Fatty acid composition of commercially important fish from Brazil

Composição em ácidos graxos de peixes comercialmente importantes do Brasil

AGROINDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

Fatty acid composition of commercially important fish from Brazil

Composição em ácidos graxos de peixes comercialmente importantes do Brasil

L.E. Gutierrez; R.C.M. da Silva

Departamento de Química, ESALQ/USP, C.P. 9, CEP: 13418-900-Piracicaba,SP

SUMMARY

Total fat and fatty acid composition of seven fresh-water and nine marine fish commercially important in Brazil were determined. Palmitic acid was the predominant saturated fatty acid in both freshwater and marine fish. In the fat from freshwater fish the total C-16 fatty acids were higher than in marine fish. Oleic acid was the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid and it was found in higher levels in freshwater fish. The data revealed that most freshwater fish from Brazil examined were a poor source of eicosapentaenoic (20:5) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acids. Of the marine fish analysed, only sardine and manjuba could be recommended as a good sources of n-3 fatty acids.

Key Words: fatty acids, fish, lipids, ômega-3

RESUMO

Foram determinadas a gordura total e a composição em ácidos graxos de sete espécies de peixes de água doce e nove espécies de peixes de água salgada, comercialmente importantes do Brasil. O ácido palmítico foi o ácido predominante dentre os saturados tanto nos peixes de água doce como salgada. Na gordura dos peixes de água doce, o total de ácidos graxos com 16 carbonos foi superior aos de água salgada. O ácido oleico foi o mais abundante dos monoinsaturados e foi encontrado em maiores níveis nos peixes de água doce. Os dados revelaram que a maioria dos peixes de água doce são fontes deficientes dos ácidos eicosapentaenóico (20:5) e docosahexaenóico (22:6). Dos peixes de água salgada analisados, apenas sardinha e manjuba podem ser recomendados como fontes adequadas de ácidos graxos n-3.

Descritores: ácidos graxos, peixes, lipídios, ômega-3

INTRODUCTION

There is much information available on the fatty acid composition of the lipids present in cold water fish species of the North Hemisphere while very little is published on lipids of freshwater and marine fish species from Brazil.

The main characteristic difference in freshwater fish is the higher levels of C-16 and C-18 acids and the lower levels of C-20 and C-22 acids when compared to marine fish, and these differences are mainly due to the dietary fat (ACKMAN, 1967; VISWANATHAN-NAIR & GOPAKUMAR, 1978). However recent reports indicate that freshwater fish contain relatively large amounts of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (AGREN et al., 1987; WANG et al., 1990).

As it has been pointed out by STANSBY (1973) fish can be included in diets for at least three reasons: 1) as a general source of nutritional components; 2) as low-fat, high protein food; and 3) as source of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The consumption of marine fish and other seafood is beneficial in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disorders and it has been demonstrated in studies with eskimos (GLOMSET, 1985; DYERBERG, 1986; LEAF & WEBER, 1988).

DYERBERG et al. (1978) have already pointed out that dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic acid could protect the organism from thrombosis.

NELSON et al. (1991) have reported that a salmon diet, high in n-3 fatty acids, does not affect bleeding times, but changes the fatty acid composition of the plasma and platelet membrane lipids. AKOH & HEARNSBERGER (1991), on the other hand, verified that salmon diets prolonged bleeding times. Another beneficial effect of n-3 fatty acids is the reduction of serum triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein levels (BRONSGEEST-SCHOUTE et al., 1981).

Dietary fish oil is more effective than alpha-linolenic acid in altering tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition and modulating eicosanoid metabolism (WHELAN et al., 1991).

The beneficial effects of fish oil fatty acids have been reviewed by HEROLD & KINSELLA (1986) and GAUDETTE & HOLUB, (1991).

This paper discusses the fatty acid composition of seven species of freshwater fish and nine species of marine fish commercially important in Brazil.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

Sampling of fish. The fish collected included seven freshwater fish from Brazilian rivers and nine saltwater species from the Atlantic coast. All fish were purchased from a fish market in Piracicaba,SP. (Brazil) area. Triplicate samples were taken from the center of the fresh and frozen fish fillets by removing 10-12 g pieces of flesh.

Extration of lipids. Lipids were extracted from 10-12g samples using the procedure of FOLCH et al. (1957) by homogenizing them in a mechanical blender with a mixture of chloroform and methanol (2:1 v/v). To prevent oxidation, crystals of hydroquinone were added to all samples. The chloroform extract was evaporated at 55°C under vacuum and the residue weighed.

Preparation of methyl esters. Following the extraction of lipids from the various fish tissues, methyl esters of fatty acids were prepared for subsequent use in gas-liquid chromatography. Lipid extracts were converted to their methyl esters according to HARTMAN & LAGO (1973).

Gas-liquid chromatography. Analysis of methyl esters was performed on a CG-17 Gas Chromatograph (CG Instrumentos, Sao Paulo, Brazil), equipped with a flame ionisation detector. A stainless steel column, 2m x 5mm, packed with chromosorb W coated with 18% (by wt) of diethylene glycol succinate (DEGS) was used. The operating conditions were as follows: column temperature, 195°C; sample vaporizer temperature, 225°C; detector temperature, 245°C. The carrier gas used was nitrogen, at a flow rate of 40 of mL/min. Injected sample sizes were in the range 2.0 - 3.0 µl. Fatty acids were identified by comparison with the retention time of standards and by equivalent chain lenght (ACKMAN, 1969). No effort was made to determine the positions of double bonds. The peak areas were determined by triangulation and the results were expressed in weight % of the total amount of fatty acids.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The fatty acid composition of the various freshwater fish are listed in TABLE 1. The data show that the amount of constituent fatty acids varied among species. This fact can be seen by the range of the following fatty acids: 1.67 - 11.49% myristic, 2.89 - 20.65% palmitoleic, 4.51 -11.12% stearic, 11.63 - 27.87% oleic, 1.55 -9.75% eicosapentaenoic and 1.37 - 21.81% docosahexaenoic acids.

Fatty acids from freshwater fish were more saturated (29.79-39.68%) than marine fish (23.64 - 34.76%), and palmitic acid was the most important, as it has been pointed out by GOPA-KUMAR & NAIR (1972) for Indian marine fish.

Certain differences are apparent in the fatty acid composition of the freshwater fish compared with the marine species (TABLE 2). The C-16 + C-18 acid contents were higher for the freshwater fish with lower level of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. These data confirmed earlier observations of ACKMAN (1967), VISWANATHAN-NAIR & GOPAKUMAR (1978) and GUNSTONE et al. (1978).

Higher levels of palmitoleic acid have been described as a characteristic of freshwater fish (ACKMAN, 1967). Comparing TABLES 1 and 2, it can be seen that only sardine had levels higher than 9% among marine fish, while in freshwater fish only pintado and piramutaba had levels lower than 9%. Higher levels of palmitic, palmitoleic and oleic acids have already been related for mandi, a Brazilian freshwater fish, by ANDRADE & LIMA (1979).

With the exception of sardine, in all marine fish, docosahexaenoic acid was found in higher levels than eicosapentaenoic acid. These data confirmed earlier observations of GRUNGER et al. (1964) and GUNSTONE et al. (1978). As it can be seen from TABLE 3, freshwater fish presented very low amount of 20:5 and 22:6 acids in the flesh lipids when compared to marine fish, although pintado and piramutaba showed high levels of these fatty acids in their fat (TABLE 1), probably due to their diets (carnivorous fish).

The fish flesh fat is lower than 10% (TABLE 3) and it can be considered normal among marine species (HEARN et al., 1987).

According to LEAF & WEBER (1988) there are no good data available to recommend a desirable amount of fish oil. However AKOH & HEARNSBERGER (1991) verified that a consumption of 1-2g/day of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prolonged significantly bleeding and clotting times and BRONSGEEST-SCHOUTE et al. (1981) related that in groups receiving 2.27 g/day there was a reduction of cholesterol levels. The results of the marine and freshwater fish comparisons establish that only sardine and manjuba could achieve levels of 1 -2 g of 20 : 5 + 22 : 6 acids in a normal diet.

Received May 26, 1993

Accepted July 16, 1993

Enviado para publicação em 26.05.93

Aceito para publicação em 16.07.93

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  10 Aug 2005
• Date of issue
  Dec 1993

History

• Accepted
  16 July 1993
• Received
  26 May 1993