Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

DISFUNÇÕES NO DESENVOLVIMENTO SOCIOEMOCIONAL DE LACTENTES E SEUS FATORES RELACIONADOS: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA

RESUMO

Objetivo:

sintetizar os fatores relacionados às disfunções no desenvolvimento socioemocional dos lactentes.

Método:

revisão integrativa realizada entre abril e agosto de 2016 com critérios definidos de inclusão e exclusão dos estudos, estratégias de busca, extração e síntese dos dados. Os fatores de exposição sofreram análise temática categorial e sistematização segundo os níveis do contexto (Microssistema, Mesossistema, Exossistema e Macrossistema) do Modelo Bioecológico de Desenvolvimento Humano.

Resultados:

no contexto do Microssistema e Mesossistema, os fatores encontrados foram: limitações no cuidado; adversidades nas relações familiares e no apoio social e situação de adoecimento dos cuidadores que influem nos processos proximais. No Exossistema e no Macrossistema, foram: vulnerabilidades sociais dos cuidadores e fragilidades das políticas públicas, que determinam as condições materiais e sociais da família.

Conclusão:

a síntese de evidências sobre os fatores de exposição favorece a construção de escalas de medida dos elementos contextuais relacionados ao desenvolvimento socioemocional de crianças pequenas. Muito além dos marcos, presentes ou não, na avaliação de uma criança, essas tecnologias podem ser preditivas, com grande potencial de antecipação dos fatores de exposição e de prevenção das disfunções no desenvolvimento.

DESCRITORES:
Lactente; Desenvolvimento infantil; Deficiências do desenvolvimento; Transtornos globais do desenvolvimento infantil; Enfermagem pediátrica

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to synthesize factors related to dysfunctions in the socioemotional development of infants.

Method:

integrative review carried out between April and August 2016 with defined criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies, search strategies, extraction and synthesis of data. The exposure factors underwent categorical thematic analysis and systematization according to the levels of the context (Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem and Macrosystem) of the Bioecological Model of Human Development.

Results:

in the context of the Microsystem and Mesosystem, the factors found were: limitations in care; adversities in family relationships and in the social support and illness situation of the caregivers that influence the proximal processes. In the Exosystem and the Macrosystem, they were: social vulnerabilities of caregivers and fragilities of public policies that determine the material and social conditions of the family.

Conclusion:

the synthesis of evidence on exposure factors favors the construction of measurement scales of the contextual elements related to the social emotional development of young children. Beyond the milestones, present or not, in the evaluation of a child, these technologies can be predictive, with great potential of anticipation of the factors of exposure and prevention of developmental dysfunctions.

DESCRIPTORS:
Infant; Child development; Developmental Disabilities; Child development disorders, pervasive; Pediatric nursing

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

sintetizar los factores relacionados con las disfunciones en el desarrollo socioemocional de los lactantes.

Método:

revisión integrativa realizada entre abril y agosto de 2016 con criterios definidos de inclusión y exclusión de los estudios, estrategias de búsqueda, extracción y síntesis de los datos. Los factores de exposición sufrieron análisis temáticos categorial y sistematización según los niveles del contexto (Microsistema, Mesosistema, Exossistema y Macrosistema) del modelo bioecológico de desarrollo humano.

Resultados:

en el contexto del Microsistema y Mesosistema, los factores encontrados fueron: limitaciones en el cuidado; adversidades en las relaciones familiares y en el apoyo social y situación de enfermedad de los cuidadores que influyen en los procesos proximales. En el Exossistema y en el Macrosistema, fueron: vulnerabilidades sociales de los cuidadores y fragilidades de las políticas públicas, que determinan las condiciones materiales y sociales de la familia.

Conclusión:

la síntesis de evidencias sobre los factores de exposición favorece la construcción de escalas de medida de los elementos contextuales relacionados al desarrollo socioemocional de niños pequeños. Mucho más allá de los marcos, presentes o no en la evaluación de un niño, esas tecnologías pueden ser predictivas, con gran potencial de anticipación de los factores de exposición y de prevención de las disfunciones en el desarrollo.

DESCRIPTORES:
Lactante; Desarrollo infantil; Discapacidades del desarrollo; Trastornos generalizados del desarrollo infantil; Enfermería pediátrica

INTRODUÇÃO

Desenvolvimento infantil pode ser definido como um processo de continuidade e mudança das características biopsicológicas da criança, a fim de adquirir novas competências que podem contribuir para sua sobrevivência e autonomia ao longo de sua vida.11. Bronfenbrenner U, Evans GW. Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Soc Dev [Internet]. 2000 Feb [cited 2016 Dec 02]; 9(1):115-25. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00114
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.001...
-22. Bronfenbrenner U, Morris PA. The Bioecological Model of Human Development. In: Damons W, Lerner RM, eds. Handbook of child psychology. 6th ed. New York: Wiley; 2006:793-828.Trata-se de um fenômeno que pode ser apreendido em diversos domínios inter-relacionados, nominados e organizados segundo as perspectivas diversas das abordagens dos estudiosos do tema.33. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Grantham-McGregor S, Black MM, Nelson CA, Huffman SL, et al. Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2016 Dec 02]; 378(9799):1325-38. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60555-2
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11...

Neste estudo, adota-se a conceituação de Bronfenbrenner e Morris22. Bronfenbrenner U, Morris PA. The Bioecological Model of Human Development. In: Damons W, Lerner RM, eds. Handbook of child psychology. 6th ed. New York: Wiley; 2006:793-828. que classificam o desenvolvimento segundo as habilidades ou competências intelectuais, físicas e socioemocionais, que podem se manifestar de forma combinada. Essas competências resultam de interações complexas entre elementos biopsicológicos (pessoais) e contextuais (ambientais) ao longo da vida da criança, e podem ser definidas como aquisições demonstradas por meio do desenvolvimento do conhecimento, habilidade ou capacidade de conduzir e dirigir os próprios comportamentos ao longo da vida.11. Bronfenbrenner U, Evans GW. Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Soc Dev [Internet]. 2000 Feb [cited 2016 Dec 02]; 9(1):115-25. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00114
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.001...

Assim, o desenvolvimento socioemocional é o processo de intersecção do desenvolvimento da criança nas perspectivas social e emocional e está relacionado à expressão da emoção em contextos sociais, nos desencadeadores sociais de expressões emocionais, na construção social da experiência e compreensão emocional, nas ramificações sociais das reações sociais, e nos efeitos da emoção no comportamento social.44. Thompson RA. Doing it with feeling: The emotion in early socioemotional development. Emot Rev [Internet]. 2015 Apr [cited 2016 Dec 03]; 7(1):121-5. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073914554777
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073914554...

Há uma convergência teórica de que os lactentes possuem padrões comuns de desenvolvimento socioemocional. No entanto, também se entende que, desde o final do período neonatal, eles apresentam personalidades e reações distintas, que refletem tanto suas características biopsicológicas como as ambientais, as interações da criança ou os seus relacionamentos sociais.22. Bronfenbrenner U, Morris PA. The Bioecological Model of Human Development. In: Damons W, Lerner RM, eds. Handbook of child psychology. 6th ed. New York: Wiley; 2006:793-828.,44. Thompson RA. Doing it with feeling: The emotion in early socioemotional development. Emot Rev [Internet]. 2015 Apr [cited 2016 Dec 03]; 7(1):121-5. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073914554777
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073914554...
As emoções, o temperamento e a confiança são fundamentos básicos do desenvolvimento socioemocional, que delinearão as primeiras experiências do lactente com os pais e as aquisições de competências do lactente nessa área.4 A partir desses fundamentos psicossociais, o desenvolvimento socioemocional pode ser apreendido pela avaliação de marcos do desenvolvimento a partir dos seguintes domínios: apego, competência social, competência emocional e autopercepção.55. Denham S, Wyatt T, Bassett H, Echeverria D, Knox S. Assessing social-emotional development in children from a longitudinal perspective. J Epidemiol Community Health [Internet]. 2009 Jan [cited 2016 Dec 03]; 63(Suppl 1):i37-i52. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.070797
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.070...

O desenvolvimento socioemocional está intimamente ligado ao desenvolvimento físico cerebral e às interações ou processos proximais vivenciados pelo lactente desde o nascimento.22. Bronfenbrenner U, Morris PA. The Bioecological Model of Human Development. In: Damons W, Lerner RM, eds. Handbook of child psychology. 6th ed. New York: Wiley; 2006:793-828.,66. Thompson RA. Development in the first years of life. Future Child [Internet]. 2001 Apr-Jun [cited 2016 Dec 03];11(1):21-33. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1602807
https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1602807...
Há evidências da influência da maturação neurológica no desenvolvimento socioemocional do lactente, que estão relacionadas a eventos fisiológicos.77. Shonkoff JP. Protecting brains, not simply stimulating minds. Science [Internet]. 2011 Aug [cited 2016 Dec 11]; 333(6045):982-83. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1206014
https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.12060...
O desenvolvimento da criança pequena, especificamente o domínio socioemocional, é amplamente condicionado por fatores de exposição relacionados ao contexto e cuidado recebido por parte dos cuidadores, que demonstram a condição de vulnerabilidade da criança em sofrer disfunções socioemocionais.88. Silva DI, Chiesa AM, Veríssimo MLOR, Mazza VA. Vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development: proposed analytical matrix. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Nov 15]; 47(6):1397-402. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000600021
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234201...

Este estudo parte do pressuposto de que o conhecimento desses fatores de exposição pode orientar a construção de tecnologias em saúde que promovam o cuidado e o desenvolvimento socioemocional,88. Silva DI, Chiesa AM, Veríssimo MLOR, Mazza VA. Vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development: proposed analytical matrix. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Nov 15]; 47(6):1397-402. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000600021
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234201...
pelo fortalecimento dos processos proximais, que são as formas específicas de interação entre a criança e o seu ambiente.11. Bronfenbrenner U, Evans GW. Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Soc Dev [Internet]. 2000 Feb [cited 2016 Dec 02]; 9(1):115-25. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00114
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.001...
-23. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Grantham-McGregor S, Black MM, Nelson CA, Huffman SL, et al. Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2016 Dec 02]; 378(9799):1325-38. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60555-2
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11...

O domínio do desenvolvimento socioemocional é um campo de potencial atuação do enfermeiro, que regularmente atende a criança desde o seu nascimento, por meio de consultas, ações de educação em saúde, visitas domiciliares, que demandam a construção de vínculos com os cuidadores.88. Silva DI, Chiesa AM, Veríssimo MLOR, Mazza VA. Vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development: proposed analytical matrix. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Nov 15]; 47(6):1397-402. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000600021
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234201...
Todavia, as tecnologias disponíveis para o monitoramento do desenvolvimento da criança, como escalas baseadas em marcos e sinais objetivos, estão fundamentadas nas habilidades da criança, mas podem considerar pouco os contextos que condicionam o seu processo de desenvolvimento.55. Denham S, Wyatt T, Bassett H, Echeverria D, Knox S. Assessing social-emotional development in children from a longitudinal perspective. J Epidemiol Community Health [Internet]. 2009 Jan [cited 2016 Dec 03]; 63(Suppl 1):i37-i52. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.070797
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.070...

Os profissionais de enfermagem podem utilizar instrumentos que identifiquem as condições de vulnerabilidade dos lactentes para sofrer prejuízos em seu desenvolvimento, a fim de propor intervenções que fortaleçam a proteção, estímulo, cuidado e construção de vínculos com a criança33. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Grantham-McGregor S, Black MM, Nelson CA, Huffman SL, et al. Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2016 Dec 02]; 378(9799):1325-38. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60555-2
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11...
,88. Silva DI, Chiesa AM, Veríssimo MLOR, Mazza VA. Vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development: proposed analytical matrix. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Nov 15]; 47(6):1397-402. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000600021
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234201...
e que produzam resultados positivos no desenvolvimento socioemocional.22. Bronfenbrenner U, Morris PA. The Bioecological Model of Human Development. In: Damons W, Lerner RM, eds. Handbook of child psychology. 6th ed. New York: Wiley; 2006:793-828.,44. Thompson RA. Doing it with feeling: The emotion in early socioemotional development. Emot Rev [Internet]. 2015 Apr [cited 2016 Dec 03]; 7(1):121-5. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073914554777
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073914554...
Dessa forma, a síntese dos fatores relacionados às disfunções no desenvolvimento socioemocional, proposta nesta revisão, pode auxiliar os profissionais de enfermagem a monitorar o desenvolvimento socioemocional do lactente para além do desempenho momentâneo, e estabelecer prioridades de assistência de acordo com as suas reais necessidades em saúde.88. Silva DI, Chiesa AM, Veríssimo MLOR, Mazza VA. Vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development: proposed analytical matrix. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Nov 15]; 47(6):1397-402. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000600021
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234201...

Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo sintetizar os fatores relacionados às disfunções no desenvolvimento socioemocional dos lactentes.

MÉTODO

Revisão integrativa, a partir da questão de pesquisa: “Quais fatores de exposição estão relacionados com as disfunções no desenvolvimento socioemocional dos lactentes?” Foram seguidos os passos metodológicos: definição dos critérios de inclusão dos estudos (participantes, fatores de exposição, desfechos e tipos de estudos, definição das estratégias de busca, extração e síntese dos dados), buscando a clareza e o rigor necessários ao estudo.9

Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos sobre crianças de zero a dois anos de idade, bem como estudos com crianças em idades pré-escolar ou escolar, cuja exposição aos elementos condicionantes se deu no período de zero a dois anos, e seu desfecho tenha sido medido a posteriori. Como fatores de exposição, foram estabelecidos comportamentos, ações e atividades ligadas ao cuidado da criança e às questões contextuais, socioeconômicas, políticas e culturais relacionadas às ações de cuidado. Como desfechos, foram escolhidos sinais de disfunções no desenvolvimento socioemocional por meio do estudo dos domínios: apego, competência social, competência emocional e autopercepção. Foram incluídos estudos que adotaram qualquer tipo de avaliação da criança, como escalas de desenvolvimento, ou outros testes ou avaliações específicos que possibilitam diagnósticos ou classificações de disfunção socioemocional somente.

Os tipos de estudos da amostra final foram estudos originais observacionais longitudinais de coorte ou caso-controle, ou transversais; quase experimentais, ou qualitativos exploratórios, teóricos, etnográficos, pesquisa-ação, ou estudo de caso.

A busca, realizada entre abril e agosto de 2016, teve como estratégias: estudos publicados em inglês, português e espanhol; no período de 2011-2015 (cinco anos retrospectivos); nas bases ou portais: PubMed (US National Library of Medicine National Institutes Database Search of Health); CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature); LILACS (Latin-American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information); Web of Science; SCOPUS; ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) e PsycNET.

Para garantir a busca mais focal e específica, considerando a necessidade de identificação dos fatores de exposição, foram utilizadas as seguintes palavras-chave: [“emotional development” OR “emotional and social development” OR “social-emotional development” OR “socioemotional development”]. Cada base de dado ou portal teve a sua própria estratégia de busca estabelecida e validada por uma bibliotecária.

Os artigos selecionados após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, mediante leitura dos resumos, foram lidos na íntegra. Os dados extraídos dos artigos foram organizados numa planilha com informações como idade do participante, classificação do participante segundo o Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), fator(es) de exposição encontrado(s), desfecho(s): domínios do desenvolvimento socioemocional (DSE),55. Denham S, Wyatt T, Bassett H, Echeverria D, Knox S. Assessing social-emotional development in children from a longitudinal perspective. J Epidemiol Community Health [Internet]. 2009 Jan [cited 2016 Dec 03]; 63(Suppl 1):i37-i52. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.070797
https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2007.070...
número da referência, base de dados/portal, localização na base de dados, ano de publicação, referência, tipo de estudo, objetivo e natureza do mesmo.

Para a síntese dos dados, os fatores de exposição foram submetidos à análise temática categorial1010. Bardin L. Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70;2010. e sistematizados segundo os níveis do contexto (Microssistema, Mesossistema, Exossistema e Macrossistema) descritos no Modelo Bioecológico de Desenvolvimento Humano.11. Bronfenbrenner U, Evans GW. Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Soc Dev [Internet]. 2000 Feb [cited 2016 Dec 02]; 9(1):115-25. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00114
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.001...
-22. Bronfenbrenner U, Morris PA. The Bioecological Model of Human Development. In: Damons W, Lerner RM, eds. Handbook of child psychology. 6th ed. New York: Wiley; 2006:793-828. Assim, as categorias foram elaboradas a partir dos dados e refletem os fatores que condicionam o desenvolvimento socioemocional do lactente. São elas: limitações no cuidado; adversidades nas relações familiares e no apoio social e situação de adoecimento dos cuidadores, que estão presentes no Microssistema e Mesossistema; vulnerabilidades sociais dos cuidadores e fragilidades de políticas e programas, que se localizam no Exossistema e o Macrossistema.22. Bronfenbrenner U, Morris PA. The Bioecological Model of Human Development. In: Damons W, Lerner RM, eds. Handbook of child psychology. 6th ed. New York: Wiley; 2006:793-828.

RESULTADOS

Na busca inicial, foram identificados 652 artigos, os quais foram tabulados na plataforma Endnote®. Essa tabulação permitiu eliminar 111 artigos repetidos em mais de uma base de dado/portal, restando 541 artigos para a leitura flutuante dos títulos e resumos. Nessa leitura, foram excluídos 429 artigos que não contemplavam os critérios de inclusão definidos. Dessa forma, a amostra final de artigos incluídos para a extração dos dados foi de 109 artigos. Os resultados desse passo metodológico estão detalhados na Tabela 1.

Tabela 1 -
Número de artigos recuperados, excluídos por repetição e pela leitura flutuante, e incluídos na amostra final para a extração de dados. São Paulo, SP, 2016. (n=652)

A Tabela 2 mostra a distribuição dos estudos segundo seu objetivo e natureza metodológica. A maioria absoluta dos estudos é de natureza quantitativa e de estudos observacionais longitudinais e transversais.

Tabela 2
Distribuição e indicação das referências bibliográficas dos estudos incluídos na amostra final, segundo o tipo. São Paulo, SP, 2016. (n=109)

A Tabela 3 apresenta o perfil dos participantes dos estudos e evidencia que a maioria das investigações focou a medida dos desfechos em crianças menores de cinco anos. Todavia, muitos estudos mediram seus desfechos até a adolescência.

Tabela 3 -
Distribuição dos estudos incluídos na amostra final segundo os participantes, e classificados conforme o Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). São Paulo, SP, 2016.

Na Tabela 4, são apresentados os desfechos investigados nos estudos incluídos na amostra final os agrupamentos realizados.5 Os resultados mostram que, a maioria dos estudos é focada em investiga os desfechos de competências social e emocional, e os domínios mais estudados do desenvolvimento socioemocional.

Tabela 4 -
Distribuição dos estudos incluídos na amostra final, segundo os desfechos. São Paulo, SP, 2016.

A leitura integral dos artigos incluídos permitiu a extração dos fatores de exposição que foram categorizados e sistematizados segundo os níveis do contexto, conforme o Modelo Bioecológico. Dentro do contexto do Microssistema e Mesossistema, estão presentes os fatores relacionados ao comportamento e condições biopsicossociais dos cuidadores da criança.

A categoria “Limitações no cuidado” se refere às ações dos cuidadores em relação à criança quanto a sua proteção, interação e relações afetuosas. Nessa categoria, os fatores de exposição foram: Dificuldades na interação com a criança, 1313. Guedeney A, Pingault J, Thorr A, Larroque B. Social withdrawal at 1 year is associated with emotional and behavioural problems at 3 and 5 years: the Eden mother-child cohort study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2014 Jan [cited 2016 Jun 13]; 23(12):1181-8. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0513-8
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-05...
,1515. Nash J. Maternal Sensitivity in Mother-Infant Interactions for Infants with and without Prenatal Alcohol Exposure [Doctor of Philosophy]. University of Washington; [Internet]. 2013 Jul [cited 2016 Jun 14]. Available from: Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/23370
http://hdl.handle.net/1773/23370...
-1616. Popp T, Wilcox M. Capturing the Complexity of Parent-Provider Relationships in Early Intervention. Infants Young Child [Internet]. 2012 Jul-Sep [cited 2016 Jun 14]; 25(3):213-31. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0b013e318258c63a
https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0b013e318...
,1818. Aubrey C, Ward K. Early years practitioners’ views on early personal, social and emotional development. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties [Internet]. 2013 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 15]; 18(4):435-47. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2013.807541
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2013...
,2020. Bornstein M, Putnick D. Cognitive and socioemotional caregiving in developing countries. Child Dev [Internet]. 2012 Jan [cited 2016 Jun 15]; 83(1):46-61. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01673.x
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2...
,2727. Briggs R, Silver E, Krug L, Mason Z, Schrag R, Chinitz S, et al. Healthy Steps as a moderator: the impact of maternal trauma on child social-emotional development. Clin Pract Pediatr Psychol [Internet]. 2014 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 16]; 2(2):166-75. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cpp0000060
https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cpp0000060...
,3232. Kim P, Feldman R, Mayes L, Eicher V, Thompson N, Leckman J, et al. Breastfeeding, brain activation to own infant cry, and maternal sensitivity. J Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2011 Apr [cited 2016 Jun 22]; 52(8):907-15. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02406.x
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2...
,3535. Pearson R, Heron J, Melotti R, Joinson C, Stein A, Ramchandani P, et al. The association between observed non-verbal maternal responses at 12 months and later infant development at 18 months and IQ at 4 years: A Observacional longitudinal study. Infant Behav Dev [Internet]. 2011 Dec [cited 2016 Jun 20]; 34(4):525-33. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.07.003
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A categoria “Situação de adoecimento dos cuidadores” se refere às condições de saúde-doença que podem prejudicar a capacidade dos cuidadores em estabelecer vínculos e oferecer relações afetivas. Nessa categoria, os fatores de exposição foram: presença de depressão e estresse dos cuidadores, 1414. Mason Z, Briggs R, Silver E. Maternal attachment feelings mediate between maternal reports of depression, infant social-emotional development, and parenting stress. J Reprod Infant Psychol [Internet]. 2011 Nov [cited 2016 Jun 13]; 29(4):382-94. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2011.629994
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,4343. Maas A, Vreeswijk C, Cock E, Rijk C, Van Bakel H. “Expectant Parents”: study protocol of a Observational longitudinal study concerning prenatal (risk) factors and postnatal infant development, parenting, and parent-infant relationships. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth [Internet]. 2012 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 23]; 12(1):46. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-12-46
https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-12-...
,4646. Baibazarova E, Van de Beek C, Cohen-Kettenis P, Buitelaar J, Shelton K, van Goozen S. Influence of prenatal maternal stress, maternal plasma cortisol and cortisol in the amniotic fluid on birth outcomes and child temperament at 3 months. Psychoneuroendocrinology [Internet]. 2013 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 23]; 38(6):907-15. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.015
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.20...
,4848. Koutra K, Chatzi L, Bagkeris M, Vassilaki M, Bitsios P, Kogevinas M. Antenatal and postnatal maternal mental health as determinants of infant neurodevelopment at 18 months of age in a mother-child cohort (Rhea Study) in Crete, Greece. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol [Internet]. 2012 Dec [cited 2016 Jun 23]; 48(8):1335-45. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0636-0
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-06...
,5151. Palmer F, Anand K, Graff J, Murphy L, Qu Y, Völgyi E et al. Early adversity, socioemotional development, and stress in urban 1-year-old children. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Jun 23]; 163(6):1733-9. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.08.030
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013....
-5252. Forssman L, Peltola M, Yrttiaho S, Puura K, Mononen N, Lehtimäki T et al. Regulatory variant of the TPH2 gene and early life stress are associated with heightened attention to social signals of fear in infants. J Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Jun 23]; 55(7):793-801. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12181
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12181...
,5757. Tran T, Biggs B, Tran T, Simpson J, Mello M, Hanieh S, et al. Perinatal common mental disorders among women and the social and emotional development of their infants in rural Vietnam. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2014 May [cited 2016 Jun 24]; 160:104-12. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.034
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.12...
,6464. Lenze S, Rodgers J, Luby J. A pilot, exploratory report on dyadic interpersonal psychotherapy for perinatal depression. Arch Womens Ment Health [Internet]. 2015 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 25]; 18(3):485-91. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-015-0503-6
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-015-05...
-6565. Muzik M, Rosenblum K, Alfafara E, Schuster M, Miller N, Waddell R, et al. Mom Power: preliminary outcomes of a group intervention to improve mental health and parenting among high-risk mothers. Arch Womens Ment Health [Internet]. 2015 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 25]; 18(3):507-21. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-014-0490-z
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-014-04...
,6868. Sampaio A, Lifter K. Neurosciences of infant mental health development: recent findings and implications for counseling psychology. J Couns Psychol [Internet]. 2014 Oct [cited 2016 Jun 25]; 61(4):513-20. Available from: Available from: http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cou0000035
http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cou00...
,7070. Woodward L, Bora S, Clark C, Montgomery-Hönger A, Pritchard V, Spencer C et al. Very preterm birth: maternal experiences of the neonatal intensive care environment. J Perinatol [Internet]. 2014 Jul [cited 2016 Jun 25]; 34(7):555-61. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jp.2014.43
https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jp.2014.43...
,8585. Meiser S, Zietlow A, Reck C, Träuble B. The impact of postpartum depression and anxiety disorders on children’s processing of facial emotional expressions at pre-school age. Arch Womens Ment Health [Internet]. 2015 Oct [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 18(5):707-16. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-015-0519-y
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-015-05...
,100100. Melchior M, Hersi R, Van Der Waerden J, Larroque B, Saurel-Cubizolles M, Chollet A, et al. Maternal tobacco smoking in pregnancy and children’s socio emotional development at age 5: The EDEN mother-child birth cohort study. Eur Psychiatry [Internet]. 2015 Jul [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 30(5):562-8. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.03.005
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015...
,103103. Wade C. The Observacional longitudinal effects of after-school program experiences, quantity, and regulatable features on children’s social-emotional development. Child Youth Serv Rev [Internet]. 2015 Jan [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 48:70-9. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.12.007
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth....
agravo nutricional durante o pré-natal3838. Black M, Quigg A, Hurley K, Pepper M. Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in the first two years of life: strategies to prevent loss of developmental potential. Nutr Rev [Internet]. 2011 Oct [cited 2016 Jun 22]; 69: S64-S70. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00435.x
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2...
e dependência química dos cuidadores. 1515. Nash J. Maternal Sensitivity in Mother-Infant Interactions for Infants with and without Prenatal Alcohol Exposure [Doctor of Philosophy]. University of Washington; [Internet]. 2013 Jul [cited 2016 Jun 14]. Available from: Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/23370
http://hdl.handle.net/1773/23370...
,1818. Aubrey C, Ward K. Early years practitioners’ views on early personal, social and emotional development. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties [Internet]. 2013 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 15]; 18(4):435-47. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2013.807541
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2013...
,3636. Weitzman C, Edmonds D, Davagnino J, Briggs-Gowan M. The association between parent worry and young childrenʼs social-emotional functioning. J Dev Behav Pediatr [Internet]. 2011 Nov-Dec [cited 2016 Jun 21]; 32(9):660-7. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e31822bc76b
https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e318...
,6060. Clarkson Freeman P. Prevalence and relationship between adverse childhood experiences and child behavior among young children. Infant Ment Health J [Internet]. 2014 Sep [cited 2016 Jun 25]; 35(6):544-54. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21460
https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21460...
,9797. Ranta J, Raitasalo K. Disorders of cognitive and emotional development in children of mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric disorders. Nord Stud Alcohol Dr [Internet]. 2015 Dec [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 32(6);591-604. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2015-0056
https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2015-005...
,100100. Melchior M, Hersi R, Van Der Waerden J, Larroque B, Saurel-Cubizolles M, Chollet A, et al. Maternal tobacco smoking in pregnancy and children’s socio emotional development at age 5: The EDEN mother-child birth cohort study. Eur Psychiatry [Internet]. 2015 Jul [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 30(5):562-8. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.03.005
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015...
,106106. Niclasen J, Andersen A, Strandberg-Larsen K, Teasdale T. Is alcohol binge drinking in early and late pregnancy associated with behavioural and emotional development at age 7 years? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2014 Dec [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 23(12):1175-80. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0511-x
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-05...

A categoria “Adversidades nas relações familiares e no apoio social” revela as dificuldades das relações familiares vivenciadas pelos cuidadores e as restrições na rede social de apoio que podem prejudicar a oferta de cuidados à criança. Nessa categoria, os fatores de exposição foram: separação da criança de seus pais,6868. Sampaio A, Lifter K. Neurosciences of infant mental health development: recent findings and implications for counseling psychology. J Couns Psychol [Internet]. 2014 Oct [cited 2016 Jun 25]; 61(4):513-20. Available from: Available from: http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cou0000035
http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cou00...
,8282. Lee D, Mc Lanahan S. Family structure transitions and child development: instability, selection, and population heterogeneity. Am Sociol Rev [Internet]. 2015 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 80(4):738-63. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122415592129
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122415592...
instabilidade familiar,2525. Wu J, Chiang T. Family structure transitions and early childhood development in Taiwan: Evidence from a population-based birth cohort study. Int J Behav Dev [Internet]. 2014 Aug [cited 2016 Jun 16];39(3):275-84. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025414544230
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025414544...
,7474. Bratsch-Hines M, Mokrova I, Vernon-Feagans L. Child care instability from 6 to 36 months and the social adjustment of children in prekindergarten. ‎Early Child Res Q [Internet]. 2015 Apr [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 30:106-16. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.09.002
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2014...
família monoparental, 1313. Guedeney A, Pingault J, Thorr A, Larroque B. Social withdrawal at 1 year is associated with emotional and behavioural problems at 3 and 5 years: the Eden mother-child cohort study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2014 Jan [cited 2016 Jun 13]; 23(12):1181-8. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0513-8
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-05...
,2929. Brophy-Herb H, Bocknek E, Vallotton C, Stansbury K, Senehi N, Dalimonte-Merckling D, et al. Toddlers with early behavioral problems at higher family demographic risk benefit the most from maternal emotion talk. J Dev Behav Pediatr[Internet]. 2015 Sep [cited 2016 Jun 20]; 36(7):512-20. Available from: Available from: http://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2015&issue=09000&article=00005&type=abstract
http://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/pages/ar...
,3636. Weitzman C, Edmonds D, Davagnino J, Briggs-Gowan M. The association between parent worry and young childrenʼs social-emotional functioning. J Dev Behav Pediatr [Internet]. 2011 Nov-Dec [cited 2016 Jun 21]; 32(9):660-7. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e31822bc76b
https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e318...
,5050. Saleem H, Surkan P. Parental pregnancy wantedness and child social-emotional development. Matern Child Health J [Internet]. 2013 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 23];18(4):930-8. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1320-z
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-13...
,5656. Huhtala M, Korja R, Lehtonen L, Haataja L, Lapinleimu H, Rautava P. Associations between parental psychological well-being and socio emotional development in 5-year-old preterm children. Early Hum. Dev [Internet]. 2014 Mar [cited 2016 Jun 24]; 90(3):119-24. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.12.009
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev....
,8080. Kohrt BK, Barrueco S, Pérez CP. Domestic violence as a threat to maternal and child well-being in an urban migrant community in Peru. Rev Panam Salud Publica. [Internet]. 2015 May [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 37(4/5):265-72. Available from: Available from: http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v37n4-5/v37n4-5a12.pdf
http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v37n4-5...
,8484. Lewin A, Mitchell S, Waters D, Hodgkinson S, Southammakosane C, Gilmore J. The protective effects of father involvement for infants of teen mothers with depressive symptoms. Matern Child Health J [Internet]. 2014 Aug [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 19(5):1016-23. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-014-1600-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-014-1600-...
,8989. Panico L, Webb E, Becares L. exploring household dynamics: the reciprocal effects of parent and child characteristics. Longit Life Course Stud [Internet]. 2014 Jan [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 5(1):42-55. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v5i1.259
https://dx.doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v5i1.25...
,9494. Sierau S, Lehmann E, Jungmann T. Fathers in disadvantaged families: the importance of parental self-efficacy and partnership satisfaction for infants’ development and mothers’ interactive style. Fam Sci [Internet]. 2011 Dec [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 2(2):76-86. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19424620.2011.639141
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19424620.2011...
,9797. Ranta J, Raitasalo K. Disorders of cognitive and emotional development in children of mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric disorders. Nord Stud Alcohol Dr [Internet]. 2015 Dec [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 32(6);591-604. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2015-0056
https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nsad-2015-005...
,103103. Wade C. The Observacional longitudinal effects of after-school program experiences, quantity, and regulatable features on children’s social-emotional development. Child Youth Serv Rev [Internet]. 2015 Jan [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 48:70-9. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.12.007
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth....
,108108. Baker C. Fathers’ and mothers’ home literacy involvement and children’s cognitive and social emotional development: implications for family literacy programs. ‎Appl Dev Sci [Internet]. 2013 Oct [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 17(4):184-97. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2013.836034
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2013...
,115115. Jackson A, Preston K, Thomas C. Single mothers, nonresident fathers, and preschoolers’ socioemotional development: social support, psychological well-being, and parenting quality. J Soc Serv Res [Internet]. 2013 Jan [cited 2016 Jun 28]; 39(1):129-40. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2012.723241
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2012...
não aceitação da gravidez,3434. Pitzer M, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Esser G, Schmidt M, Laucht M. Prediction of preadolescent depressive symptoms from child temperament, maternal distress, and gender: results of a prospective, observacional longitudinal study. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2011; 32(1):18-26.,5050. Saleem H, Surkan P. Parental pregnancy wantedness and child social-emotional development. Matern Child Health J [Internet]. 2013 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 23];18(4):930-8. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1320-z
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-13...
cuidadores em situação de detenção ou cumprimento de pena,3636. Weitzman C, Edmonds D, Davagnino J, Briggs-Gowan M. The association between parent worry and young childrenʼs social-emotional functioning. J Dev Behav Pediatr [Internet]. 2011 Nov-Dec [cited 2016 Jun 21]; 32(9):660-7. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e31822bc76b
https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e318...
criminalidade/delinquência dos cuidadores,3434. Pitzer M, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Esser G, Schmidt M, Laucht M. Prediction of preadolescent depressive symptoms from child temperament, maternal distress, and gender: results of a prospective, observacional longitudinal study. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2011; 32(1):18-26.,6060. Clarkson Freeman P. Prevalence and relationship between adverse childhood experiences and child behavior among young children. Infant Ment Health J [Internet]. 2014 Sep [cited 2016 Jun 25]; 35(6):544-54. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21460
https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21460...
,6565. Muzik M, Rosenblum K, Alfafara E, Schuster M, Miller N, Waddell R, et al. Mom Power: preliminary outcomes of a group intervention to improve mental health and parenting among high-risk mothers. Arch Womens Ment Health [Internet]. 2015 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 25]; 18(3):507-21. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-014-0490-z
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-014-04...
conflito marital, 4949. Graham A, Fisher P, Pfeifer J. What sleeping babies hear: a functional MRI study of interparental conflict and infants’ emotion processing. Psychol Sci [Internet]. 2013 Mar [cited 2016 Jun 23]; 24(5):782-9. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612458803
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612458...
,6161. Frankel L, Umemura T, Jacobvitz D, Hazen N. Marital conflict and parental responses to infant negative emotions: Relations with toddler emotional regulation. Infant Behav Dev [Internet]. 2015 Aug [cited 2016 Jun 25]; 40:73-83. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.03.004
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2015...
,6868. Sampaio A, Lifter K. Neurosciences of infant mental health development: recent findings and implications for counseling psychology. J Couns Psychol [Internet]. 2014 Oct [cited 2016 Jun 25]; 61(4):513-20. Available from: Available from: http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cou0000035
http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/cou00...
,8282. Lee D, Mc Lanahan S. Family structure transitions and child development: instability, selection, and population heterogeneity. Am Sociol Rev [Internet]. 2015 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 80(4):738-63. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122415592129
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122415592...
presença de violência doméstica contra os cuidadores, 1717. Olusegun E. Domestic violence, risky family environment and children: A bio-psychology perspective. Int J Psychol Couns [Internet]. 2014 Sep [cited 2016 Jun 15]; 6(8):107-18. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJPC2014.0275
https://dx.doi.org/10.5897/IJPC2014.0275...
,2323. Holmes M. The sleeper effect of intimate partner violence exposure: long-term consequences on young children’s aggressive behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2013 Mar [cited 2016 Jun 15]; 54(9):986-95. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12071
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12071...
,3434. Pitzer M, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Esser G, Schmidt M, Laucht M. Prediction of preadolescent depressive symptoms from child temperament, maternal distress, and gender: results of a prospective, observacional longitudinal study. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2011; 32(1):18-26.,3636. Weitzman C, Edmonds D, Davagnino J, Briggs-Gowan M. The association between parent worry and young childrenʼs social-emotional functioning. J Dev Behav Pediatr [Internet]. 2011 Nov-Dec [cited 2016 Jun 21]; 32(9):660-7. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e31822bc76b
https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e318...
,5858. Ahlfs-Dunn S, Huth-Bocks A. Intimate partner violence and infant socioemotional development: the moderating effects of maternal trauma symptoms. Infant Ment Health [Internet]. 2014 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 24]; 35(4):322-35. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21453
https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21453...
,6565. Muzik M, Rosenblum K, Alfafara E, Schuster M, Miller N, Waddell R, et al. Mom Power: preliminary outcomes of a group intervention to improve mental health and parenting among high-risk mothers. Arch Womens Ment Health [Internet]. 2015 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 25]; 18(3):507-21. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-014-0490-z
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-014-04...
,8080. Kohrt BK, Barrueco S, Pérez CP. Domestic violence as a threat to maternal and child well-being in an urban migrant community in Peru. Rev Panam Salud Publica. [Internet]. 2015 May [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 37(4/5):265-72. Available from: Available from: http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v37n4-5/v37n4-5a12.pdf
http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v37n4-5...
e não adesão ao pré-natal.5959. Pillhofer M, Spangler G, Bovenschen I, Kuenster A, Gabler S, Fallon B et al. Pilot study of a program delivered within the regular service system in Germany: Effect of a short-term attachment-based intervention on maternal sensitivity in mothers at risk for child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse Negl [Internet]. 2015 Apr [cited 2016 Jun 24]; 42:163-73. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.07.007
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014...

Dentro do contexto do Exossistema e Macrossistema, estão presentes os fatores relacionados às condições socioculturais, socioeconômicas e político-programáticas que condicionam o cuidado infantil. A categoria “Vulnerabilidades sociais dos cuidadores” está relacionada com as precariedades nas questões socioeconômicas, que garantem o sustento material da criança, e desigualdades nas questões socioculturais dos cuidadores que determinam sua autonomia e empoderamento no cuidado infantil. Nessa categoria, os fatores de exposição foram: ausência de autonomia/empoderamento devido à condição de adolescente, 2929. Brophy-Herb H, Bocknek E, Vallotton C, Stansbury K, Senehi N, Dalimonte-Merckling D, et al. Toddlers with early behavioral problems at higher family demographic risk benefit the most from maternal emotion talk. J Dev Behav Pediatr[Internet]. 2015 Sep [cited 2016 Jun 20]; 36(7):512-20. Available from: Available from: http://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2015&issue=09000&article=00005&type=abstract
http://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/pages/ar...
,3636. Weitzman C, Edmonds D, Davagnino J, Briggs-Gowan M. The association between parent worry and young childrenʼs social-emotional functioning. J Dev Behav Pediatr [Internet]. 2011 Nov-Dec [cited 2016 Jun 21]; 32(9):660-7. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e31822bc76b
https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e318...
,8484. Lewin A, Mitchell S, Waters D, Hodgkinson S, Southammakosane C, Gilmore J. The protective effects of father involvement for infants of teen mothers with depressive symptoms. Matern Child Health J [Internet]. 2014 Aug [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 19(5):1016-23. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-014-1600-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-014-1600-...
ausência de autonomia/empoderamento devido à condição étnica, 2323. Holmes M. The sleeper effect of intimate partner violence exposure: long-term consequences on young children’s aggressive behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatr [Internet]. 2013 Mar [cited 2016 Jun 15]; 54(9):986-95. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12071
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12071...
,5151. Palmer F, Anand K, Graff J, Murphy L, Qu Y, Völgyi E et al. Early adversity, socioemotional development, and stress in urban 1-year-old children. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Jun 23]; 163(6):1733-9. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.08.030
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013....
,8080. Kohrt BK, Barrueco S, Pérez CP. Domestic violence as a threat to maternal and child well-being in an urban migrant community in Peru. Rev Panam Salud Publica. [Internet]. 2015 May [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 37(4/5):265-72. Available from: Available from: http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v37n4-5/v37n4-5a12.pdf
http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v37n4-5...
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A categoria “Fragilidades de políticas e programas” mostra a forma que as políticas e ações governamentais estão propostas e formatadas para atender às necessidades da criança. Nessa categoria, os fatores de exposição foram: limitações de programas nutricionais,3131. Chang S, Wang L, Wang Y, Brouwer I, Kok F, Lozoff B, et al. Iron-deficiency anemia in infancy and social emotional development in preschool-aged chinese children. Pediatrics[Internet]. 2011 Apr [cited 2016 Jun 21]; 127(4):e927-33. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1659
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,7272. Bernal R, Fernández C. Subsidized childcare and child development in Colombia: Effects of “Hogares Comunitarios de Bienestar” as a function of timing and length of exposure. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2013 Nov [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 97:241-9. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.10.029
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,7878. Huang J, Sherraden M, Purnell J. Impacts of Child Development Accounts on maternal depressive symptoms: Evidence from a randomized statewide policy experiment. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2014 Jul [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 112:30-8. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.023
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serviços educacionais inadequados. 7474. Bratsch-Hines M, Mokrova I, Vernon-Feagans L. Child care instability from 6 to 36 months and the social adjustment of children in prekindergarten. ‎Early Child Res Q [Internet]. 2015 Apr [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 30:106-16. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.09.002
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https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2014...

DISCUSSÃO

A categoria “Limitações no cuidado” representa a forma e a qualidade do cuidado e interações ofertadas ao lactente1515. Nash J. Maternal Sensitivity in Mother-Infant Interactions for Infants with and without Prenatal Alcohol Exposure [Doctor of Philosophy]. University of Washington; [Internet]. 2013 Jul [cited 2016 Jun 14]. Available from: Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1773/23370
http://hdl.handle.net/1773/23370...
-1616. Popp T, Wilcox M. Capturing the Complexity of Parent-Provider Relationships in Early Intervention. Infants Young Child [Internet]. 2012 Jul-Sep [cited 2016 Jun 14]; 25(3):213-31. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0b013e318258c63a
https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0b013e318...
,118118. Razza R, Martin A, Brooks-Gunn J. Anger and Children’s Socioemotional Development: Can Parenting Elicit a Positive Side to a Negative Emotion? J Child Fam Stud [Internet]. 2012 Oct [cited 2016 Jun 28]; 21(5):845-56. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9545-1
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-95...
assim como a proteção necessária por parte dos cuidadores. 3636. Weitzman C, Edmonds D, Davagnino J, Briggs-Gowan M. The association between parent worry and young childrenʼs social-emotional functioning. J Dev Behav Pediatr [Internet]. 2011 Nov-Dec [cited 2016 Jun 21]; 32(9):660-7. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e31822bc76b
https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e318...
,4242. Kaldoja M, Kolk A. Social-emotional behaviour in infants and toddlers with mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj [Internet]. 2012 Feb [cited 2016 Jun 23]; 26(7-8):1005-13. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2012.660516
https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2012...
,6262. Kaldoja M, Kolk A. Does gender matter? Differences in social-emotional behavior among infants and toddlers before and after mild traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study. J Child Neurol [Internet]. 2014 Aug [cited 2016 Jun 25]; 30(7):860-7. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073814544705
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073814544...
O cuidado e a proteção dentro de um contexto mais proximal (Microssistema e Mesossistema), no qual se desencadeia o processo de desenvolvimento humano, influem diretamente na regularidade na forma e duração dos processos proximais com a criança, o que traz consequências nos resultados do desenvolvimento socioemocional.11. Bronfenbrenner U, Evans GW. Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Soc Dev [Internet]. 2000 Feb [cited 2016 Dec 02]; 9(1):115-25. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00114
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.001...
-22. Bronfenbrenner U, Morris PA. The Bioecological Model of Human Development. In: Damons W, Lerner RM, eds. Handbook of child psychology. 6th ed. New York: Wiley; 2006:793-828. Deve-se compreender que a forma do cuidado e da proteção da família/cuidadores sofrem influência da cultura local110110. Bowie B, Carrere S, Cooke C, Valdivia G, McAllister B, Doohan E. The role of culture in parents’ socialization of children’s emotional development. West J Nurs Res [Internet]. 2011 Jun [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 35(4):514-33. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945911411494
https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945911411...
e das formas de organização democrática ou de poder em que estão inseridos.4747. Aracena M, Krause M, Pérez J, Bedregal P, Undurraga C, Alamo N. Efectos de mediano plazo de un programa de intervención para madres adolescentes. Aten Primaria [Internet]. 2013 Mar [cited 2016 Jun 23]; 45(3):157-64. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2012.09.017
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2012....

Na categoria “Situação de adoecimento dos cuidadores”, os fatores de exposição expressam as condições de saúde-doença dos pais/cuidadores e são caracterizados pela presença de transtornos psíquicos,1414. Mason Z, Briggs R, Silver E. Maternal attachment feelings mediate between maternal reports of depression, infant social-emotional development, and parenting stress. J Reprod Infant Psychol [Internet]. 2011 Nov [cited 2016 Jun 13]; 29(4):382-94. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2011.629994
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2011...
,3333. Shah P, Muzik M, Rosenblum K. Optimizing the early parent-child relationship: windows of opportunity for parents and pediatricians. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care [Internet]. 2011 Aug [cited 2016 Jun 22]; 41(7):183-7. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2011.02.002
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2011...
,5959. Pillhofer M, Spangler G, Bovenschen I, Kuenster A, Gabler S, Fallon B et al. Pilot study of a program delivered within the regular service system in Germany: Effect of a short-term attachment-based intervention on maternal sensitivity in mothers at risk for child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse Negl [Internet]. 2015 Apr [cited 2016 Jun 24]; 42:163-73. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.07.007
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014...
além de outros agravos.3838. Black M, Quigg A, Hurley K, Pepper M. Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in the first two years of life: strategies to prevent loss of developmental potential. Nutr Rev [Internet]. 2011 Oct [cited 2016 Jun 22]; 69: S64-S70. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00435.x
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2...
Tais fatores são sinalizadores da insuficiência nas ações de cuidado, que podem provocar precariedade nos processos proximais e gerar disfunções.22. Bronfenbrenner U, Morris PA. The Bioecological Model of Human Development. In: Damons W, Lerner RM, eds. Handbook of child psychology. 6th ed. New York: Wiley; 2006:793-828.

Essas condições de saúde indicam como os cuidadores são aptos, no ponto de vista da saúde, a prestar um cuidado de qualidade para a criança. A presença de agravos mentais está relacionada com menor grau de afetividade para a criança, assim como com a construção de vínculos mais frágeis.3333. Shah P, Muzik M, Rosenblum K. Optimizing the early parent-child relationship: windows of opportunity for parents and pediatricians. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care [Internet]. 2011 Aug [cited 2016 Jun 22]; 41(7):183-7. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2011.02.002
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2011...
,5959. Pillhofer M, Spangler G, Bovenschen I, Kuenster A, Gabler S, Fallon B et al. Pilot study of a program delivered within the regular service system in Germany: Effect of a short-term attachment-based intervention on maternal sensitivity in mothers at risk for child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse Negl [Internet]. 2015 Apr [cited 2016 Jun 24]; 42:163-73. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.07.007
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014...
Tais condições, muitas vezes, refletem condições socioculturais que impõem para a mulher uma carga muito grande para ser suportada, como a condição de ser gestante e ter que trabalhar fora, ou suportar condições de violência doméstica e outras adversidades, como a convivência com o narcotráfico e a drogadição. Tais situações adversas podem provocar limitações no cuidado e na promoção do desenvolvimento infantil, devido à pouca interação e atividades de estímulos. 8787. Milteer R, Ginsburg K, Mulligan D. The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bond: focus on children in poverty. Pediatrics. [Internet]. 2012 Jan [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 129(1):e204-e213. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2953
https://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-295...
,103103. Wade C. The Observacional longitudinal effects of after-school program experiences, quantity, and regulatable features on children’s social-emotional development. Child Youth Serv Rev [Internet]. 2015 Jan [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 48:70-9. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.12.007
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth....
,120120. Silva DI, Maftum MA, Mazza VA. Vulnerability in child development: influence of weak family bonds, substance abuse and domestic violence. Texto Contexto Enferm[Internet]. 2014 Out-Dec [cited 2016 Dec 15]; 23(4):1087-94. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014001700013
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014...

A categoria “Adversidades nas relações familiares e rede social de apoio” aponta para os fatores de exposição caracterizados por questões de adversidades no núcleo familiar, falta de apoio social e situações de detenção e criminalidade no contexto de cuidado da criança. Tais fatores podem gerar a falta de apoio aos cuidadores no cuidado diário infantil e provocar negligência e exposição do lactente a situações perigosas. Pesquisas em todas essas áreas evidenciam que a adversidade significativa pode levar à ativação excessiva de sistemas de resposta ao estresse, que podem trazer prejuízos ao desenvolvimento cerebral. A falta de um contexto adequado pode produzir processos estressores, provocados pela elevação de hormônios como o cortisol, em resposta ao estresse, que pode danificar o neurodesenvolvimento e, consequentemente, o domínio socioemocional.77. Shonkoff JP. Protecting brains, not simply stimulating minds. Science [Internet]. 2011 Aug [cited 2016 Dec 11]; 333(6045):982-83. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1206014
https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.12060...

Na perspectiva do cuidado em saúde, as três primeiras categorias refletem elementos relacionados aos comportamentos, subjetividades e condições dos cuidadores da criança, que podem ser utilizados pela Enfermagem na operacionalização de intervenções durante os atendimentos da criança.88. Silva DI, Chiesa AM, Veríssimo MLOR, Mazza VA. Vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development: proposed analytical matrix. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Nov 15]; 47(6):1397-402. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000600021
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234201...
Tais ações podem fortalecer os processos proximais quando incorporadas à educação em saúde dos cuidadores, ao fortalecimento de sua capacidade para promover o desenvolvimento, à assistência institucional às situações de adição e à articulação com a rede social e comunitária no apoio ao cuidado infantil.120120. Silva DI, Maftum MA, Mazza VA. Vulnerability in child development: influence of weak family bonds, substance abuse and domestic violence. Texto Contexto Enferm[Internet]. 2014 Out-Dec [cited 2016 Dec 15]; 23(4):1087-94. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014001700013
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014...

Por outro lado, em contextos mais distais como o Exossistema e o Macrossistema, os fatores de exposição condicionam os cuidadores na oferta do cuidado, devido a influências sociais, culturais e econômicas. Assim, a categoria “Vulnerabilidades sociais dos cuidadores” mostra os fatores de exposição caracterizados pelas situações de ausência de autonomia/ empoderamento devido às condições socioculturais que impõem estigmatização e opressão sobre os cuidadores, e as condições socioeconômicas que determinam as condições materiais da família.33. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Grantham-McGregor S, Black MM, Nelson CA, Huffman SL, et al. Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2016 Dec 02]; 378(9799):1325-38. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60555-2
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11...
,88. Silva DI, Chiesa AM, Veríssimo MLOR, Mazza VA. Vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development: proposed analytical matrix. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Nov 15]; 47(6):1397-402. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000600021
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234201...

As condições socioculturais mostram-se mais relevantes na influência sobre o desenvolvimento socioemocional, pois delineiam um conjunto de crenças, valores, objetivos, atitudes e atividades que orientam a maneira pela qual um grupo de pessoas vive, o que determina as formas de cuidado oferecidas às crianças.121121. Bradley RH, Corwyn RF. Caring for children around the world: A view from HOME. Int J Behav Dev [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2016 Dec 16]; 29(6):468-78. Available from: Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/01650250500146925
https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025050014692...
As condições socioeconômicas afetam diretamente o desenvolvimento socioemocional, pois o crescimento na pobreza expõe a criança a más condições de saneamento, moradias superlotadas, má nutrição ou desnutrição, falta de estimulação psicossocial e recursos domésticos precários.33. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Grantham-McGregor S, Black MM, Nelson CA, Huffman SL, et al. Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2016 Dec 02]; 378(9799):1325-38. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60555-2
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11...
Dessa forma, a inserção social da família afeta diretamente as condições de prover o sustento material da criança e de atender as suas necessidades.88. Silva DI, Chiesa AM, Veríssimo MLOR, Mazza VA. Vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development: proposed analytical matrix. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Nov 15]; 47(6):1397-402. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000600021
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234201...

A categoria “Fragilidades de políticas e programas” mostra fatores de exposição relacionados com a insuficiência de programas para o atendimento das necessidades das crianças. Tais insuficiências são caracterizadas por condições precárias de trabalho das equipes de saúde, com baixa oferta de recursos humanos e instalações não adequadas para o atendimento à criança.88. Silva DI, Chiesa AM, Veríssimo MLOR, Mazza VA. Vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development: proposed analytical matrix. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Nov 15]; 47(6):1397-402. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000600021
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234201...
Uma oferta inadequada de serviços para o atendimento da criança, como os de saúde e de educação, prejudica a promoção social e o empoderamento de sua família, que devido à presença da pobreza, não consegue prestar o cuidado adequado que se demanda para um desenvolvimento socioemocional adequado. Dessa forma, esse compromisso político demanda o estabelecimento de pactuações e compromissos dos governos em promover o desenvolvimento da primeira infância, por meio de políticas educacionais, sociais e de saúde.33. Walker SP, Wachs TD, Grantham-McGregor S, Black MM, Nelson CA, Huffman SL, et al. Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet [Internet]. 2011 Sep [cited 2016 Dec 02]; 378(9799):1325-38. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60555-2
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11...
,88. Silva DI, Chiesa AM, Veríssimo MLOR, Mazza VA. Vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development: proposed analytical matrix. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Nov 15]; 47(6):1397-402. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000600021
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234201...

O cuidado em saúde é direcionado para sujeitos e comunidades, sendo executado por profissionais em sua singularidade. Dessa forma, as duas últimas categorias demonstram elementos de natureza contextual e política que se encontram muito distantes da capacidade resolutiva da equipe de Enfermagem.88. Silva DI, Chiesa AM, Veríssimo MLOR, Mazza VA. Vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development: proposed analytical matrix. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2016 Nov 15]; 47(6):1397-402. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000600021
https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234201...
,1111. Ali E, Rattani S. Effects of Maternal Employment on Child’s Emotional Development. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh [Internet]. 2015 Apr [cited 2016 Jun 15]; 7(2):55. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-9357.2015.00074.4
https://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-9357.201...
Assim, o enfermeiro deve articular as suas ações na perspectiva da intersetorialidade e da multidisciplinaridade,122 que permita um cuidado compartilhado com outros equipamentos sociais de atendimento às crianças e famílias que possam fortalecer o cuidado e a promoção do desenvolvimento socioemocional.77. Shonkoff JP. Protecting brains, not simply stimulating minds. Science [Internet]. 2011 Aug [cited 2016 Dec 11]; 333(6045):982-83. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1206014
https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.12060...

Destarte, os fatores de exposição sintetizados e suas relações com o desenvolvimento socioemocional do lactente podem ser observados na Figura 1, que apresenta a influência sobre o processo proximal nos contextos de Microssistema, Mesossistema, Exossistema e Macrossistema:

Figura 1 -
Categorias dos fatores de exposição sintetizados e sua influência no processo proximal e no desenvolvimento socioemocional, segundo os contextos do Modelo Bioecológico de Desenvolvimento Humano. Representação gráfica baseada no modelo teórico apresentado. São Paulo, SP, 2017.11. Bronfenbrenner U, Evans GW. Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Soc Dev [Internet]. 2000 Feb [cited 2016 Dec 02]; 9(1):115-25. Available from: Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00114
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.001...
-22. Bronfenbrenner U, Morris PA. The Bioecological Model of Human Development. In: Damons W, Lerner RM, eds. Handbook of child psychology. 6th ed. New York: Wiley; 2006:793-828.

CONCLUSÃO

O presente estudo mostrou que as disfunções no desenvolvimento socioemocional dos lactentes são condicionadas pelos contextos de cuidado, fortemente expressos nos processos proximais, particularmente vinculadas às limitações no cuidado, nas situações de adoecimento dos cuidadores, e pelas adversidades nas relações familiares e apoio social que influem nas interações com a criança pequena. Os cuidadores sofrem influência de vulnerabilidades sociais e das fragilidades das políticas públicas, que determinam as condições materiais e sociais na oferta de cuidado.

Os fatores de exposição elencados nesta revisão permitiram uma síntese das situações adversas para a primeira infância no mundo, pois englobou estudos desenvolvidos em diversos contextos culturais, sociais e políticos. A síntese de evidências sobre os fatores de exposição permite o delineamento de modelos assistenciais embasados nas reais necessidades de saúde da criança e operacionalizados por tecnologias de cuidado que possam dirimir a força dos fatores de exposição, diminuir a vulnerabilidade dos lactentes e prevenir as disfunções no desenvolvimento socioemocional. Entre essas tecnologias, propõe-se a construção de escalas de medida dos elementos contextuais relacionados ao desenvolvimento socioemocional de crianças pequenas. Muito além dos marcos presentes ou não na avaliação de uma criança, essas tecnologias podem ser preditivas, com grande potencial de antecipação dos fatores de exposição e de prevenção das disfunções no desenvolvimento.

Numa perspectiva bioecológica para o desenvolvimento infantil, no contexto do Macrossistema, o estudo aponta para a premência de respostas sociais e políticas que priorizem a primeira infância e o desenvolvimento das crianças pequenas como um direito primordial. Todavia, alerta-se para os obstáculos humanitários advindos com as mudanças macroestruturais, que vigoram na contemporaneidade, com retrocessos nas relações sociais, instabilidade econômica, resistência e intolerância à diversidade cultural e supressão de direitos, que determinam o aumento das vulnerabilidades familiares e infantis. Diante desse quadro, os desafios são eminentes para a promoção do desenvolvimento humano, particularmente o desenvolvimento socioemocional das crianças pequenas.

Dessa forma, o aporte teórico do Modelo Bioecológico de Desenvolvimento Humano oferece um quadro conceitual relevante para o entendimento das relações sociais e adversidades dos contextos. Assim, é um referencial teórico expressivo para o campo da saúde e da Enfermagem, com uma abordagem que contribui para ampliar a compreensão das necessidades das crianças, famílias e comunidades.

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NOTAS

  • ORIGEM DO ARTIGO
    Extraído da tese - Construção e validação de marcadores de vulnerabilidade de lactentes para disfunções em seu desenvolvimento socioemocional, apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Enfermagem da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, em 2017.

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    16 Maio 2019
  • Data do Fascículo
    2019

Histórico

  • Recebido
    27 Abr 2017
  • Aceito
    11 Out 2017
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós Graduação em Enfermagem Campus Universitário Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis - Santa Catarina - Brasil, Tel.: (55 48) 3721-4915 / (55 48) 3721-9043 - Florianópolis - SC - Brazil
E-mail: textoecontexto@contato.ufsc.br