Nitrogen dynamics in a soil-sugar cane system

Dinâmica do nitrogênio em um sistema solo-cana-de-açúcar

Nitrogen dynamics in a soil-sugar cane system

Júlio César Martins de Oliveira^1,6; Klaus Reichardt^1,2,8; Osny O.S. Bacchi^1,8; Luis Carlos Timm^1,6*; Durval Dourado-Neto^3,8; Paulo César Ocheuse Trivelin^4,8; Tânia Toyomi Tominaga^1,6; Roberta de Castro Navarro¹; Marisa de Cássia Piccolo^5,8; Fábio Augusto Meira Cássaro^1,7

¹Lab. de Física do Solo - USP/CENA, C.P. 96 - CEP: 13400-970 - Piracicaba, SP.

²Depto. de Ciências Exatas - USP/ESALQ, C.P. 9 - CEP: 13418-970 - Piracicaba, SP.

³Depto. de Produção Vegetal - USP/ESALQ.

⁴Lab. de Isótopos Estáveis - USP/CENA.

⁵Lab. de Biogeoquímica - USP/CENA.

⁶Bolsista FAPESP.

⁷Bolsista CAPES.

⁸Bolsista CNPq.

*Corresponding author <[e-mail]>

ABSTRACT: Results of an organic matter management experiment of a sugar cane crop are reported for the first cropping year. Sugar cane was planted in October 1997, and labeled with a ¹⁵N fertilizer pulse to study the fate of organic matter in the soil-plant system. A nitrogen balance is presented, partitioning the system in plant components (stalk, tip and straw), soil components (five soil organic matter fractions) and evaluating leaching losses. The ¹⁵N label permitted to determine, at the end of the growing season, amounts of nitrogen derived from the fertilizer, present in the above mentioned compartments.

Key words: fertilizer, nitrogen, ¹⁵N label, soil, sugar cane

Dinâmica do nitrogênio em um sistema solo-cana-de-açúcar

RESUMO: São apresentados resultados de um experimento sobre matéria orgânica em cultura de cana-de-açúcar, relativos ao primeiro ano (cana planta). A cultura foi instalada em outubro de 1997 e marcada com um pulso de fertilizante ¹⁵N, para estudar o destino da matéria orgânica no sistema solo-planta. É apresentado um balanço de nitrogênio, subdividindo o sistema em componentes de planta (colmo, ponteiro e palha), componentes de solo (cinco frações de matéria orgânica do solo) e estimando perdas por lixiviação. O ¹⁵N permitiu a determinação das quantidades de nitrogênio provenientes do fertilizante nos compartimentos acima mencionados, no final do ciclo da cultura.

Palavras-chave: fertilizante, nitrogênio, ¹⁵N, solo, cana-de-açúcar

INTRODUCTION

Sugar cane is the most important crop for the sugar industry, Brazil having today 5 million hectares cultivated with this crop. The understanding of nitrogen dynamics in this soil-plant system will, therefore, contribute for the establishment and improvement of management practices, mainly now when the traditional practice of straw burning before harvest will be substituted by machine harvest, which leaves on the soil surface a considerable amount of trash, corresponding to an organic fertilization. Abramo Filho et al. (1993), Trivelin et al. (1995;1996) present a detailed study on sugar cane trash dry-matter and its nutrient content, specially in relation to nitrogen.

Sugar cane belongs to the family of the grasses, presents a sigmoid growth curve (Brzesowsky, 1986) with a pronounced phytomass production in response to nitrogen availability (Bolton & Brown, 1980), and being a C₄ cycle plant it presents twice as much dry matter per unit weight of leaf nitrogen, as compared to C₃ cycle plants (Black et al., 1978). Reports of Lima Júnior (1982); Sampaio et al. (1984), and Bittencourt et al. (1986), indicate, however, that the potential of converting fertilizer N into phytomass is very variable and relatively low for the first crop cycle. This fact is attributed to non symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Döbereiner et al., 1972), soil N mineralization; plant residue mineralization, and the use of the nitrogen of the stalk that originated the new plant. Lima et al. (1987) and Urquiaga et al. (1992) report that sugar cane grown in Brazil receive, in general, low nitrogen rates, in the range 60 to 120 kg ha^-1, having stalk yields of 65 to 70 kg ha^-1 of N , and the whole plant accumulates 100 to 120 kg ha^-1 of N. This indicates that the non symbiotic nitrogen fixation might play an important role as a nitrogen source, since soils cultivated with sugar cane for long periods do not suffer significant yield reduction. Although gradual and slow, organic matter mineralization is of significant importance to the crop, since it is through this process that part of the needed nutrients reach the plant. Sampaio et al. (1995) evaluated the soil supply capacity and the fertilizer response of sugar cane, and concluded that the main N source for the crop is the native soil organic matter and the maintenance of crop residues on the field.

This study has the intention to collaborate for a better understanding of the fate of a N fertilizer application, after one year, on a newly established sugar cane crop, in different soil and plant compartments, using the ¹⁵N label, in a similar way as reported by Vanlauve et al. (1998).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In a sugar cane field variety SP80-3280 medium/late of fifteen rows 40 m long, spaced 1.4 m, totalizing 924 m² (Rhodic Kandiudalf called "Terra Roxa Estruturada"), located in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil (22⁰ 42' S; 47⁰ 38' W), eight plots R_i were chosen along the three central cane rows, to apply the ¹⁵N fertilizer pulse. Figure 1 presents a simplified scheme of the experimental arrangement, showing three central sugar cane rows, for ¹⁵N labeling, which received ammonium sulfate with 11.7 % a.e. ¹⁵N, at a N rate of 63 kg ha^-1, and 44.4 kg ha^-1 of P and 83 kg ha^-1 of K, all at planting (November 1997). These 8 plots, 4 m long each, represent replicates, since no treatment was tested. The rest of the field received the same fertilization, however, without label. At harvest (October 1998), the fate of this ¹⁵N pulse was studied in several plant and soil compartments.

For each replicate, 3 composite soil samples were take at the depths 0-0.15; 0.15-0.3 and 0.3-0.5 m, processed according to Anderson & Ingram (1993) and Feller (1978), for soil organic matter (SOM) fractionation. By means of successive dry and wet sievings at 2000, 200 and 50 mm, OM was separated in organic, mineral and organo-mineral fractions. Air dry soil samples (< 2 mm) were separated in five fractions by wet sieving: 1. light SOM₁, floating in water (200 ¾ 2000 mm), essentially organic, mostly plant debris; 2. heavy SOM₂ (200 ¾ 2000 mm) related to sand, and therefore considered mineral; 3. SOM₃ (50 ¾ 200 mm) related to silt, considered organo-mineral; 4. heavy SOM₄ (0 ¾ 50 mm) related to the clay precipitated by centrifugation, also organo-mineral; 5. solution SOM₅ (0 ¾ 50 mm) also related to clay, remaining in solution after centrifugation, and also organo-mineral. Non fractionated samples were also used for SOM determination to check the efficiency of the procedure.

Plants were always sampled meter by meter, four composite samples per replicate, collecting leaf 3⁺ samples for ¹⁵N analysis, in February, May, and at harvest in October 1998, when crop yield was evaluated measuring the number of canes, weight of canes, weight of trash and weight of green leafs (cane tips). After drying at 65 ^oC the fresh weights were transformed into dry matter (DM) yield data. Total nitrogen and ¹⁵N enrichment were measured with a mass spectrometer ANCA¾SL, Europe Scientific, Crewe, UK.

Nitrogen derived from fertilizer (Ndff), for any compartment¹ in the system was calculated from:

(1)

Total amounts of nitrogen in any compartment of the plant or soil of the system, derived from fertilizer or residue (TNdff, kg ha^-1), were calculated according to:

(2)

in which DM is expressed in kg ha^-1.

Nitrogen leaching was estimated measuring the concentration C_N of total N, and the enrichment in ¹⁵N of the soil solution, using porous cup extractors, one per replicate, installed at the depth of 1.0 m. The total amount of leached N was estimated as follows:

(3)

Where t is the time in days and q_w is the soil water flux density at z=1.0 m, estimated from Darcy´s equation, in mm.day^-1. With the ¹⁵N enrichment of the soil solution, Q_N values were transformed into leached nitrogen derived from fertilizer, using equations 1 and 2.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Some chemical characteristics of the soil along the transect, for soil samples collected before planting (October 1997) are presented in TABLE 1 (pH in CaCl₂, OM, P, K, Ca and Mg). The analysis of these data indicated that the chosen area is relatively isotropic for crop production. There was no significant difference between replicates.

Figure 2 shows the values of ¹⁵N atom % excess, measured for leaf 3⁺, for the 8 replicates, which received labeled fertilizer in October 1997, for three dates: 10 February 1998, 13 May 1998, and at harvest, 15 October 1998. This data give an idea about the rate of fertilizer N uptake, during the first year of the sugar cane crop, and also of the variability of the data. In terms of average, Figure 3 shows the evolution of the ¹⁵N label in the plant during the first year. It can be seen that the uptake of fertilizer N increased up to May, and that, thereafter, the increasingly uptake of soil N decreased the ¹⁵N content in the leafs.

At harvest (October 1998) plant and soil were sampled in more detail. Figure 4 gives an overview of the label distribution in the three chosen plant compartments [stalk, tip and straw] along the eight replicates. TABLE 2 presents the overall N balance, in kg ha^-1 of N, taking into account soil and plant compartments. Soil fractionation data present high coefficients of variation (CV), mainly in the case of the mineral fraction SOM₂. Plant N variability was, in general, smaller than soil N variability. It is important to note that the soil used in this experiment is very rich in N, presenting on the average 7660 kg ha^-1. Soil fertilization with N is, however, very important even at the relatively low fertilization rate of 63 kg ha^-1, since the crop does respond to these applications (Lima et al., 1987).

TABLE 3 presents the balance of the labeled nitrogen, applied at the rate of 63 kg ha^-1 with a ¹⁵N enrichment of 11.7 atom % excess. This is a commonly applied N rate for this type of soil. Due to all variabilities which contribute in the calculation of these final values of Ndff, in three of the eight replicates we found more than 63 kg ha^-1 of N in plant and soil (R₃, R₄ and R₆). On the average, however, the balance seems reasonable. The line NOC (TABLE 3) represents the amounts of N needed to close the balance. NOC includes also the 50-100 cm soil layer and the rhizome, which were not sampled. However, part of the N of the rhizome and of the root system are in the SOM_i (SOM₄ >SOM₅ >SOM₃ >SOM₁) fractions. The light organic fraction SOM₁ presents the least amount of ¹⁵N, indicating that very little of the fresh organic matter was present in the soil after harvest. SOM₂ did not present ¹⁵N, as expected since it is constituted mostly of sand. SOM₃ and SOM₅ , the first related to silt and the second to solution after clay centrifugation, present similar amounts of ¹⁵N, however about one third less than SOM₄, related to the clay precipitated by centrifugation. There is very little data in the literature, for tropical soils, to be compared with the SOM_i data of TABLE 3. Feller & Beare (1997) discuss some of these, and state that the "organo-clay complex" that corresponds to SOM₅, has a predominance of amorphous OM, which acts cementing the clay matrix, being, therefore, a very strongly bound form of OM.

Figure 5 gives an average overview of the distribution of the nitrogen in the sampled compartments. The cane shoot presents 252.3 kg ha^-1, of which 39.9 are derived from the applied fertilizer, and 212.4 come from the soil, and possibly from non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation, as suggested by Urquiaga et al. (1992). The soil pool is large, corresponding to 7660.4 kg ha^-1, of which 20.4 were added through fertilization. This addition corresponds to 0.27%, which after one year (at harvest) presented a very low enrichment of 0.038 atom excess ¹⁵N, making it more difficult to follow its fate for the next cropping season. As already said, the soil fractionation in five compartments indicates that most of the soil N derived from the fertilizer is in the fraction SOM₄ (11.3 kg ha^-1) that is the fraction obtained by wet seaving in the range 0 to 50 mm. Fraction SOM₁ (2.4 kg ha^-1), the floating fraction in the range 200 to 2000 mm, is not so expressive as it should be, since it includes fresh organic matter, mainly from roots and rhizome. It presented, however, the highest ¹⁵N enrichment of all fractions: 0.443 atom excess.

The efficiency of the plant in using fertilizer N was extremely high, of the order of 60%. According to Trivelin et al. (1996) the efficiency seldomly overcomes 40%. Our high efficiency is due to the form of application, which was in solution, well distributed at the base of each row meter, when plants were sprouting and, therefore, with a significantly well developed root system. One day after label application the crop received a rain of 13.5 mm, which helped its homogenization, absorption, and was not sufficient to leach N to greater depths.

Nitrogen in other not measured compartments NOC, shown in TABLE 3, had a very low mean, not significantly different from zero, and presented, therefore, an extremely high CV, which has no scientific meaning. It is a result of the variabilities of the N data in all other measured compartments. Leaching was not measurable, which is also an exception since in many other situations it can reach values of the order of 15 kg ha^-1 of total soil N, with little contribution from the fertilizer (3.0 kg ha^-1), as reported by Reichardt et al., (1982).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To FAPESP, S.P., Brazil, Research Contract 97/10327-2, to CNPq and IAEA, Vienna, Austria, Research Contract BRA-9031, for financial support.

Received March 22, 2000

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¹

Compartment: plant stalk (cane), straw, tip, rhizome, root]; soil (SOM

₁, SOM

₂,.... SOM

₅); fertilizer; leacheate; other losses. In the case of sugar cane, the sum of straw (old dry leaves) and tips (green leaves and apical gem) is called trash.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  21 Sept 2000
• Date of issue
  Sept 2000

History

• Received
  22 Mar 2000