Lipid profile of subcutaneous fat, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of gilts fed with diets supplemented with ractopamine, organic chromium or subjected to energetic feed restriction

Perfil lipídico da gordura subcutânea, desempenho e características de carcaça de fêmeas suínas alimentadas com dietas suplementadas com ractopamina, cromo orgânico ou submetidas à restrição energética

ABSTRACT:

This study identified the effects of dietary supplementation with ractopamine, chromium picolinate, chromium yeast, or an energetic feed restriction on the growth performance and lipid profile of subcutaneous fat, in late finishing gilts. Twenty genetically similar gilts with initial body weight of 105.35 ± 4.77 kg and a final body weight of 131.37 ± 5.58 kg were distributed in a completely randomized block design with five treatments (control; ractopamine: 20 ppm; chromium picolinate: 0.48 ppm; chromium yeast: 0.80 ppm; and energetic feed restriction: -150 kcal kg^-1 of metabolizable energy), with four replicates of one animal each. The experimental diets were isonutritives, except for the metabolizable energy level of the diet fed to the group subjected to energy restriction. There were no effects on the growth performance and carcass characteristics. Ractopamine and organic chromium (picolinate and yeast) supplementation increased the concentration of total polyunsaturated fatty acid. The proportion of α-linolenic fatty acids were higher when the diets were supplemented with ractopamine or chromium yeast. The energy restriction increased the n-6:n-3 ratio and reduced α-linolenic acid concentration. Therefore, ractopamine, chromium picolinate, chromium yeast supplementation, and energetic feed restriction did not affect the growth performance or carcass characteristics but altered the lipid profile of subcutaneous fat in finishing gilts. Ractopamine and organic chromium supplementation increased PUFA in the fat of finishing female pigs.

Key words:
carcass characteristics; fatty acids; feed additives; organic minerals

RESUMO:

Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de identificar os efeitos da suplementação com ractopamina, cromo picolinato, cromo levedura, ou da restrição alimentar energética, sobre o desempenho e o perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura subcutânea de fêmeas suínas em fase final de terminação. Foram utilizadas 20 fêmeas suínas, geneticamente similares, com peso inicial de 105,35 ± 4,77 kg e peso final de 131,37 ± 5,58 kg, distribuídas em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em cinco tratamentos (controle; ractopamina: 20 ppm; picolinato de cromo: 0,48 ppm; cromo levedura: 0,80 ppm; e restrição energética: -150 kcal kg^-1 de energia metabolizável) com quatro repetições de um animal cada. As dietas experimentais foram isonutritivas, exceto para o nível de energia metabolizável da dieta fornecida ao grupo submetido à restrição energética. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça. As suplementações com ractopamina e cromo orgânico (picolinato ou levedura) aumentaram a concentração de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados. A proporção do ácido α-linolênico foi maior com a inclusão da ractopamina ou do cromo levedura na dieta. A restrição energética aumentou a proporção n-6:n-3 e reduziu a concentração do ácido α-linolênico. As suplementações com ractopamina, picolinato de cromo, cromo levedura, ou restrição alimentar energética, não influenciaram o desempenho e as características de carcaça, mas alteraram o perfil lipídico da gordura subcutânea de fêmeas suínas. As suplementações com ractopamina e cromo orgânico aumentaram a proporção de AGPI.

Palavras-chave:
ácidos graxos; aditivos nutricionais; características de carcaça; minerais orgânicos

INTRODUCTION:

Feeding ractopamine-supplemented diets for finishing pigs increases carcass lean mass and reduces the amount of carcass fat (POMPEU et al., 2017). The use of ractopamine in the diets for pigs is still allowed in Brazil; however, its use is banned in the European Union countries, China, and Russia (NIÑO et al., 2017). Dietary supplementation with organic chromium (JACKSON et al., 2009; MARCOLLA et al., 2017) and a reduction in dietary energy density (AYMERICH et al., 2020) are among the nutritional strategies adopted to replace ractopamine and decrease fat deposition in finishing pig carcasses.

Chromium enhances insulin activity, resulting in an increase in the glucose uptake by muscle cells, and a subsequent positive effect on pig growth performance and carcass characteristics (SALLES and JANICK, 2011). Different chromium sources are evaluated as dietary supplements; however, the results are inconclusive (LINDEMANN, 2007). Positive effects are reported with the organic sources such as chromium picolinate (LIEN et al., 2001) and chromium yeast (GUAN et al., 2000).

Energetic feed restriction is a nutritional strategy that can be adopted for finishing pigs. This technique is based on the reduction of the dietary energy without impairing growth performance or carcass characteristics in the phase in which the body’s protein synthesis and accretion decrease, while the fat deposition increases (DE LANGE et al., 2001).

Nutritional strategies change the amount of fat deposited in the carcass and modulate the lipid profile of the subcutaneous fat in pigs (ALENCAR et al., 2017). Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of ractopamine, organic chromium, or the energetic feed restriction on the growth performance and the proportion of fatty acids in the subcutaneous fat of finishing gilts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Twenty genetically similar commercial gilts with an initial and final body weights (BW) of 105.35 ± 4.77 kg and 131.37 ± 5.58 kg, respectively, were used. To homogenize the variability in BW among the treatments, the animals were distributed based on the initial BW to one of the five treatments [control (CON), ractopamine supplementation (RAC), chromium picolinate supplementation (CrPIC), chromium yeast supplementation (CrYST), and energy feed restriction (EFR)] using a completely randomized block design, with four replicates of one animal each.

Gilts were individually housed in a curtain-sided barn with a solid concrete floor, and each pen (1.15 × 2.86 m) was equipped with a single hole, dry self-feeder, and a nipple drinker for ad libitum access to feed and water. The experiment lasted for twenty-four days.

The experimental diets were offered in meal form and formulated according to ROSTAGNO et al. (2017) to meet the nutritional requirements of gilts with high genetic potential and average-to-high growth performance from 100 to 125 kg of BW, except for the metabolizable energy (ME) level of the experimental diet fed to the pigs in the EFR treatment (Table 1). The inert ingredient (kaolin) was replaced with ractopamine (20 ppm), chromium picolinate (0.48 ppm), or chromium yeast (0.80 ppm) in the supplemented diets. To decrease 150 kcal kg^-1 in the ME level of the EFR-diet, kaolin was replaced with soybean oil.

Table 1
Centesimal and nutritional compositional of the experimental diets.

Ingredients, %	------------------------------------------Diets-----------------------------------------
	CON	RAC	Cr PIC	Cr YST	EFR
Corn, 7.86%	81.17	81.17	81.17	81.17	81.17
Soybean meal, 46.5%	14.23	14.23	14.23	14.23	14.23
Dicalcium phospate	0.966	0.966	0.966	0.966	0.966
Limestone	0.621	0.621	0.621	0.621	0.621
L-Lysine-HCL	0.382	0.382	0.382	0.382	0.382
Salt	0.355	0.355	0.355	0.355	0.355
Vit+min premix1	0.150	0.150	0.150	0.150	0.150
Inert (kaolin)	0.100	0.000	0.100	0.050	1.900
L-Threonine	0.097	0.097	0.097	0.097	0.097
DL-Methionine	0.085	0.085	0.085	0.085	0.085
L-Tryptophan	0.038	0.038	0.038	0.038	0.038
Ractopamine	0.000	0.100	0.000	0.000	0.000
Chromium picolinate2	0.000	0.000	0.0004	0.000	0.000
Chromium yeast	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.050	0.000
Soybean oil	1.800	1.800	1.800	1.800	0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------Nutritional calculated content3--------------------------------------------------------------------
Crude protein, %	13.50	13.50	13.50	13.50	13.50
Metabolizable energy, kcal kg-1	3,350	3,350	3,350	3,350	3,200
SID Lys, %	0.811	0.811	0.811	0.811	0.811
SID Met+cys, %	0.487	0.487	0.487	0.487	0.487
SID Thr, %	0.527	0.527	0.527	0.527	0.527
SID Trp, %	0.162	0.162	0.162	0.162	0.162
Calcium, %	0.545	0.545	0.545	0.545	0.545
STTD Phosphorus, %	0.262	0.262	0.262	0.262	0.262
Sodium, %	0.160	0.160	0.160	0.160	0.160

• CON - Control; RAC - Ractopamine (20 ppm); Cr PIC - Chromium Picolinate (0.48 ppm); Cr YST - Chromium Yeast (0.80 ppm); EFR - Energetic Feed Restriction.
• ¹Content per kilogram of product: Vitamin A (min): 5,000,000 IU kg^-1, Vitamin D3 (min): 1,000,000 IU kg^-1, Vitamin E (min): 25,000 IU kg^-1, Vitamin K3 (min) ): 3,000 mg kg^-1, Vitamin B1 (min): 1,500 mg kg^-1, Vitamin B2 (min): 4,000 mg kg^-1, Vitamin B6 (min): 1,500 mg kg^-1, Vitamin B12 (min): 18,000 mg kg^-1, Niacin (min): 18g kg^-1, Pantothenic Acid (min): 9,200 mg kg^-1, Folic Acid (min): 500 mg kg^-1, Selenium (min): 300 mg kg^-1 , Iron (min): 100 g kg^-1, Copper (min): 30 g kg^-1, Manganese (min): 80 g kg^-1, Zinc (min): 160 g kg^-1, Iodine (min): 2000 mg kg^-1.
• ²Purity level of chromium picolinate: 12.1%.
• ³Values calculated based on the nutritional composition of raw materials (ROSTAGNO et al., 2017).

The animals were weighed without fasting at the beginning and end of the experimental period. The weight of feed offered and refused was recorded to calculate the average daily feed intake (ADFI). At the end of the experimental period, the animals underwent fasting for 8 h before being sent to slaughter.

The pigs were killed under the supervision of a local inspection service (SIM). The animals were subjected to electronarcosis; and subsequently bled, scalded, and eviscerated. At the end of the slaughter line, the carcass weights were recorded. Backfat thickness, longissimus dorsi muscle depth, and lean percentage were measured using a probe (Hennessy Granding System) inserted between the last thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae 5 cm from the middle line on the left side of the hot carcass (BRIDI and SILVA, 2007). Subcutaneous fat samples were collected at the P2 point (ALENCAR et al., 2017), before carcass chilling. The samples were packed, identified, and frozen until they were prepared for fatty acid profile analyses.

Lipid extraction and fatty acid methylation was performed according to HARA and RADIN (1978). The separation and detection of the fatty acids were performed using gas-liquid chromatography (Shimadzy CG-2010) with a flame ionization detector (FID), “split/split less” injector, in fused silica capillary column (30m x 0.25mm) with BPX70 (70% Cyanopropylpolysilphenylene-siloxane). The parameters were fixed according to ALENCAR et al. (2017).

Data on growth performance, quantitative carcass characteristics, and fatty acid concentration were subjected to variance analysis using PROC GLM (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC, USA), considering the nutritional strategies as fixed effects. Hot carcass weight was used as a co-variable for quantitative carcass characteristics. Differences among means were compared using the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test. The significance level was set at 5%.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

There were no effects (P > 0.05) on the growth performance and carcass characteristics, for the evaluated variables (Table 2). The lack of an effect of ractopamine on the growth performance could be attributed to the lack of adjustments in the amino acid levels of the RAC diets. An increase in the level of amino acids is recommended in diets supplemented with ractopamine, for providing the additional nutrients required to cater to the higher amount of protein synthesis stimulated by ractopamine (SCHINCKEL et al., 2003). However, diets without amino acid adjustments have shown to improve feed efficiency and decrease backfat thickness in finishing pigs (MARÇAL et al., 2015). The effects of dietary chromium sources on the growth performance and tissue deposition are variable, ranging from no effects (LINDEMANN, 2007) to better feed conversion, greater muscle deposition, and less carcass fat (LIEN et al., 2001). Similar responses for growth performance and carcass characteristics were observed in the CON and EFR groups; therefore, finishing gilts can be subjected to EFR of up to 150 kcal kg^-1 without any damage to these traits.

Table 2
Growth performance and carcass characteristics of gilts fed diets supplemented with ractopamine, organic chromium or subjected to energetic feed restriction.

	--------------------------------------Diets----------------------------------
Variables	CON	RAC	Cr PIC	Cr YST	EFR	CV, %	P value*
Initial BW, kg	105.3	105.7	105.0	105.4	105.5	4.96	1.00
Final BW, kg	130.9	134.9	130.4	131.6	128.8	4.42	0.76
ADFI, kg	3.32	3.21	3.06	3.27	3.03	7.59	0.40
ADG, kg	1.07	1.22	1.06	1.09	0.97	12.69	0.32
F:G	3.10	2.63	2.89	3.00	3.12	11.93	0.31
CPI, g day-1	448.2	433.4	413.1	441.5	409.1	7.64	0.41
LysI, g day-1	26.9	26.0	24.8	26.5	24.6	7.65	0.41
MEI, Mcal day-1	11.1	10.8	10.3	11.0	9.7	7.67	0.19
HCW, kg	99.3	102.0	98.1	99.4	97.6	4.72	0.79
Loin depth, mm	72.7	74.5	69.8	72.2	69.8	7.26	0.75
Lean, %	52.4	57.3	57.4	55.6	54.6	4.51	0.07
Backfat thickness, mm	17.8	14.8	14.5	17.0	17.8	18.81	0.41

• CON - Control; RAC - Ractopamine (20 ppm); Cr PIC - Chromium Picolinate (0.48 ppm); Cr YST - Chromium Yeast (0.80 ppm); EFR - Energetic Feed Restriction. ADFI - Average Daily Feed Intake; ADG - Average Daily Gain; F:G - Feed Conversion; CPI - Crude Protein Intake; LysI - Digestible Lysine Intake; MEI - Metabolizable Energy Intake; HWC - Hot Carcass Weight.

Ractopamine supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) the proportion of oleic acid, (C18:1n9) when compared to that of CON, Cr PIC, and EFR (Table 3). RAC decreased (P < 0.05) the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and increased (P < 0.05) that of α-linoleic acid (C18:3n3) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), compared to the levels in CON and EFR. Ractopamine interacts with the beta-adrenergic receptors on the cellular membranes and induces lipogenic reduction, while stimulating protein synthesis (ALMEIDA et al., 2012). The synthesis of muscular tissue requires energy and nutrients. This reduces the availability of substrates for de novo synthesis, which produces palmitic acid (C16:0), which is elongated to stearic acid (C18:0), followed by conversion to MUFA by the enzyme Δ⁹-desaturase to form palmitoleic (C16:1) and oleic (C18:1n9) acids (DURAN-MONTGÉ et al., 2010; MAPIYE et al., 2012). RAC exhibited no effects on the growth performance and carcass characteristics; however, it could have affected the energy partition level.

Table 3
Lipid profile of subcutaneous fat of gilts fed diets supplemented with ractopamine, organic chromium or subjected to energetic feed restriction.

	----------------------------------------Dieta------------------------------
Lipid profile	CON	RAC	CrPIC	CrLEV	EFR	CV, %	P-value
C12:0 (Lauric acid)	0.05	0.06	0.05	0.06	0.06	28.9	0.55
C14:0 (Myristic acid)	1.24	1.22	1.12	1.19	1.22	8.6	0.10
C16:0 (Palmitic acid)	24.82	24.55	23.58	24.67	24.63	5.5	0.29
C16:1 (Palmitoleic acid)	1.64ab	1.50ab	1.34b	1.43ab	1.81a	20.2	0.03
C18:0 (Stearic acid)	13.62	13.39	13.75	13.55	13.42	12.0	0.99
C18:1n9 (Oleic acid)	39.07a	36.52c	38.20ab	36.92bc	38.37ab	3.8	<0.01
C18:2n6 (Linoleic acid)	15.34	18.14	17.25	17.83	16.10	12.9	0.06
C18:3n6 (γ-Linolenic acid)	0.05	0.07	0.08	0.04	0.07	77.4	0.35
C18:3n3 (α-Linolenic acid)	0.64bc	0.76a	0.71ab	0.78a	0.59c	13.6	0.01
C20:3n6 (Dihomo-γ-Linolenic acid)	0.08	0.09	0.07	0.08	0.08	21.6	0.34
C20:4n6 (Arachidonic acid)	0.19	0.17	0.19	0.18	0.17	53.4	0.96
C20:3n3 (Eicosatrienoic acid)	0.13	0.12	0.11	0.12	0.10	30.3	0.47
SFA	40.98	40.77	40.02	40.81	40.75	6.1	0.93
UFA	59.02	59.23	59.98	59.19	59.25	4.2	0.93
MUFA	42.04a	39.40b	40.91ab	39.50b	41.61a	3.7	<0.01
PUFA	16.97b	19.83a	19.07a	19.69a	17.65b	11.8	0.04
PUFA:SFA	0.41	0.49	0.48	0.49	0.44	17.0	0.18
Omega 6:omega 3	21.95b	22.55b	22.88b	21.76b	25.59a	5.9	<0.01

• CON - Control; RAC - Ractopamine (20 ppm); Cr PIC - Chromium Picolinate (0.48 ppm); Cr YST - Chromium Yeast (0.80 ppm); EFR - Energetic Feed Restriction. SFA - Saturated Fatty Acids; UFA - Unsaturated Fatty Acids; MUFA - Monounsaturated Fatty Acids; PUFA - Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.
• Means followed by different letters on the same line differ from each other (P <0.05) using the Student-Newman-Keuls test (SNK).

The lipid profiles of the subcutaneous fat in animals fed diets supplemented with Cr PIC was similar (P > 0.05) to that in animals fed CON, except for the PUFA proportion, which was higher (P < 0.05) in the Cr PIC group. The Cr PIC supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) the concentration of palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3), when compared to that in EFR. Compared to CON supplementation, the Cr YST reduced (P <0.05) the proportion of oleic acid (C18: 1n9) and MUFA and increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of α-linolenic acid (C18: 3n3) and PUFA. The proportion of α-linolenic acid (C18: 3n3) was higher (P < 0.05) and that of MUFA was lower (P < 0.05) with Cr YST than with EFR supplementation; this did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from ractopamine or Cr PIC supplementations. Chromium increases cellular sensitivity to insulin and results in a greater cellular uptake of glucose, which provides more energy for metabolism (JACKSON et al., 2009). However, the effects of chromium supplementation on the lipid profile are inconsistent and vary with the source, dosage, and supplementation period (RODRIGUES et al., 2020). In this study, there were no differences in the lipid profiles between the two sources of chromium, when compared to that in CON and Cr YST; however, they had greater effects on the amount of fatty acids.

The animals fed on the EFR diet had a higher (P < 0.05) proportion of palmitoleic acid (C16:1), compared to animals that received Cr PIC, a higher (P < 0.05) proportion of oleic acid (C18:1n9), compared to the animals that received RAC, and a higher (P < 0.05) proportion of MUFA, compared to the animals that received RAC and Cr YST. A portion of the fatty acids in the fat deposited in the carcass is derived from the diet. The other parts have endogenous production, through de novo synthesis, using carbon skeletons of the absorbed and unused carbohydrates and proteins as precursors (LEWIS and SOUZA, 2000). The EFR diet increased (P < 0.05) the omega 6:omega 3 ratio compared to that in the other treatments. This can be attributed to the non-inclusion of soybean oil in this diet, which is rich in α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3). EFR diet increases the proportion of PUFA and reduces the levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA), when compared to the animals on the control diet (APPLE et al., 2009).

CONCLUSION:

Supplementation with ractopamine, chromium picolinate, chromium yeast, or energy feed restriction did not influence the growth performance and quantitative carcass characteristics; however, it altered the lipid profile of the subcutaneous fat in finishing female pigs.

Supplementation with ractopamine and organic chromium increased the proportion of PUFA in the fat of finishing female pigs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank the Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES; Finance Code 001) for the financial support in the execution of the research project.

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• CR-2019-0429.R5

BIOETHICS AND BIOSAFETY COMMITTEE APPROVAL

• BIOETHICS AND BIOSAFETY COMMITTEE APPROVAL

  The Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals of Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul approved this project under protocol nº 875/2017.

Edited by

Editor: Rudi Weiblen

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Oct 2021
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  06 June 2019
• Accepted
  07 June 2021
• Reviewed
  04 Aug 2021