Refrigeration and modified atmosphere to the conservation of ‘Malasia’ Star fruit

Refrigeração e atmosfera modificada na conservação da carambola ‘Malasia’

ABSTRACT:

Despite the fact that cold storage and modified atmosphere techniques have already been studied for fresh cut Star fruit, little has been done considering the whole fruit. Besides that, each cultivar has its peculiarities, so the efficiency of combined postharvest treatments should be studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 8.5 µm thick and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 33 µm thick associated with cold storage (10 ± 1 °C and 5 ± 1 °C / 85 ± 5% RH) on the conservation of ‘Malasia’ Star fruit. Storage at 25 ^oC maintained Star fruit overall quality, regardless of the film type, up to four days. The weight loss was higher in fruit packed with PVC, but this fact was not noticed by the sensory analysis. The storage in 5 and 10 ^oC did not caused chilling injury but fruit presented retention of yellow color development and firmness reduction; these aspects were positively assessed by the sensory analysis. The film type did not influence the conservation of the fruit. The storage at 5 and 10 °C, regardless of the package film, prolonged ‘Malasia’ star fruit shelf life up to 16 days, followed by two days at 25 °C.

Key words:
Averrhoa carambola L.; films; postharvest; ripening.

RESUMO:

Apesar das técnicas de armazenamento refrigerado e atmosfera modificada já terem sido estudadas para carambolas processadas, pouco foi feito considerando a fruta inteira. Além disso, cada cultivar possui peculiaridades, dessa forma a eficiência dos tratamentos pós-colheita combinados deve ser estudada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do cloreto de polivinila (PVC), 8,5 µm de espessura e polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD), 33 µm de espessura associados ao armazenamento refrigerado (10 ± 1 °C e 5 ± 1 °C / 85 ± 5% de UR) na conservação da carambola Malasia. O armazenamento a 25 °C manteve a qualidade da carambola, independentemente do tipo de filme, até quatro dias. A perda de massa foi maior nos frutos embalados em PVC, mas esta não foi percebida pela análise sensorial. As temperaturas de armazenamento de 5 e 10 °C não causaram dano de frio, mas os frutos apresentaram retenção no desenvolvimento da coloração amarela e na redução da firmeza; esses aspectos foram avaliados positivamente na análise sensorial. O tipo de filme não influenciou a conservação do fruto. O armazenamento a 5 e 10 °C, independente do filme da embalagem, prolongou a vida útil da carambola ‘Malasia’ até 16 dias, seguido por dois dias a 25 °C.

Palavras-chave:
Averrhoa carambola L.; filmes; pós-colheita; amadurecimento.

INTRODUCTION:

Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) is an economical alternative to traditional fruit crops due to its high profitability both at Brazilian and international market. However, the shelf life of Star fruit is short due to its rapid dehydration and browning. Low temperature storage extends the storability of star fruit. However, there is no consensus about the recommended temperature for this fruit. According to ALI et al. (2004), storage at 5 and 10 °C caused chilling injury in ‘B-10’ star fruit. CAMPBELL & KOCH (1989) pointed out that ‘Golden Star’ star fruit stored at 5 °C maintained better appearance and ripened normally when compared to those stored at 10 °C. According to CHEN et al. (2017) temperatures of 5 °C maintained ‘Honglong’ star fruit quality whereas storage temperatures of 0 and 3 °C caused severe chilling injury. When stored at 10 °C the fruits quality was not preserved and it presented high diseases incidence.

The modified atmosphere (MA) associated to refrigeration could be beneficial to avoid chilling injury and excessive transpiration and enzymatic browning. In retail trade, the most used film is PVC (polyvinyl chloride); however, it generally promotes little change in the dynamics of gas levels inside the packages. NEVES et al. (2004) obtained better conservation for Star fruit packed in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film 10 µm at 12 °C for 45 days. When packed in 15 µm LDPE film, the fruit lost firmness, probably due to physiological disorders. In the study of CRUZ et al. (2001), a proper conservation of Star fruit, stored at 12 °C, was achieved using LDPE 50 µm thick. Even though refrigeration and modified atmospheres have already been studied for fresh cut star fruit, little has been done considering the whole fruit. Moreover, we found differences in postharvest physiology among cultivars from the same species. Therefore, the efficacy of combined treatments should be studied in each cultivar. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential conservation of ‘Malasia’ star fruit under refrigeration (10 ± 1 °C and 5 ± 1 °C), associated with passive modified atmosphere (polyvinyl chloride 8.5 µm thick and low-density polyethylene 33 µm thick), in order to extend the fruit conservation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

‘Malasia’ star fruits were harvested at stage 3 (25-75% of yellow color visually assessed) from a commercial orchard in Pedra Branca-SP, Brazil. The fruits were conducted to the Agronomic Institute (IAC) in Jundiaí (SP) and packed in polystyrene trays (three fruit per tray) with two different films: polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 8.5 µm thick (O₂TR/CO₂TR=9,490/72,121 ml.m^-2.day^-1; WVTR=403.4 g.m^-2.day^-1) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) 33 µm thick (O₂TR/CO₂TR =9,300/36,548 ml.m^-2.day^-1; WVTR=19.2 g.m^-2.day^-1). The trays with LDPE film were sealed with a pedal sealer (Selasplat), while the trays with PVC were manually wrapped. After packing, fruit of each treatment were stored at 25 ± 1 °C, 10 ± 1 °C and 5 ± 1 °C with 85 ± 5% of relative humidity (RH) up to 26 days. Every four days, three trays of each treatment stored at 5 and 10 °C were weighed and the percentage of CO₂ and O₂ was measured with a gas analyzer (PBI-Dansensor, Check Mate). After that, these trays were transferred to 25 ± 1 °C / 85 ± 5% RH for two days, to simulate the marketing period. Fruit stored at 25 °C were evaluated on alternate days. After the marketing period, another gas composition evaluation was performed with the packages closed. Fruit were assessed for quality attributes once the packages were opened.

Firmness was evaluated with manual penetrometer (Efegi, model FT-327) with 8 mm cylindrical tip, on the equatorial opposite sides of the fruit, and expressed as Newtons (N). Soluble solids content (SS) were determined with refractometer (ATTO-2WAJ) and expressed as °Brix. Titratable acidity (TA) was determined by NaOH titration expressed as % citric acid and ascorbic acid content was determined by DCFI titration to persistent pink coloration for 15 seconds and expressed in mg ascorbic acid per 100g pulp according to CARVALHO et al. (1990). Fruit skin color was evaluated with a color reader (Konica Minolta, model CR-10), (scale L, C, °H), taking two readings on equatorial opposite sides of the fruit. Weight loss was also measured and the results were expressed in percentage. Rot incidence was evaluated by counting the number of fruit with symptoms and expressed as percentage. Fruit browning was assessed visually according to a scale: 1 - fruit with no browning; 2 - up to 30% of browning skin; 3 from 31 to 60% of browning skin; 4 - from 61 to 90% of browning skin; 5 - more than 91% of browning skin. Sensory analysis was carried out by 30 non-trained panelists who evaluated, by scoring a structured mixed scale questionnaire the following quality attributes: general appearance, color, taste, flavor and acceptability, where 5=Much stronger than ideal; 4= Stronger than ideal; 3=Ideal; 2=Weaker than ideal; 1=Much weaker than ideal

The experimental design was completely randomized in a triple factorial arrangement (2 types of film x 3 storage temperatures x days of storage). For the physical and chemical analysis 3 repetitions were used, each repetition consisting of a tray containing three fruits. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means compared by Tukey test at 5% (P≤0.05) using Assistat 7.6 software.

RESULTS:

The films had no significant effect on fruit color and firmness loss at 5, 10 or 25 ^oC (Figure 1A-1F). Fruit firmness decreased during the storage at 25 °C reaching values of 10.5 N on the 8^th day (P≤0.05) (Figure 1C). The temperature of cold storage influenced the fruit firmness loss during the marketing period. After 24 days of storage at 5 ºC followed by marketing period, Star fruits had 12.4 N of firmness, while those that were stored at 10 ºC reached 8.2 N at the same date (P≤0.05) (Figure 1A and 1B).

Figure 1
Pulp firmness, color and skin luminosity of ‘Malasia’ star fruit packed in polystyrene trays covered with polyvinyl chloride - PVC (8.5 μm thick) and low-density polyethylene - LDPE (33 μm thick) and stored for eight days at 25±1 °C / 85 ± 5% RH (c, f, i) and for up to 24 days at 10±1 °C (b, e, h) and 5±1 °C (a, d, g), followed by two days at 25±1 °C / 85 ± 5% RH. Vertical bars indicate mean standard error (n=3).

The fruit stored at 25 °C showed a reduction in the Hue angle from 98.9 °H to 69.5 °H on the sixth day, indicating yellowing (Figure 1F). Up to the 16^th day of cold storage, the color of the fruit changed from green to yellow (98.9 °H to 79.0 °H) after the marketing period (P≤0.05). This yellowing during the marketing period was not so evident in those fruit maintained under refrigeration for a longer period, even after the marketing period (Figure 1D and 1E).

There was no significant difference in luminosity (L value) during the storage at 25 °C (Figure 1I), and also during the cold storage, indicating that browning was not observed for this cultivar (Figure 1G and 1H).

Considering the entire period of this study, few variations were observed in the titratable acidity, soluble solids, ascorbic acid content and ratio of the fruit from the different treatments. The mean values were 0.23% of citric acid, 7.7 °Brix of SS, 50 mg 100 g^-1 of ascorbic acid, 30.6 of ratio (data not shown).

Gas composition inside the packages changed significantly from the second day of storage at 25 °C. After eight days at 25 °C, the concentration of O₂ and CO₂ inside PVC packages was 15.4% and 2.2%, respectively (P≤0.05) (Figure 2C and 3C), while in the LDPE packages these values were 6.0% and 5.1%, respectively (P≤0.05) (Figure 2F and 3F).

Figure 2
O₂ concentration (%) inside of polystyrene trays with ‘Malasia’ Star fruit covered with polyvinyl chloride - PVC (8.5 μm thick) for up to 24 days at 5±1 ºC (a) and 10±1 ºC (b), followed by two days at 25±1 °C (a and b with dotted lines) and stored for eight days at 25±1 °C (c). O₂ concentration (%) inside of polystyrene trays with ‘Malasia’ Star fruit covered with low-density polyethylene - LDPE (33 μm thick) for up to 24 days at 5±1 °C (d) e 10±1 °C (e), followed by two days at 25±1 °C (d and e with dotted lines) and stored for eight days at 25±1 °C (f). Vertical bars indicate mean standard error (n=3). Continuous lines represent continuous storage. Dotted lines represent the marketing period after refrigeration transference.

Figure 3
CO₂ concentration (%) inside of polystyrene trays with ‘Malasia’ Star fruit covered with polyvinyl chloride - PVC (8.5 μm thick) for up to 24 days at 5±1 °C (a) and 10±1 °C (b), followed by two days at 25±1 °C (a and b with dotted lines) and stored for eight days at 25±1 °C (c). CO₂ concentration (%) inside of polystyrene trays with ‘Malasia’ star fruit covered with low-density polyethylene - LDPE (33 μm thick) for up to 24 days at 5±1 °C (d) e 10±1 °C (e), followed by two days at 25±1 °C (d and e with dotted lines) and stored for eight days at 25±1 °C (f). Vertical bars indicate mean standard error (n=3). Continuous lines represent continuous storage. Dotted lines represent the marketing period after refrigeration transference.

Minor changes occurred in the gas composition of the packages with PVC and LDPE maintained under refrigeration (Figures 2A, 2B, 2D, 2E and 3A, 3B, 3D, 3E), but this inner atmosphere had significant changes when transferred to marketing conditions, mainly in those packed with LDPE. The O₂ and CO₂ concentration on the eighth day of evaluation was 9.0 and 4.0%, approximately (Figure 2D, E and 3D, E).

On the eighth day at 25 ºC, fruit packed with PVC presented 6.6% of weight loss (Figure 4C), whereas those fruit packed with LDPE had only 0.4% (P≤0.05) (Figure 4F). During refrigeration, fruit packed with PVC also showed higher weight loss compared to the ones packed with LDPE, mainly in those fruit stored at 5 °C (Figure 4A), corresponding to 5.4% after 24 days, whereas fruit stored at 10 °C presented loss of 2.9% (P≤0.05) (Figure 4B). Lower weight loss of the Star fruit packed with LDPE continued also during the marketing period (Figure 4D and 4E).

Figure 4
Weight loss (%) of ‘Malasia’ Star fruit in polystyrene trays covered with polyvinyl chloride - PVC (8.5 μm thick) for up to 24 days at 5±1 °C (a) and 10±1 °C (b), followed by two days at 25±1 °C (a and b with dotted lines) and stored for eight days at 25±1 °C (c). Weight loss (%) of ‘Malasia’ Star fruit in polystyrene trays covered with low-density polyethylene - LDPE (33 μm thick) for up to 24 days at 5±1 °C (d) e 10±1 °C (e), followed by two days at 25±1 °C (d and e with dotted lines) and stored for eight days at 25±1 °C (f). Vertical bars indicate mean standard error (n=3). Continuous lines represent continuous storage. Dotted lines represent the marketing period after refrigeration transference.

On the sixth day of storage at 25 °C, 33% of the fruit had rot symptoms (Figure 5C), regardless of the film used (P>0.05). By the end of the storage, fruit packed with LDPE had 89% of disease incidence, while those packed in PVC had 67% (P≤0.05) (Figure 5C). Fruit stored at 5 °C did not show any rot symptoms during the marketing period, even after 12 days under refrigeration (Figure 5A), regardless of the film. On the same date, fruit at 10 °C and packed with LDPE showed 11.1% of rot (Figure 5B), whereas those with PVC had no disease incidence. From the 20^th day of refrigeration, an increase of rot incidence was evident during the marketing period, regardless of the temperature and the film (Figure 5A and 5B).

Figure 5
Rot incidence (%) of ‘Malasia’ star fruit packed in polystyrene trays covered with polyvinyl chloride - PVC (8.5 μm thick) and low-density polyethylene - LDPE (33 μm thick) and stored for eight days at 25±1 °C / 85 ± 5% RH (c) and for up to 24 days at 10±1 °C (b) and 5±1 °C (a), followed by two days at 25±1 °C / 85 ± 5% RH. Vertical bars indicate mean standard error (n=3).

For subjective evaluation of skin browning in ‘Malasia’ star fruit, no significant differences were observed among the storage temperatures and the films, with no more than 30% of browning.

According to the sensorial analysis, the fruits stored at 25 °C and packed with both films received inferior notes from the sixth day of evaluation, mainly regarding the appearance, color and aroma (Figure 6C, 6F and 6L). Cold stored fruits packaged with LDPE had a better evaluation of flavor (3.5) when compared to those packaged with PVC (3.0) (P≤0.05) (Figure 6G and 6H). When compared the two cold temperatures, the temperature of 5 ºC better preserved the fruit aroma, according to the sensorial analysis (Figure 6J and 6K). The packaging with both films did not affect fruit acceptability (Figure 6M, 6N and 6O).

Figure 6
Sensory analysis of appearance, color, flavor, aroma and acceptability of ‘Malasia’ Star fruit in polystyrene trays covered with polyvinyl chloride - PVC (8.5 μm thick) and low-density polyethylene - LDPE (33 μm thick) and stored for eight days at 25±1 °C / 85 ± 5% RH (c, f, i, l, o) and for up to 24 days at 10±1 °C (b, e, h, k, n) and 5±1 °C (a, d, g, j, m), followed by two days at 25±1 °C / 85 ± 5% RH. Vertical bars indicate mean standard error (n=30). Hedonic scale values: 5=Much stronger than ideal; 4=Stronger than ideal; 3=Ideal; 2=Weaker than ideal; 1=Much weaker than ideal.

DISCUSSION:

There was no difference in fruit preservation when comparing both films. Changes in star fruit ripening process are the main effect of modified atmospheres, as reported by other studies. According to WAN & LAM (1984), there was a delay in color development of star fruit packed with polyethylene, after 7 days at 20 °C, with concentrations of 2.5-4.5% of CO₂ and 15% of O₂. REVEL & THOMPSON (1994) observed retention in color development and firmness loss of star fruit stored at 7 °C only when the gas composition was 2 to 4% O₂ and 8% of CO₂. Due to the difference in its gas permeability, packages with LDPE film presented more significant changes in gas concentration, when compared to those with PVC film (P≤0.05) (Figure 2 and 3); however, it was not sufficient to affect the fruit ripening. The only advantage in using LDPE was a reduced weight loss, compared to PVC (Figure. 4) (P≤0.05). However, this lower weight loss was not evident in sensory analysis (Figure 6) (no symptoms of visual dehydration were observed in fruits) and may not be significant in marketing as well. NEVES et al. (2004) evaluated ‘Golden Star’ star fruit stored for 27 days at 12 °C, without modified atmosphere, and observed a reduction of 61% in fruit weight. CRUZ et al. (2001), studying the effect of two packages in star fruit conservation, observed that fruit packed in LDPE 50 µm thick presented almost zero percentage of weight loss during storage at 10 °C. TEIXEIRA & DURIGAN (2006), observed 7.8% of loss in star fruit ‘Fwang Tung’ after nine days at 21 °C, the authors also reported no visible dehydration in the fruit. A disadvantage with the use of LPDE film was the higher rot incidence in fruit packed with this film (Figure 5) after 12 days of storage (P≤0.05). In the present research, water vapor condensation in LDPE packages was observed, which may have contributed to higher disease incidence. The fourth day of storage at 25 °C was considered the deadline for marketing. At the sixth day, fruit presented 33% of incidence regardless of the film used (P>0.05). Anyway, after 20 days of storage, all the fruits presented high disease incidence (Figure 5); therefore, the type of the film was irrelevant at the end of the storage.

Concentrations of O₂ and CO₂ presented in this research did not cause quality damage in the fruits. Star fruit did not show any off-flavors during the storage (Figure 6). Although, fruit packed in LDPE presented greater alterations in gas composition, no effects in the main quality characteristics were observed when compared to those packed in PVC.

The temperature was the factor that influenced the fruit conservation, regardless of the film used. It is possible to affirm that, for those fruit maintained at 25 °C, sensory analysis demonstrated better quality until the sixth day of evaluation (Figure 6). For the refrigerated ones, quality was considered satisfactory until the 20^th postharvest day, with better results for fruit aroma when stored at 5 °C. CAMPBELL et al. (1987), stored ‘Arkin’ and ‘Golden Star’ star fruit under temperatures of 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C and observed that at 10 °C fruit had the best appearance, minor decrease in soluble solids and titratable acidity when compared to fruit maintained at 15 and 20 °C. MILLER & MCDONALD (1997) evaluated temperatures of 5 ± 0.5 °C for star fruit and obtained satisfactory results for quality. CANTWELL (2002), however, suggested that the optimum storage temperature and relative humidity were 9-10 °C and 85% to 90%, respectively. DODD & BOUWER (2014) suggested that the optimum temperature and relative humidity for storage of carambola fruits were 7-10 ºC and 85-95%, respectively. Under these conditions, the storage life of the fruits is approximately 21-35 days.

According to WANG et al. (2008), among the main effects of chilling injury are irregular ripening, epidermis stains, pulp darkening and increased sensibility to rot. Also, a faster senescence and, color and flavor deficiency can be noticed. Although, ALI et al. (2004) observed an accelerated firmness loss after removing the fruit from the refrigeration. WAN & LAM (1984) observed chilling injury in star fruit with less than 25% of the skin yellow, after five weeks at 5 °C. Numerous reports have indicated that for this fruit, storage temperature ≤5 ºC causes chilling injury (CI), which becomes severe with longer storage times (MILLER & MCDONALD, 1997; WARREN et al., 2007; CHEN et al., 2017). In the present research, the results of °H angle and firmness (Figure 1), demonstrated that after refrigeration, fruit presented retention of yellow color development and firmness loss. The retention of color development and firmness loss of refrigerated fruit did not affect the fruit acceptance by the consumers (Figure 6). On the contrary, the acceptability test showed that the more advanced was the ripening stage of ‘Malasia’ star fruit, lower were the grades attributed to the sensory analysis (Figure 6). Therefore, results indicated retention in color development and firmness loss but no cold typical damages were observed in the two days of marketing, emphasizing the refrigeration benefits. The refrigerated fruit reached pulp firmness values close to those that were not maintained in cold storage.

Physico-chemical characteristics of ‘Malasia’ Star fruit were similar to those observed by other authors with different cultivars. MITCHAM & MCDONALD (1991), evaluating Arkin cultivar in different ripening stages, reported 11 N of firmness in full ripen fruit and 40 N for fruit changing the skin color from green to yellow. It is possible to observe that ‘Malasia’ Star fruit, even with a lower firmness at harvest, had similar values of firmness when fully ripen, indicating maintenance of fruit firmness during marketing, in comparison to Arkin cultivar. TEIXEIRA et al. (2006), evaluating Star fruit ‘Fwang Tung’, stored for 9 days at 21 °C, obtained 101 °H. Results indicated that fruit of ‘Malasia’ studied in this research, presented lower values for °H, which means an increased development of yellow color when ripened.

‘Malasia’ Star fruit can be classified as a low acidity fruit, corresponding to values of 0.2% and 0.3%, similar to red apples and bananas (CECCHI, 1999), and minor changes in soluble solids content comparatively to other fruit, mainly the ones that accumulate starch during growth. According to WILSON (1990), the best ratio (SS/TA) for consumption is 12.6 (8.6% of SS and 0.69% of TA), lower than the values found for ‘Malasia’, indicating a sweeter flavor of this cultivar (Data not shown).

Objective and subjective analysis indicated that the browning problem did not occur in this study. These results are consistent with the luminosity values (L) which had minor variations throughout the storage (Figure 1G, 1H and 1I). Commercially, this is a positive point. Darkening varies widely according to the cultivar. Studying several star fruit cultivars TEIXEIRA et al. (2006) attributed the lack of darkening to lower phenols content of some cultivars, limiting the oxidation process.

As final considerations, the temperatures of 5 and 10 °C for ‘Malasia’ Star fruit did not cause skin darkening, epidermis stains, abnormal ripeness, changes in color, flavor and appearance. Some retention in color and firmness of refrigerated fruit was detected, which did not interfere in commercialization, once this retention was a positive result obtained in sensory analysis. Evaluating the sensory analysis in conjunction with the physico-chemical analysis it is valid to consider that fruit stored at 25 °C had the quality preserved until the sixth day. After this date, the sensory analysis attributed lower grades mainly for fruit appearance, color and aroma. Considering the rot absence, fruit presented maximum quality until the fourth day of storage. Fruit under refrigeration also presented good quality and no rot signs until the 16^th day of storage.

CONCLUSION:

When stored at 25 °C ‘Malasia’ star fruit packed in PVC 8.5 μm and LDPE 33 μm had their quality preserved for four days. The storage at 5 and 10 °C, regardless of the plastic film, extended ‘Malasia’ Star fruit shelf-life and allowed fruit conservation for up to 16 days, followed by two days at 25 °C.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The research was financed by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). BMPS has scholarship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). RCL has scholarship from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM).

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• CR-2019-0646.R1

BIOETHICS AND BIOSSECURITY COMMITTEE APPROVAL DECLARATION

• We authors of the article entitled “Conservation of ‘Malasia’ Star fruit associating refrigeration and modified atmosphere” declared, for all due purposes, the project that gave rise to the present data of the same has not been submitted for evaluation to the Ethics Committee of the Universidade de São Paulo, but we are aware of the contents of Resolution No. 466, of December 12, 2012 of the Brazilian National Health Council “http://conselho.saude.gov.br/resolucoes/2012/Reso466.pdf” if it involves human. Thus, the authors assume full responsibility for the presented data and are available for possible questions, should they be required by the competent authorities.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  27 Apr 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  26 Aug 2019
• Accepted
  31 Jan 2020
• Reviewed
  02 Apr 2020