical features. If the features of bone quality go along with the production rates in the flocks, in satisfactory way, then, the supplementation with metabolites could be positively evaluated.

Studies related with the use of vitamin D₃ metabolites can help companies with integration systems, which would handle mineral and vitamin supplements, to reduce the amount of vitamin D₃ by association with active metabolites; and therefore, enable cost reduction without loss on performance, carcass yield and bone quality of the flocks of chickens. Based on these considerations, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the vitamin D₃ reduction in the premix and, the 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside supplementation on performance, bone quality and carcass yield from 7 to 42d broilers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Housing, birds, experimental design

An experiment was conducted in the Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro Campus Pinheiral - RJ. The facility was fitted with heating and pat cooling automatic systems, had been divided in floor pens, 2m x 1.5m with nipple drinkers and manual feeders. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Seven-day old male broiler chickens Cobb500^® were distributed in 36 groups with standardized average weight 164±1,6g. Each group was distributed in a randomized design with six experimental treatments and six replications, with 38 birds per replication.

Treatments

Treatments consisted in six experimental diets (Table 1); they were formulated following the nutritional requirements by ROSTAGNO et al. (2011). The control, and five treatments with decreasing levels of Vitamin D₃ (100, 75, 50, 25 and 0%) with additional bioactive metabolite 1,25(OH)₂D₃ glycoside in the fixed amount 50mg kg^-1 of diet, as shown in table 2.

Table 1
Experimental diet composition (g kg^-1) and calculated nutrients concentration.

Ingredients g kg-1	1-7d	------------8-21d------------		-----------22-35d-----------		-----------36-42d-----------
		Control	Treat	Control	Treat	Control	Treat
Maize meal	517.822	557.029	511.825	580.870	580.804	584.158	617.225
Soybean meal 451.5g/kg CP	405.771	364.624	403.484	330.190	330.177	335.162	305.392
Soybean oil	28.307	34.010	42.728	45.413	45.442	49.157	43.082
Dicalcium Phosphate	19.218	15.719	15.537	16.870	16.870	10.916	11.062
Limestone	10.618	10.702	10.593	10.159	10.159	8.837	8.918
Vitamin & Mineral supplement1	4.000	4.000	4.000	4.000	4.000	2.000	2.000
Sodium Bicarbonate	3.651	3.526	3.609	3.702	3.702	3.540	3.541
DL-Methionine	3.609	3.148	2.792	2.570	2.571	2.290	2.568
NaCl	2.577	2.411	2.400	2.287	2.287	2.064	2.062
L-lysine HCl 99%	2.411	2.254	1.000	1.751	1.752	1.010	1.976
L-threonine 98%	1.391	1.226	0.632	0.885	0.886	0.490	0.949
Choline chloride	0.625	0.550	0.550	0.500	0.500	0.375	0.375
Inert	-	0.001	-	0.003	-	0.001	-
Antioxidant	-	0.800	0.800	0.800	0.800	-	0.800
1,25 (OH)2D3 glycoside	-	-	0.050	-	0.050	-	0.050
Total	1000.0	1000.0	1000.0	1000.0	1000.0	1000.0	1000.0
---------------------------------------------------------Calculated nutritional concentrations g kg-1---------------------------------------------------------
ME( MJ kg-1)	12.39	12.76	12.76	13.18	13.18	13.39	13.39
CP,	228.0	212.0	212.0	197.3	197.3	198.7	198.7
Calcium,	9.2	8.4	8.4	8.4	8.4	6.6	6.6
Phosphorus available	4.7	4.0	4.0	4.2	4.2	3.1	3.1
Sodium	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1	1.9	1.9
Potassium	9.8	9.1	9.1	8.4	8.4	8.5	8.5
Chlorine	2.0	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.7
Total Lysine	14.6	13.4	13.4	12.1	12.1	11.7	11.7
Digestible lysine	13.5	12.4	12.4	11.1	11.154	10.714	10.714
Digestible Methionine	6.7	6.0	6.0	5.3	5.316	5.075	5.074
Digestible Methionine + cystine	9.7	8.9	8.9	8.0	8.0	7.8	7.8
Digestible Tryptophan	2.5	2.3	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.2

• ¹Guaranteed concentrations per kg of product (1-21d): Iron 13800mg; copper 2775mg; zinc 17925mg; manganese 19275mg; selenium 82.5mg; iodine 277.5mg; vitamin A 618.6mg; vitamin E 7800mg; vitamin K3 412.5mg; thiamine 562.5mg; riboflavin 1387.5mg; pyridoxine 787.5mg; cyanocobalamin 3300mcg; niacin 8250mg; pantothenic acid 2775mg; biotin 19275μg; nicarbazin 31250mg; virginiamycin 4125mg; (22-35d): iron 12525mg; copper 2550mg; zinc 16275mg; manganese 17550mg; selenium 75.0mg; iodine 262.5mg; vitamin A 562.5mg; vitamin E 7050mg; vitamin K3 375mg; thiamine 525mg; riboflavin 1275mg; pyridoxine 712.5mg; cyanocobalamin 3000μg; niacin 7500mg; pantothenic Acid 2550mg; biotin 17550μg; salinomycin 15.0mg; virginiamycin 4125mg. (35-42d): Iron 12525mg; copper 2550mg; zinc 16275mg; manganese 17550mg; selenium 75mg; iodine 262.5mg; vitamin A 562.5mg; vitamin E 7050mg; vitamin K3 375mg; thiamine 525mg; riboflavin 1275mg; pyridoxine 712.5mg; cyanocobalamin 3000μg; niacin 7500mg; pantothenic acid 2550mg; biotin 17550μg. Vitamin D₃ (Table 2).

Table 2
Experimental treatments, levels of vitamin D₃ ¹ (μg of cholecalciferol/kg of diet) in the premix in each phase of growth and, supplementation of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ glycoside.

Treatments	---------------------μg of Vitamin D3 kg-1 of diet-----------------------			μg of 1,25(OH)2D3 glycoside kg-1 of diet2
	1-21d	22-35d	35-42d
Control (-)	52.5	48.0	24.0	-
100%VitD3 (+)	52.5	48.0	24.0	0.5
75% VitD3 (+)	39.4	36.0	18.0	0.5
50% VitD3 (+)	26.2	24.0	12.0	0.5
25% VitD3 (+)	13.1	12.0	6.0	0.5
0% VitD3 (-)	-	-	-	0.5

• ¹Synthetic vitamin D₃; ²Panbonis^® (90% purity) containing 10mg 1,25(OH)₂D₃ glycoside Kg^-1 of product, included at 50mg Kg^-1 of diet.

The premix of vitamins was manufactured based on the formulation of Nutron^® Animal Nutrition, Cargill Company, and the synthetic vitamin D₃ was included in the concentrations as shown in table 2. The additive Panbonis^® is from dried leaves of Solanum glaucophyllum and has 10mg of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ glycoside/kg of product.

Performance and carcass yield

To evaluate the broilers performance, the weight at 42 days was recorded and, the feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), daily WG and feed conversion (FC=FI/WG) of 7-42 days period were calculated. Carcass yield of 42 days old was evaluated using two average weight broilers from each replicate. Body weight in fasting was measured; the relative weight of warm carcass (without viscera, head, neck and feet) had been calculated in relation to the body weight in fasting; and the relative weight of breast, thigh + drumstick and wings have been calculated in relation to the warm carcass weight, and expressed as a percentage.

Bone quality

The bone quality analysis was performed at 42d old on the left tibias of two birds per repetition, for each experimental treatment. Broilers were killed by cervical dislocation. Bones were thawed and, the adhered muscle tissue was removed.

Wet weight (g) and length (mm) of the tibia were measured, and the weight/length ratio (g/mm) was calculated. The breaking strength was determined (MURAKAMI et al., 2009) in a universal testing machine (UMC 300, CAP 30TF, Cotenco^®), and the data was expressed in Newton (N) following the recommendations of ANSI / ASAE S459 rules (ASAE Standards, 1998). The analysis was performed in the Wood Technology Lab at Forest Institute and in the Animal Science Institute - UFRRJ, Seropédica-RJ.

The ash and mineral content was determined in the degreased bones (SILVA & QUEIROZ, 2002; SILVA et al., 2009); the calcium content was measured by atomic absorption spectrometer (model SpectrAA 55B, Varian) at the Institute of Agronomy- UFRRJ, Seropédica - RJ (ZENEBON et al., 2008).

Statistical analysis

Data were subjected to analysis of variance using the General Linear Models procedure of SAS^® software and, in case of statistically significant differences the means were compared by test of Dunnett at 5% of probability.

RESULTS:

Performance and carcass yield

Results of performance and carcass yield were shown in the tables 3 and 4, respectively. The performance variables (weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, feed conversion and feed intake) during the 7 - 42 days period, the fasting weight and the warm carcass weight at 42 days were significantly poor (P<0.05) when the metabolite 1,25(OH)₂D_3-glycoside was used as the single source of vitamin D, in comparison with the same variables in broilers fed with control diet. The same variables in the broilers that received treatments 2, 3, 4 and 5 (Table 2) were not affected (P>0.05) in comparison to the control. The viability, the carcass yield and parts yield (wing, breast and thigh + drumstick) were not affected by treatments (P> 0.05).

Table 3
Performance¹ of broilers fed with diets with decreased levels of vitamin D₃ in the premix and supplemented with 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside (0.5μg Kg^-1 of feed).

Treatments2	BW (Kg)	FI (Kg)	GW (Kg)	DGW(Kg)	FC(Kg Kg-1)	V (%)
	42d	-----------------------------------------------------7-42 d--------------------------------------------------
Control (-)	2883	4125	2719	77.7	1.52	95.29
100%VitD3 (+)	2888	4237	2727	77.9	1.55	94.49
75% VitD3 (+)	2923	4129	2758	78.8	1.50	94.05
50% VitD3 (+)	2946	4189	2782	79.5	1.50	94.41
25% VitD3 (+)	2881	4370	2716	77.6	1.61	95.46
0% VitD3 (-)	1636*	3242*	1473*	42.1*	2.23*	93.80
CV (%)	5.15	6.21	5.50	5.50	5.33	1.94

• ¹BW: Body weight; FI: feed intake; GW: gain weight; DGW: daily gain weight; FC: feed conversion; V: viability. ²See table 2. ^*Significantly difference from the control treatment, Dunnett’s test (5%).

Table 4
Carcass yield at 42d of broilers fed with diets with decreasing levels of vitamin D₃ and supplemented with 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside (0.5μg Kg^-1 of feed).

Treatments1	FW (Kg)	WCW (Kg)	CY (%)	Wing (%)	Breast (%)	TD (%)
Control (-)	2834	2110	74.49	10.5	39.81	28.58
100%VitD3 (+)	2880	2136	74.14	10.74	39.6	28.4
75% VitD3 (+)	3015	2255	74.76	10.43	39.43	28.63
50% VitD3 (+)	2759	2075	75.31	10.37	39.64	28.76
25% VitD3 (+)	2987	2200	73.61	10.38	39.23	28.91
0% VitD3 (-)	1772*	1328*	74.78	11.25	38.83	28.33
CV (%)	11.16	11.76	3.16	8.32	5.04	4.99

• FW: Fasting weight; WCW: warm carcass weight; CY: Carcass yield; TD: thigh+drumstick. ¹See table 2. ^*Significantly difference from the control treatment, Dunnett’s test (5%).

Bone quality

Results of bone quality are shown in the table 5. The dry weight, length, mineral matter and breaking strength of the tibia of broilers fed with diet using 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside as the single source of Vitamin D were poor significantly (P<0.05) compared to the control treatment. These variables in broilers from other treatments were not different (P>0.05) compared to the control. The variables wet weight, diameter, height, weight/length ratio, and the calcium percentage of the tibia were not influenced (P>0.05) by any treatment, compared to the control (Table 5).

Table 5
Bone quality of broilers fed with diets with decreasing levels of vitamin D₃ and supplemented with 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside (0.5μg Kg^-1 of feed).

Treatment1	WW (g)	DW (g)	L (mm)	D (mm)	MM (%)	Ca (%)	W/L	BS (N)
Control (-)	14.4	6.24	110.7	9.21	47.86	32.5	142.6	311.9
100%VitD3 (+)	14.4	6.29	100.8	8.61	48.46	34.7	143.0	340.9
75% VitD3 (+)	15.5	6.65	102.6	9.70	47.67	30.9	151.0	335.4
50% VitD3 (+)	13.8	5.93	100.7	9.03	46.22	31.0	138.3	285.1
25% VitD3 (+)	15.4	6.50	102.0	9.39	47.78	31.0	151.3	360.3
0% VitD3 (-)	12.2	4.12*	90.87*	8.64	40.1*	28.4	133.2	146.3*
CV (%)	14.62	13.51	4.16	11.43	6.71	14.98	12.81	24.58

• WW: bone wet weight; DW: bone dry weight; L: length; D: diameter; MM: mineral matter; Ca: cálcio; W/L: weight/length ratio (g/mm); BS: breaking strength. ¹See table 2. ^*Significantly difference from the control treatment, Dunnett’s test (5%).

DISCUSSION:

When 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside was used as the single source of vitamin D₃, many performance, yield and bone quality variables of broilers Cobb500^® at 42 days was extremely impaired. Similar results were previously reported, low values of weight gain associated to moderate hypercalcemia were reported in six weeks broilers supplemented with 1,25(OH)₂D₃ (RENNIE et al., 1995; RENNIE et al., 1996). In order to justify the occurrence of the poor results, it would be necessary to perform analysis such as the blood and organs metabolite profiles, 1,25(OH)₂D_3, and others related to the bone formation process, for the purpose to know if the use of fixed quantity (50g of the product per ton of feed), would provide lower levels of vitamin D₃ than required within each stage of development.

The use of 100, 75, 50 or 25% of vitamin D_3, in addition of 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside, did not affected the performance, and it was close to the Cobb500^® standards. In a similar way, vitamins reduction in 33% of the finishing diet premix for broilers rising in floor, did not affect the performance at slaughter age (ALAHYARI-SHAHRASB et al., 2012). Additionally, COLET et al. (2015) studied vitamin reductions in broiler diets and, reported that there was no need for further vitamin supplementation when mineral levels had been balanced. VIEITES et al. (2014) used 1,25 (OH)₂D_3-glycoside metabolite to supplement broiler in a quantity five times higher (250 g of Panbonis® ton^-1) than that used in the present study and, did not observe significant differences in the performance of 42-d old broiler chickens. According to FÉLIX et al. (2009), the vitamin levels used by the industry are 10 to 25 times higher than the recommended by the NRC (1994), and once the premix used was formulated based on a commercial brand, the vitamin levels were enough to guarantee the standard performance of the broiler strain used on this study. Calcidiol supplementation plus different levels of vitamin D₃ reduces the mortality rate (MICHALCZUK et al., 2010). Still, in the present research, calcitriol supplementation did not affect the viability rate.

The carcass and parts yield (wing, breast and thigh + drumstick) did not differ from control. Similar results were reported by VIEITES et al. (2012). The mechanisms of the 1,25 (OH)₂D₃ on muscles of chickens are still to be determined, but is known that vitamin D is necessary for skeletal muscle development and integrity (DOMINGUES-FARIA et al., 2017). In mice, GIRGIS et al. (2015) observed that vitamin D deficiency reduced muscle fiber, found direct effect of vitamin D on the muscle function and corroborated the presence of vitamin D receptors in this tissue. Reduction or withdrawal of some vitamins and minerals in finishing diets did not affect the composition of carcasses of broiler chickens; however, withdrawal of vitamins in the premix during growth period leads to lower carcass yield (MAIORKA et al., 2002; KHAJALI et al., 2006).

The opposite was observed by KORVER (2005) cited by VIEITES et al. (2014), he reported a better carcass and breast yield in 42-d broilers by vitamin D₃ plus 25(OH)D₃ supplemented diets. Also, SAUNDERS-BLADES & KORVER (2006) observed advantages 25(OH)D₃ metabolite on breast muscle development, yield and meat quality in 42-day-old broilers, similar data were reported by BRITO et al. (2010) because they supplemented with high levels of 25(OH)D₃, and observed higher carcass yield compared to the effect of vitamin D₃.

Bone quality of the tibia was affected and tibia length, the weight were lower when the birds did not receive vitamin D₃ in the diet and the single source of vitamin D was the metabolite 1,25(OH)₂D­₃ glycoside. Additionally; although, weight/length ratio had not been affected the breaking strength of the bones was lower in those birds, which could be related to the smaller mineral matter of their bones. The stiffness of the bone tissue results from the deposition of calcium and phosphorus, in the form of hydroxyapatite, during the process of bone mineralization. These two minerals make up about 70% of the bone composition; the remaining 30% are composed of organic matter, mainly collagen. Active vitamin D₃ acts on the bone, stimulating protein synthesis by osteoblasts and participating in matrix mineralization (BORGES et al., 2010; SOUZA, 2012). Bones undergo several adaptations throughout development, and mineral content is the main determinant of the bones mechanical properties, in several species, as that, the higher the mineral content the greater the bone strength (CURREY, 2003). This observation explains the effect occurred in the treatment with the use of metabolite as a single source of vitamin D, because the lower percentage of ash was accompanied by the lower mean breaking strength. Conversely, TATARA et al. (2011) studied the effect of 25(OH)D₃ supplementation and did not observe significant differences in turkey tibia length up to 20 weeks of age.

Supplementation of 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside as a single source of vitamin D promoted a reduction of the concentration of minerals in the broiler’s tibia (from 47.86% to 40.14%). However, it was still within the acceptable percentages of broiler’s bone ash (40 - 45%) in birds receiving vitamin D₃ supplementation (AOAC, 1995). Similar results were reported by GARCIA et al. (2013) when they used 1,25 (OH)₂D₃ in broiler diets, and obtained a percentage of ash around 44%.

When 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside was used as the single source of vitamin D, the percentage of calcium deposited in the bone did not differ from the control treatment, reinforcing the role of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ in the physiological regulation of intestinal absorption of Ca, as it was supported by reports of SILVERTHORN (2010), that observed that 1,25(OH)₂D₃ could increase active transport of Ca by up to 30%. According to NORMAN & HENRY (2007), when 1,25(OH)₂D₃ was given to vitamin D-deficient chicks it was observed that calcium transport reached peak rates between 12 and 14h, maintaining adequate circulating levels and decreasing mobilization of calcium from bones. The 1,25(OH)₂D₃ plays a significant role in the regulation of active calcium transport, ensuring maintenance of plasma levels and reducing the mobilization of this mineral in bones when the nutrition and vitamin and mineral supplementation are correct (SILVERTHORN, 2010).

TATARA et al. (2011) studied the effect of 25(OH)D₃ supplementation, nor did they observe differences between tibial mineral volume density (measured by computed tomography and the Somatom Emotion Siemens apparatus) in turkeys up to 20 weeks of age. However, in the study by GARCIA et al. (2013), supplementation with Panbonis^® at a concentration of 0.250g/kg diet led to higher weight/length ratio values and greater breaking strength (approximately 336.46N) when compared to the present results.

In the present study, no histological evaluation of the bones was performed to the effect of supplementation with the metabolite on the bone structure. However, the use of decreasing concentrations (100, 75, 50 or 25%) of vitamin D₃, that is, the reduction of up to 75% of the inclusion of vitamin D3 in the premix plus the 1,25(OH)₂D₃ glycoside supplementation, did not alter any of bone quality variables of the broilers that were evaluated in the present study.

For the purposes of the present research it was concluded that the performance, carcass weight and bone quality of broiler chickens are affected by the non-inclusion of Vitamin D₃ in the premix; although, supplemented with 50g/ton of 1,25 (OH)₂D₃ glycoside. A reduction of vitamin D₃ from the premix up to 75% when the inclusion of 1,25(OH)₂D₃-glycoside maintains the performance and bone quality of the male broilers of the Cobb500^® lineage. Carcass yield and noble cuts are not influenced by the reduction of vitamin D₃ level of premix and supplementation with 1,25(OH)₂D₃ glycoside. However, the use of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ glycoside as the single source of D in the amount tested is not recommended for male broilers Cobb500^®.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To Dr. Marcos Fábio Lima IFF-Campus Nilo Pessanha, Technofeed, Nutron Foods, Rica Alimentos.

REFERENCES:

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• 0
  CR-2017-0705.R1

BIOETHICS AND BIOSSECURITY COMMITTEE APPROVAL

• 1
  The experiment followed the recommendations of resolution 714 of 06/20/2002 CRMV used by the research ethics committee of the UFRRJ / COMEP process n. 23083.001534 / 2013-17.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2018

History

• Received
  03 Oct 2017
• Accepted
  12 June 2018
• Reviewed
  13 July 2008