The spin-1/2 ising model with skew magnetic field at high temperatures

Abstract

We calculate the thermodynamics of the one-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising model in the presence of a constant skew magnetic field. We obtain the high-temperature expansion of its Helmholtz free energy (HFE), for the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic cases, up to order beta7. This expansion permits us to obtain the behaviour of the model for $ |J| \beta \stackrel {<}{_\sim}} 1 $, when it cannot be described by its classical version. Among the calculated thermodynamical functions of the model, we have the diagonal elements of the magnetic susceptibility tensor for the transverse and logitudinal Ising models, obtained by taking the limits h z -> 0 and h y -> 0, respectively, of the beta-expansion of the HFE. The y-component of the magnetization and the chiyy component of the magnetic susceptibility tensor are almost the same for the antiferro- and ferromagnetic models, at least for $ |J| \beta \stackrel {<}{_\sim}} 1 $; and, <FONT FACE=Symbol>c yy</FONT> is practically independent of the direction of the external magnetic. We also show that, in this region of temperature, the thermodynamics of the Ising model with skew magnetic field and that of an XXZ model with longitudinal magnetic field are not similar.

Quantized spin models; Spin chain models; Lattice theory and Statistics of Ising model; High temperature expansion

REGULAR ARTICLES

The spin-1/2 ising model with skew magnetic field at high temperatures

E.V. Corrêa Silva^I; S.M. de Souza^II; Onofre Rojas^II; James E.F. Skea^III; M.T. Thomaz^IV

^IDepartamento de Matemática e Computação, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Estrada Resende-Riachuelo, s/nº, Morada da Colina, CEP 27523-000, Resende-RJ, Brazil

^IIDepartamento de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200-000, Lavras-MG, Brazil

^IIIDepartamento de Física Teórica, Instituto de Física, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, R. São Francisco Xavier nº 524, CEP- 20559-900, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil

^IVInstituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Gal. Milton Tavares de Souza s/nº, CEP 24210-346, Niterói-RJ, Brazil

ABSTRACT

We calculate the thermodynamics of the one-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising model in the presence of a constant skew magnetic field. We obtain the high-temperature expansion of its Helmholtz free energy (HFE), for the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic cases, up to order b⁷. This expansion permits us to obtain the behaviour of the model for $ |J| \beta \stackrel {<}{_\sim}} 1 $, when it cannot be described by its classical version. Among the calculated thermodynamical functions of the model, we have the diagonal elements of the magnetic susceptibility tensor for the transverse and logitudinal Ising models, obtained by taking the limits h_z ® 0 and h_y ® 0, respectively, of the b-expansion of the HFE. The y-component of the magnetization and the c_yy component of the magnetic susceptibility tensor are almost the same for the antiferro- and ferromagnetic models, at least for $ |J| \beta \stackrel {<}{_\sim}} 1 $; and, c_yy is practically independent of the direction of the external magnetic. We also show that, in this region of temperature, the thermodynamics of the Ising model with skew magnetic field and that of an XXZ model with longitudinal magnetic field are not similar.

Keywords: Quantized spin models; Spin chain models; Lattice theory and Statistics of Ising model; High temperature expansion

I. INTRODUCTION

The spin-1/2 Ising model with nearest-neighbor interactions is certainly one of the simplest one-dimensional class of models. In spite of its simplicity, it has some agreeable features. For either a purely longitudinal or purely transversal external magnetic field, it becomes exactly solvable. The exact thermodynamics of the longitudinal case was calculated in 1925 by Ising in his original paper[1]. In 1941 Kramers and Wannier[2] reobtained the exact thermodynamics of the Ising model in the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field by using the transfer matrix approach extended to the planar model. Pfeuty[3] derived in 1970 the exact thermodynamics of the transversal Ising model, calculating its free energy; he showed the equivalence of this model to a system of noninteracting fermions, by a set of suitable transformations. One interesting aspect of the transversal model is its conformal invariance for a finite interval of temperature (including T = 0 K), in which it has a quantum critical point (QCP)[4]. We should mention that the exact HFEs of the Ising model with longitudinal (h_y = 0) or transversal (h_z = 0) constant magnetic fields are not enough to determine all the elements of the magnetic susceptibility tensor; a more complete picture requires information on intermediary orientations of the magnetic field with respect to the easy-axis.

However the one-dimensional Ising model in the presence of a magnetic field with both longitudinal and transversal components (a skew magnetic field) is not exactly soluble: the presence of both components of the magnetic field simply destroys its integrability. As an unhappy consequence, the powerful "Bethe ansatz"[5] cannot yield the exact thermodynamics of the model. The ferromagnetic version of the model, at T = 0 K, was studied by Fogedby[6] in the seventies. More recently, Ovchinnikov et al. studied the phase diagram, at zero temperature, of the Ising model in the presence of a skew magnetic field[7] and showed the existence of a critical line that separates the antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic states. The classical limit of this model also presents a critical line between these two states.

Among the new materials intensively researched in the last decade, the so-called single-chain magnets (SCM) exhibit strong uniaxial anisotropy at nanometric scale, thus representing the possibility of high-temperature metastable magnetic properties that would qualify those materials as prototypes for molecular memory devices. In particular, the heterometallic Mn^III and Ni^II chain is an example of a SCM with one-dimensional behaviour up to very low temperatures[8]; there is a region of temperature for which its local intra-trimer excitations are inactive, and the effective ferromagnetic chain behaviour that arises can be described by the one-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising model. It is certainly interesting to have analytic expansions of the thermodynamical functions of the Ising model to fit the data for arbitrary orientation of the external magnetic field. This kind of knowledge permits looking for new features of the material at finite temperatures.

The aim of the present communication is to study the thermodynamics of both the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic cases of the one-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising model in the presence of a skew magnetic field in the region of temperature of |J|b 1, where b = 1/kT, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin and J is the coupling strength between first-neighbour z-components of spin (see the Hamiltonian (1)).

In section we present the Hamiltonian of the one-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising model in the presence of a mixed magnetic field. In section we study the thermodynamics of this model by applying the method of Ref. [9] directly to the Hamiltonian (1). The thermodynamical functions of the model depend on the sign of J/|J|, on the norm of the magnetic field, on its angle q with respect to the easy-axis, and on the temperature. One of our aims is to explicitly verify if for |J|b 1 there is any trace of the at T = 0 K phase transition of the antiferromagnetic model. In subsection such eventual trace is sought by fixing the norm of the magnetic field and varying the angle q. Its norm is such that for T = 0 K and q Î [0, q_C ], the system is in the antiferromagnetic state, and for q larger than the critical angle q_C (still at T = 0 K) the system crosses the critical line of the phase diagram, presented in Ref. [7]. In this subsection we consider the behaviour of various thermodynamical quantities as functions of q for a constant temperature. In subsection , we study the dependence of the thermodynamical functions on the temperature and the norm of the magnetic field and present a new duality between the transversal Ising model and the XY model. We also verify if the similarity of the Ising model with skew magnetic field and the XXZ model with longitudinal magnetic field survives in the region of high temperatures. In section we present our conclusions. ^{Appendix A} contains the high temperature expansion of the HFE for the spin-1/2 Ising model in the presence of a mixed constant external magnetic field, up to order b⁷.

II. THE SPIN-1/2 ISING MODEL WITH SKEW MAGNETIC FIELD

The Hamiltonian of the one-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising model in the presence of an external constant magnetic field with arbitrary orientation is

where = s_y/2 and = s_z/2, where s_y and s_z are the Pauli matrices. The coupling constant J can be either positive (antiferromagnetic model) or negative (ferromagnetic model). The chain has N spatial sites and it satisfies periodic spatial boundary conditions. Due to the symmetry of the Hamiltonian along the z-direction (the easy-axis of the chain), the most general constant external magnetic field that we must consider can be written as h = h_y + h_z, where the components h_y and h_z are positive constants.

The method of Ref. [9] has been applied directly to the Hamiltonian (1) to yield the high temperature expansion of its HFE, in the thermodynamical limit (N ® ¥), up to order b⁷. This expansion is presented in ^{appendix (A)}.

From the expansion (A.1) we verify that: i) the HFE (A.1) is an even function of the y and z components of the external magnetic field; ii) the HFE is sensitive to the sign of J (thus distinguishing between the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic cases) only for non-zero values of h_z. Even for h_z = 0 there are thermodynamical functions that can distinguish one model from the other (e.g., the first-neighbour z-component spin correlation function and the zz-component of the magnetic susceptibility tensor).

Substituting h_y = 0 or h_z = 0 in the expansion (A.1) recovers the thermodynamics of the corresponding limiting cases of the Hamiltonian (1), given in Refs. [2] and [3], respectively.

III. THERMODYNAMICAL FUNCTIONS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

One can obtain the exact HFE of the one-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising model for two specific configurations of the external magnetic field; namely, the longitudinal[2] and transverse [3] ones. But that information, by itself, is not enough to infer the thermodynamic behavior for intermediary configurations of the magnetic field.

Our aim is to compare these thermodynamical functions for the ferro- and antiferromagnetic models, keeping the norm of the external magnetic field fixed, but letting its spatial orientation vary; i.e., by considering a magnetic field of the form

where h = |h| is the constant norm and q Î [0, p/2] is the angle between h and the z-axis.

A. Crossing the critical line atT = 0 K

The spin-1/2 Hamiltonian (1) has been studied at T = 0 K for the ferromagnetic[6] (J/|J| = –1) and the antiferromagnetic[7] (J/|J| = 1) cases. The ground-state phase diagram [7] of the antiferromagnetic model in the presence of a skew magnetic field has a critical line that separates the antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic states.

It is a well-known (exact) result that the spin-1/2 Ising model has no phase transition at finite temperature, for a purely longitudinal or transversal magnetic field. It is certainly interesting to verify explicitly the behaviour of the Ising model in a skew magnetic field at finite temperature, when the critical line at T = 0 K is crossed. We do so in this subsection by choosing |J|b = 0.7 (which is not such a high temperature) and h/|J| = 0.53, since for the T = 0 K antiferromagnetic (J/|J| = 1) case the critical line in the phase diagram is indeed crossed, for q Î [0, p/2]. Each plot that follows compares the behaviour of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic cases under rotation of the magnetic field.

In the following figures we use the convention that the dotted (or dashed) and solid lines correspond to the ferromagnetic and to the antiferromagnetic model, respectively.

We begin the discussion of the thermodynamical functions of this model by the specific heat per site C_1/2(b) º – b², plotted in Fig.(1a) as a function of q. At q = 0 (longitudinal magnetic field) and q = p/2 (transverse magnetic field) we have = 0. The second derivative of this thermodynamical function is different at those two values of q for the two models, but for each of them there is a single value , that depends weakly on the value of b and on the model, where = 0. The curve of the specific heat per site is a monotonically decreasing function of q for the antiferromagnetic model, whereas it is a monotonically increasing function for the ferromagnetic model in the same interval of q for |J| b 1. For each curve, the concavity changes only once; the value of is slightly different for the two models.

The internal energy per site e_1/2(b) º is plotted in Fig. (1b). At q = 0 and p/2 we have = 0 for both models. The concavity of each curve changes at a single value of which depends weakly on the value of |J| b, and is slightly different for the two models. For |J| b 1, the internal energy of the antiferromagnetic model is a monotonically decreasing function of q whereas for the ferromagnetic model it is monotonically increasing.

The ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic cases for the two thermodynamical functions in Fig. (1) coincide at q = p/2 (transversal magnetic field) since the HFE of the Hamiltonian (1) with a transverse magnetic field (h_z = 0) is insensitive to the sign of J.

Fig. (2a) shows the first-neighbour z-component spin correlation function á+1ñ (b) º for J/|J| = 1 (antiferromagnetic case) and J/|J| = -1 (ferromagnetic case). For both curves we have d á+1ñ /dq = 0 at q = 0 and p/2. As it should be, this correlation function decreases for the two models as q increases. The concavity of the curves changes for a single value of , that depends weakly on |J| b and on the model. Only for q = p/2, we have that á+1ñ |_{J/|J| = 1} = – á+1ñ |_{J/|J| = –1}, at least in the region |J|b 1 and for h/|J| 0.7.

The entropy per site S_1/2(b) º b² for the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic models is plotted in Fig. (2b). The first derivative of the function S_1/2 with respect to q is zero at q = 0 and p/2. This thermodynamical function at q = p/2 is also the same for J/|J| = ±1, because, at this orientation of the magnetic field, the HFE is an even function of J. Again, the concavity of the curves, for both models, changes for a single value that depends weakly on |J| b and on the model.

The y and z components of the magnetization per site, M_y^(1/2) (b) º and M_z^(1/2) (b) º are presented in Figs. (3). Fig. (3a) shows that M_y^(1/2) (q) is almost the same for both models, at least for |J| b 1 and h/|J| 0.7. The percentual difference between them is smaller than 3% for q Î [0, p/2] and the largest difference occurs around q = 0. This difference decreases as the value of |J| b decreases. For q ~ 0, we have M_y^(1/2) (q) » aq, and the coefficient a depends on b. At q = p/2 we have dM_y^(1/2) (q)/dq = 0, for J/|J| = ±1.

On the other hand, M_z^(1/2) differs for the two cases (see Fig. (3b)), except at q = p/2. Around q = p/2, M_z^(1/2) is a linear function of q: M_z^(1/2)» b (p/2 - q). The coefficient b depends on the value of b and on the model. We also have d M_z^(1/2) (q)/dq = 0 at q = 0.

The last thermodynamical function to be discussed is the magnetic susceptibility tensor (b) º , where i,j Î {y, z}. Fig. (4a) shows the component as a function of q; even at |J| b = 0.7, this function for the ferromagnetic model (dashed line) is almost constant for q Î [0, p/2]. The percentual difference of the two curves is shown in Fig. (4b); the two models have a similar value of for any direction of the external magnetic field. At |J| b = 0.7, the largest percentual difference of this element of the magnetic susceptibility tensor is 3% for the two models for h/|J| 0.7. At q = 0 we have ¹ 0, for J/|J| = ±1. This last result cannot be derived from the HFE of the model known in the literature[2]. The non-zero contributions to (0) come from terms in the expansion (A.1) of the type , where p = 0, 1, 2 and 3. For J/|J| = ±1, we also have /dq = 0 at q = 0 and p/2, and at q = p/2 the component is the same for the ferro- and antiferromagnetic models.

Fig. (5a) shows the zz-component of the magnetic susceptibility tensor of the two models. The interesting point about this graph is that at q = p/2 the value of the is non-zero and is different for J/|J| = ±1. We point out that, in both ferro- and antiferromagnetic cases, the expansion (A.1) shows that the rotation of the magnetic field up to the q = p/2 configuration (i.e., a purely transverse magnetic field) yields a non-vanishing . This result cannot be derived from the exact HFE of Ref. [3]. For the ferro- and antiferromagnetic models in the presence of a mixed magnetic field we have (q)/dq = 0 at q = 0 and p/2. The function (q) for the antiferromagnetic model is almost constant for q Î [0, p/2] for |J| b 1 and h/|J| 0.6, in which our b-expansion is sound. The non-null contributions to (q) that give different contributions for the ferro- and antiferromagnetic models come from the terms in the b-expansion (A.1) of the type , where p = 0, 1, ¼, 6.

Fig. (5b) shows (q) for the two models; although it is not zero, from Figs. (5) we verify that the non-diagonal elements of the magnetic susceptibility tensor are much smaller than the diagonal elements, for both models. We also have (0) = (p/2) = 0 for the ferro- and antiferromagnetic models. We are able to calculate all the elements of the tensor (b) only if we have the Ising model (1) in the presence of a skew magnetic field.

In Figs. (1)-(5) we maintain |J| b = 0.7 and h/|J| = 0.53, although the features described previously in the curves of the ferromagnetic and the antiferromagnetic models, such as the monotonically increasing/decreasing behaviour of the functions for q Î [0, p/2] and vanishing first derivatives at q = 0 and/or p/2, are preserved, at least for |J| b 1 and h/|J| 0.7, for which our expansion (A.1) is bona fide.

B. Other aspects of the thermodynamics in the region |J|b 1

It is certainly interesting to check the behavior of the thermodynamics of the model described by the Hamiltonian (1) as a function of the temperature, (or of its inverse), and its dependence on the external magnetic field.

Figs. (6a) and Fig.(6b) show the specific heat per site as a function of |J| b and h/|J|, respectively, at q = 0, p/4 and p/2. From those figures, some aspects of the specific heat can be inferred that Fig.(1a) would not allow.

Fig.(6a) shows that the specific heat per site for |J|b 0.2 and for all values of q Î [0, p/2] is independent of the model. This is easily understandable if we observe the b-expansion of this thermodynamical function, derived from the HFE (A.1). From this series we obtain that the spin-1/2 Ising model in the presence of a skew magnetic field presents a tail of the Schottky peak[10] (C_Sch µ b²), for all values of q. The coefficient of the b²-term is independent of the sign of J. In Fig.(6a) we take h/|J| = 0.3. The black curves in this figure present the specific heat of the ferro- and antiferromagnetic models at q = 0; the red curves correspond these functions at q = p/4 and the green curve corresponds to the specific heat at q = p/2, which is the same for both models.

Fig.(6b) shows the specific heat per site as a function of h/|J|, at |J| b = 0.7, for q = 0, p/4 and p/2. At h = 0, the specific heat is non-null and its value is independent of the sign of J. The black and red curves describe the specific heat per site at q = 0 and q = p/4, respectively, for the ferro- and antiferromagnetic models, and the green curve corresponds to this function at q = p/2, which is the same for both models. We point out that, in contrast to the expansion in |J| b, the expansion in terms of the norm h/|J| of the magnetic field is not exact, i.e., each coefficient in this expansion has corrections from higher orders in b. Up to order b⁷, we obtain that the specific heat for a vanishing magnetic field is

The static magnetic susceptibility tensor at h = 0 has only non-null diagonal elements. None of those elements can be derived from the exact HFE of the longitudinal[1] or the transversal[3] Ising models. Fig.(7) shows the yy-component of the static magnetic susceptibility tensor () (black curve), which is the same for both models, and the zz-component () of the ferro- (blue dashed line) and the antiferromagnetic (blue continuous line) model. In the region |J| b 0.3, the elements and of both models are very close. For h = 0, our b-expansion of the elements of this tensor are reliable up to |J| b ~ 2.

The component for the purely longitudinal (q = 0) model is non-null. It cannot be derived from the HFE of the exact model[1]. Fig.(8a) shows and for h/|J| = 0.3 and q = 0 (purely longitudinal external field). The blue curves represent of the ferro- and the antiferromagnetic cases. The element of both models have very close values, up to |J| b ~ 1. There is a peak of the ferromagnetic at |J| b = 1.6342.

The component of the purely transversal (q = p/2) case is also non-null. Fig.(8b) shows the diagonal components and for h/|J| = 0.3 and q = p/2. The blue curve corresponds to , which is the same for both models; the red curves describe for the ferro- and antiferromagnetic models.

For the purely longitudinal/transversal configurations of the magnetic field, the elements and are of the same order of magnitude.

The one-dimensional spin-1/2 XY model,

(where N, the number of sites, is even) is equivalent to two spin-1/2 Ising models with transversal magnetic field (Hamiltonian (1) with h_z = 0). This equivalence was demonstrated [11] and used in the late 70's and early 80's to infer quantum properties from one model based on the other [12,13]. The lattice spacing of the two Ising models is twice as large as that of the XY model.

One interesting fact also to be verified is the equivalence of the spin-1/2 XY model, whose Hamiltonian is

to the spin-1/2 Ising model in the presence of a transversal magnetic field (Hamiltonian (1) with h_z = 0) at finite temperature. In Ref. [14] we present the HFE of the spin-S XYZ model for an external magnetic field and with a single-ion anisotropy term, up to order b⁵. This new equivalence can be verified directly by comparing the HFE (A.1) for the spin-1/2 Ising model with transversal magnetic field (h_z = 0) to the high temperature expansion presented in Ref. [14] for the XY chain (J_z = 0). These HFE are calculated taking the thermodynamical limit of the models; the number of sites does not need to be even, as imposed in Ref. [11]. This new equivalence could also be shown by the equality of the dispersion relations of the two models[5,6].

Upon finishing the study of the thermodynamics of Hamiltonian (1), we would like to comment on the statement in Ref. [6] where it is claimed that at T = 0 K the spin-1/2 Ising model with a skew external magnetic field (1) is "dynamically quite similar" to the special case of the XYZ magnetic chain, that is

Ref. [6] suggests the existence of some relation (although unspecified therein) between the magnetic field component h_y of the Hamiltonian (1) and the exchange parameter J_x of Eq. (6), at T = 0 K. In order to verify whether this would still hold for finite temperatures, we compared the thermodynamical functions calculated here to their results. From the b-expansion of the HFE for the XYZ chain model [14], we verify that it depends only on even powers of J_x and J_y; consequently, the Hamiltonian (6) also describes an XXZ chain in the presence of an external magnetic field along the z-direction. In Ref. [15] we present the high temperature expansion of the spin-S XXZ model, with a single-ion anisotropy term and in the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field (h_y = 0 and h_z ¹ 0), up to order b⁶.

We assume a linear relation between J_x and h_y, independent of the value of b; that is, h_y = a J_x. In Figs. (9) we have J = 1, J_x = 1.5 and h_z = 0.5. Fig. (9a) shows the percentual difference between the HFE of the Ising model (1) and that of the spin-1/2 XXZ model (6). This curve corresponds to the minimum difference between the curves representing the HFEs of those models, and it is obtained by choosing a = 0.7562 for b Î [0, 0.9]. The maximum percentual difference between the two HFEs is 0.18% for the interval of b shown in this figure. In Fig. (9b) we plot the percentual difference between the two models for the following thermodynamical functions per site: the specific heat, the mean energy, the entropy, the first-neighbour z-component of the spin correlation function and the z-component of the magnetization, for the same set of constants as Fig. (9a). From these curves, we verify that the entropy of the two models is similar, since the maximum percentual difference in this interval of b is 1.51%. On the other hand, the remaining functions are very distinct; for instance, the first-neighbor S_z correlation and the specific heat reach percentual differences of 53.3% and 19.35%, respectively, at b = 0.9. From Fig. (9b) we can state that the thermodynamics of Hamiltonians (1) and (6) are not similar, at least in the region of |J| b 1.

IV. CONCLUSIONS

We derive the thermodynamics of the one-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising model (ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic cases) in the presence of an arbitrary external constant magnetic field, in the high temperature region (|J| b 1). The b-expansion of the HFE of the model is calculated up to order b⁷. From expansion (A.1) we recover the known limiting cases of the model with h_y = 0 (longitudinal magnetic field)[2] or h_z = 0 (transversal magnetic field)[3].

In the present communication, the magnetic field vector is supposed to have a constant norm and is rotated with respect to the easy-axis (z-direction) by an angle q, which varies in the interval [0, p/2]. The phase diagram of the spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic Ising model with skew magnetic field exhibits a critical line, in the space of magnetic field components (h_y, h_z) at zero temperature[7]. In the first part of the paper the norm of the magnetic field has been chosen to be h/|J| = 0.53, such that there exists a critical angle q_c for which the zero-temperature critical line of the phase diagram is crossed, as q varies. The following thermodynamical functions per site are plotted as functions of q, for the antiferromagnetic and the ferromagnetic models at |J| b = 0.7: the specific heat; the internal energy; the first-neighbour S_z correlation function; the entropy; the y and z components of the magnetization; and the elements of the magnetic susceptibility tensor. All these are smooth functions of q in the interval [0, p/2]. Although the curves are plotted for |J| b = 0.7 and h/|J| = 0.53, the features presented and discussed in the text are preserved, at least, up to |J| b ~ 1 and h/|J| ~ 0.7. In general, the curves are monotonically increasing or decreasing functions of q.

The y-component of the magnetization and the magnetic susceptibility component of antiferro- and ferromagnetic models are very close. The component for the ferromagnetic case is almost independent of the q angle. Those results are valid, at least, for |J| b1 and h/|J| 0.7.

Our results for the elements and of the magnetic susceptibility tensor for the limiting cases h_y = 0 and h_z = 0, respectively, could not be derived from the known HFE in the literature[2,3]. These elements are non-zero.

We verify that the spin-1/2 Ising model in a skew magnetic field presents a tail of the Schottky peak[10] that is q-dependent, but otherwise independent of other features of the model. We also plot the specific heat per site versus the norm of the magnetic field. This function does not vanish at h = 0, and gets corrections from terms of higher orders in b from high temperature expansion of the HFE of the model.

By explicit calculation, we verify the equivalence of the spin-1/2 Ising model in the presence of a transversal magnetic field and the XY chain, a different duality of the one known in the literature[3, 11, 13].

Finally, we verified that the thermodynamics of the spin-1/2 Ising model with a skew magnetic field is not similar to the thermodynamics of the spin-1/2 XXZ chain, at least in this region of temperature, contrary to what is claimed by Fogedby[6] to hold for T = 0 K.

S.M. de S. and O.R. thank FAPEMIG and CNPq for partial financial support. E.V. Corrêa Silva (Fellowship CNPq, Brasil, Proc.No.305800/2004-3) thanks CNPq for partial financial support (Edital Universal CNPq/2006 - Proc.No.476852/2006-4). M.T. Thomaz (Fellowship CNPq, Brasil, Proc.No.: 30.0549/83-FA) thanks CNPq for partial financial support (Grants 1D). J.E.F. Skea thanks FAPERJ for financial support via a Prociência research grant during part of this work.

Received on 26 October, 2007

Hamiltonian (1) describes the interaction between first neighbours along the chain, subject to a periodic spatial condition. These two features allow us to apply the method of Ref. [9] directly to this Hamiltonian to calculate the b-expansion of its HFE.

The HFE of the spin-1/2 Ising model in the presence of a mixed external constant magnetic field, up to order b⁷, is

The function W_1/2 (b; h_y, h_z) is sensitive to the sign of J only if h_z ¹ 0. The expansion (A.1) is equally valid for positive (antiferromagnetic case) and negative (ferromagnetic case) values of J.

Certainly, the proper parameter in which one could rewrite (1) is |J| b; therefore, the components of the external magnetic field are measured in units of |J|.

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APPENDIX A:  THE b-EXPANSION OF THE HFE FOR THE SPIN-1/2 ISING MODEL WITH SKEW MAGNETIC FIELD

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Apr 2008
• Date of issue
  Mar 2008

History

• Received
  26 Oct 2007