Anesthetic potential of different essential oils for two shrimp species, Farfantepenaeus paulensis and Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda, Crustacea)

Potencial anestésico de diferentes óleos essenciais para duas espécies de camarões, Farfantepenaeus paulensis e Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda, Crustacea)

ABSTRACT:

The use of anesthetics in aquaculture ensures better animal welfare and survival during transport and the production cycle. The present study evaluated the anesthetic efficacy of essential oils (EOs) of Lippia alba (EOLA) and Ocimum gratissimum (EOOG) for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis, and EOs of Origanum majorana (EOO) and Cymbopogon citratus (EOC) for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. shrimp were exposed to (i) 500, 750 or 1000 µL L^-1 of EOLA or (ii) 50, 100, 150 or 250 µL L^-1 of EOOG, and L. vannamei were exposed to (iii) 150, 300 or 500 µL L^-1 of EOC or (iv) 400 or 800 µL L^-1 of EOO. The induction times were concentration dependent, with a decrease in induction time with the increase of the EOs concentration, but for EOLA, this pattern was observed only for anesthesia. Induction times for sedation and anesthesia were significantly shorter for shrimp exposed to EOC and EOO. The highest concentration of EOOG (250 µL L^-1) resulted in 30% mortality. The recovery time was significantly longer for shrimp exposed to 800 µL L^-1 of EOO compared to the other EOs. Overall, the action of EOs significantly differed between the two shrimp species. In conclusion, the tested EOs effectively anesthetized F. paulensis and L. vannamei.

Key words:
anesthesia; crustacean; handling; sedation; natural products

RESUMO:

O uso de anestésicos em procedimentos aquícolas pode garantir melhor bem-estar e sobrevivência dos animais durante o transporte e ciclo de produção. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia anestésica dos óleos essenciais (OEs) de Lippia alba (EOLA) e Ocimum gratissimum (EOOG) para o camarão rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis, e Origanum majorana (EOO) e Cymbopogon citratus (EOC) para o camarão branco Litopenaeus vannamei. Os camarões foram expostos à: (i) 500, 750 ou 1000 µL L^-1 EOLA e (ii) 50, 100, 150 ou 250 µL L^-1 de EOOG para F. paulensis, e (iii) 150, 300 ou 500 µL L^-1 EOC, e (iv) 400 ou 800 µL L^-1 de EOO para L. vannamei. Os tempos de indução foram dependentes da concentração. Houve diminuição do tempo de indução, mas para EOLA esse padrão foi observado apenas na anestesia. Os tempos de indução para sedação e anestesia foram significativamente mais rápidos para os grupos EOC e EOO. A concentração de 250 µL L^-1 de EOOG resultou em 30% de mortalidade. O tempo de recuperação foi significativamente maior a 800 µL L^-1 de EOO em comparação aos outros OEs. No geral, a ação dos OEs foi significativamente diferente entre as duas espécies de camarões. Em conclusão, ambos os OEs anestesiaram efetivamente o F. paulensis e L. vannamei.

Palavras-chave:
anestesia; crustáceos; manejo; sedação; produtos naturais; bem-estar

INTRODUCTION:

Shrimp represent the main group of farmed crustaceans (FAO, 2020). However, the intensification of shrimp farming faces various challenges, such as the increased spread of disease due to incorrect management, which may result in stress and injury (LIGHTNER, 2011). These events lead to the overuse of a variety of antibiotics and antimicrobials, which can accumulate in the cultured shrimp and negatively affect the aquatic environment (ALDERMAN et al., 1998).

Stressful conditions are known to alter the behavior and physiology of crustaceans, compromising their immunity and producing damage at the cellular level (MERCIER et al., 2006). Anesthetics are used in shrimp farming to facilitate handling during certain practices, such as weighing, measuring, tagging, eye ablation, collection of tissue samples and transportation of post-larvae or adults to spawning sites or cultured ponds (TAYLOR et al., 2004; AKBARI et al., 2010). Essential oils (EOs) are natural compounds derived from secondary plant metabolites, some of which exhibit sedative and anesthetic properties (SOUZA et al., 2019). Furthermore, because they are natural products, the application of EOs may be more environmentally friendly and cost-effective (REVERTER et al., 2014). Essential oils have been demonstrated to be safe and effective in studies on Litopenaeus vannamei (PARODI et al., 2012), Macrobrachium rosenbergii (SAYDMOHAMED & PAL, 2009), Palaemonetes sinensis (LI et al., 2018a) and Penaeus monodon (JIANG et al., 2020).

The Pacific white shrimp, L. vannamei, is distributed along the Pacific coast from western Mexico to northern Peru and is considered one of the primary shrimp species produced worldwide (FAO, 2020). In contrast, Farfantepenaeus paulensis, known as pink shrimp, is a native marine species distributed from Ilhéus (Brazil) to Mar del Plata (Argentina), which is considered an alternative species for aquaculture in southern and southeastern Brazil (PRETO et al., 2009). To our knowledge, the effect of EOs on pink shrimp has not yet been investigated. Previous studies have demonstrated an anesthetic effect of the EO of Lippia alba (EOLA) on L. vannamei shrimp (PARODI et al., 2012). Therefore, this study evaluated the potential anesthetic effects of different EOs on two species of penaeid shrimp. We compared the anesthetic and sedative efficacy of EOLA and the EO of Ocimum gratissimum (EOOG) on pink shrimp (F. paulensis), as well as the efficacy of the EOs of Origanum majorana (EOO) and Cymbopogon citratus (EOC) on white shrimp (L. vannamei).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Shrimp collection, maintenance and water quality analyses

Farfantepenaeus paulensis (5.96 ± 0.13 g, 9.18 ± 0.32 cm) and L. vannamei (22.6 ± 1.2 g, 21.7 ± 0.3 cm) shrimp were obtained from the Marine Station of Aquaculture, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Southern Brazil. The animals were maintained in continuously aerated 250-L tanks filled with seawater, with controlled water parameters. Water temperature (22.1 ± 0.02 °C) was measured using a mercury thermometer (precision ±0.5 °C) and dissolved oxygen (6.14 ± 0.01 mg L^-1) with a YSI oxygen meter (Handylab/OXI/set; Schott^®, Cambridge, UK). Salinity (28.0 ± 0.2 ppt) was measured with an optical refractometer (RTS - 101; Atago^® US, Bellevue, WA, USA) and pH (7.97 ± 0.03) with digital pH meter (Handylab 2 BNC; Schott^®, Mainz, Germany). The alkalinity (146.2 ± 5.8 mg CaCO₃ L^-1) was determined according to BAUMGARTEN et al. (1996), and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) levels (0.13 ± 0.01 mg L^-1) were calculated using the method published by UNESCO (1983).

Plant material and essential oil analysis

The EOs were obtained by steam distillation in a Clevenger apparatus according to the guidelines of the European Pharmacopoeia (2010). The extraction was performed for 2 h for EOLA and 3 h for EOOG. The samples were stored in amber glass vials at -4 °C. Essential oil analyses were carried out using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, according to SILVA et al. (2012). The EOs of C. citratus (EOC) and O. majorana (EOO) were purchased from Vimontti - São Caetano Agroindustry (Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). The major components identified for EOLA were linalool (58.37%), 1,8-cineole (6.33%), germacrene D (4.47%) and β-caryophyllene (3.64%). The major compounds of EOOG were eugenol (73.6%), β-bisabolene (18.3%), β-caryophyllene oxide (4.8%) and spathulenol (1.4%). The EOC was mainly composed of citral (74.56%), mircene (11.85%) geraniol (3.08%), pulegone (2.37%) and linalool (1.56%), and EOO contained terpinen-4-ol (20.44%), cis-terpinene, (13.14%), cis-terpineol (12.67%), 2-carene (7.67%) and sabinene (6.96%).

Experimental design

Shrimp were randomly divided into groups and placed in 1-L aquaria for the evaluation of anesthetic activity. Each shrimp was assessed individually and used only once in each replicate at a defined concentration (n = 10 animals per concentration and per anesthetic). Shrimp were exposed to EOs at the following concentrations: (i) 500, 750 or 1000 µL L^-1 of EOLA or (ii) 50, 100, 150, or 250 µL L^-1 of EOOG for F. paulensis; and (iii) 150, 300 or 500 µL L^-1 of EOC or (iv) 400 or 800 µL L^-1 of EOO for L. vannamei. After exposure to the EOs, animals were transferred to anesthetic-free aquaria to determine their recovery time. EOs were dissolved in 100% ethanol (1:10). Shrimp of both species were exposed to the control treatment, i.e., aquaria containing anesthetic-free seawater. In addition, shrimp of both species were exposed to ethanol at the highest concentration used to dilute the EOs (9000 and 7200 µL L^-1 for F. paulensis and L. vannamei, respectively). The concentrations of EOs chosen for the biological assays were based on studies by PARODI et al. (2012) and SILVA et al. (2012). Furthermore, the behavioral patterns used to determine the induction time of sedation and anesthesia, as well as the recovery time from anesthesia, were based on descriptions by PARODI et al. (2012) (Table 1). The shrimp were considered recovered when they regained their balance and were able to maintain a vertical position in the aquarium. The maximum observation time to evaluate sedation or anesthesia and the recovery time was 30 min. The response to external stimuli was through the use of a glass rod. Light touches were made on the shrimp’s abdomen during the loss of balance or reduced swimming. Sedated shrimp presented a normal escape response to tactile stimuli, and anesthetized shrimp did not react to tactile stimuli.

Table 1
Stages of anesthesia induction and recovery used for Litopenaeus vannamei in this study (adapted from Parodi et al. 2012).

Stage	Description	Behavioural Response
1	Sedation	Partial loss of balance and presence of response to external stimuli
2	Anesthesia	Total loss of balance, but no response to external stimuli
3	Recovery	The shrimps were considered recovered when they returned the normal posture, behavior and swimming in the aquaria.

Statistical analyses

Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. The homogeneity of variance between groups was tested with Levene’s test. Anesthetic activity was evaluated by regression analysis (concentration vs. time of anesthesia induction; concentration vs. time of recovery from anesthesia) using Sigma Plot 11.0 software. If no relationship was present, a comparison of the effects of different EO concentrations on anesthesia and recovery times was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. Analyses were performed using STATISTICA software (version 7.0, StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA), with the minimum significance level set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS:

As the concentrations of EOLA and EOOG increased, the time required for the induction of sedation and anesthesia in pink shrimp decreased. However, for both EOs, the recovery times did not significantly differ between the different concentrations. The time required inducing the sedation and anesthesia with EOLA at 1000 µL L^-1 was shorter than that for 500 and 750 µL L^-1 EOLA (Figure 1A). Most shrimp exposed to 50 µL L^-1 EOOG were not anesthetized within the 30-min evaluation period, while others showed signs of anesthesia close to the maximum time. There were no significant differences to sedation and anesthesia induction between 100 and 150 μL L^-1 concentrations of EOOG, which induced anesthesia within about 10 min. At a concentration of 250 μL L⁻¹, EOOG quickly induced anesthesia (Figure 1B) but caused 30.0 ± 1.5% mortality. The recovery time was significantly longer for shrimp anesthetized with EOLA than with EOOG.

Figure 1
Time required for the induction of anesthesia in pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis and white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei using the essential oils of (A) Lippia alba or (B) Ocimum gratissimum and (C) Cymbopogom citratus or (D) Origanum majorana. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the induction times for each stage P<0.05).

There were no differences in the time required to induce sedation and anesthesia stages between 150 and 300 µL L^-1 of EOC. The EOC concentration of 500 μL L^-1 presented the shortest time to induce sedation and anesthesia stages. Recovery from anesthesia was significantly longer when shrimp were exposed to 300 and 500 μL L^-1 of EOC (Figure 1C). The lowest concentrations of EOO (50, 100 and 200 µL L^-1) failed to induce sedative or anesthetic effects, whereas the highest concentrations (400 and 800 µL L^-1) produced sedation and anesthesia in white shrimp. There were no significant differences in the anesthesia induction between 400 and 800 µL L^-1 EOO. However, the recovery time was significantly longer in shrimp exposed to 800 µL L^-1 EOO (Figure 1D). Exposure to EOC or EOO presented the shortest times for the induction of anesthesia. Ethanol did not induce sedation or anesthesia in either of the shrimp species tested.

DISCUSSION:

Essential oils exhibit various compositions which are dependent on several factors, such as plant-specific genetic characteristics (chemotype), local conditions and extraction methods (EDRIS, 2007). In the present study, chromatographic analysis identified linalool, eugenol, citral and terpinen-4-ol as the major constituents of EOLA, EOOG, EOC and EOO, respectively. These isolated compounds have demonstrated anesthetic activity in several crustaceans, including L. vannamei, M. rosenbergii, P. sinensis, Neohelice granulata and Nephrops norvegicus (PARODI et al., 2012; COWING et al., 2015; LI et al., 2018b; SOUZA et al., 2018).

In the current study, we reported that the concentration of EOLA directly influenced the time required to induce anesthesia in F. paulensis. Similar responses were observed in L. vannamei anesthetized with either eugenol or Aloysia triphylla (PARODI et al., 2012). Additionally, the anesthesia induction and recovery times of F. paulensis exposed to EOLA in our study were faster than those reported by PARODI et al. (2012) for L. vannamei. This may be explained by differences in the body size of the shrimp species, as the body weight of pink shrimp is 3-fold lower than white shrimp. Smaller shrimp have higher rate of anesthetic absorption due to the greater gill surface area in relation to body size (BOWNIK, 2015). Studies on P. sinensis anesthetized with menthol demonstrated a direct relationship between body size and sensitivity to anesthesia (LI et al., 2018a). However, pink shrimp are likely to be more sensitive to EOLA anesthesia than L. vannamei because even the post-larvae forms take a longer time to reach anesthesia (PARODI et al., 2012).

Pink shrimp exposed to 250 µL L^-1 of EOOG presented muscle spasms, escape responses and mortality. Similar results were reported for M. rosenbergii exposed to quinaldine and Aqui-S^TM (COYLE et al., 2005). These side effects occur due to inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in response to the accumulation of acetylcholine in muscle, which causes excessive muscular stimulation and hyperactivity (NILSSON et al., 1990). However, AchE activity was unchanged in M. rosenbergii anesthetized with an anesthetic mixture of menthol and eugenol (SAYDMOHAMED & PAL, 2009). Therefore, the inhibition of this enzyme is not likely to be responsible for behavioral variations. Thus, further studies are needed to investigate the possible toxic effects of EOOG, especially on metabolic parameters in F. paulensis.

The rationale behind the addition of EOs to water is to induce calming effects in shrimp, with rapid induction (within 3-5 min) and recovery times (10 min or less), without causing harm to the animals (SOUZA et al., 2019). Anesthesia was achieved with EOC within the established time frame, but EOO only induced anesthesia at the highest concentrations. Exposure of L. vannamei to 500 and 1000 μL L⁻¹ of EOLA led to anesthesia within 30 and 10 min, respectively (PARODI et al., 2012). Macrobrachium tenellum prawns required 17 and 8 min, respectively, to reach deep anesthesia at clove oil concentrations of 300 and 900 μL L⁻¹ (PALOMERA et al., 2016). Finally, the use of 300 and 900 μL L⁻¹ of eugenol induced full anesthesia in N. norvegicus in 14 and 4 min, respectively (COWING et al., 2015). Furthermore, increasing concentrations of EOC proportionally decreased anesthesia induction times for two ornamental fish species, Sciaenochromis fryeri and Labidochromis caeruleus (KIZAK et al., 2018).

Anesthesia in shrimp does not induce total immobility as the pleopods and antennae remain in continuous but reduced movement. The movement of pleopods is associated with the entry of water into the branchial chamber towards the scaphognathite. Consequently, the total loss of activity of the motor appendages would impair the respiratory and osmoregulatory processes (HENRY et al., 2012). In this research, there was no relationship between concentration and recovery time for EOLA and EOOG. In contrast, increased EOLA concentrations have previously been reported to decrease the recovery time of L. vannamei (PARODI et al., 2012). Conversely, the time taken by white shrimp to recover from anesthesia increases as the anesthetic concentration increases for EOC and EOO, as observed in the current study. Additionally, the recovery time of M. rosenbergii exposed to 100 and 800 μL L⁻¹ of eugenol was 17.6 and 55 min, respectively (SAYDMOHAMED & PAL, 2009), and recovery of Litopenaeus schimitti and Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis from anesthesia with mint oil (Mentha piperita) was longer than 10 min (MATULOVIC & OSHIRO, 2016).

The action of EOs significantly differed between the two shrimp species. Shorter induction times were observed for both EOC and EOO when compared to EOLA or EOOG. In addition, the recovery times of L. vannamei were longer than those of F. paulensis. Shrimp show behavioral and physiological variations resulting from biological factors such as species, stage of life, sex, body size and lipid content, and environmental factors such as temperature or salinity may significantly affect the action of the anesthetic (LI et al., 2018a,b; JIANG et al., 2020). The metabolism and excretion of anesthetics, which are also influenced by the factors described above, may influence the quality of shrimp for consumption. Eugenol residues were undetectable in M. rosenbergii tissues within 24 h of exposure (SAYDMOHAMMED et al., 2009). Regarding the other main compounds of the EOs tested in the current study, no studies have assessed the elimination of these compounds in crustaceans; however, linalool could not be detected in tissues of the silver catfish Rhamdia quelen after 24 h (BIANCHINI et al., 2020). Consequently, these studies indicate that a withdrawal time of a few days may be required before human consumption of shrimp anesthetized with these EOs. Additional studies must be performed to confirm this hypothesis.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, all EOs showed anesthetic effects in the tested shrimp species. The results suggested that concentrations of 750 μL L⁻¹ of EOLA and 100 μL L⁻¹ of EOOG may be indicated for F. paulensis, while 150, 300 or 500 μL L⁻¹ of EOC and 200 μL L⁻¹ of EOO can be considered effective for L. vannamei. Thus, these EOs are indicated for use in procedures that require a prolonged anesthesia time and to avoid stress during handling of the crustaceans.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was supported by research funds from Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura, Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia/FINEP 01.02.0130.00, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brasil - Finance code 001.

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• CR-2020-0793.R3

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  19 July 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  25 Aug 2020
• Accepted
  05 Apr 2021
• Reviewed
  25 May 2021