Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

AUTOMUTILAÇÃO ENTRE ADOLESCENTES: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA COM METANÁLISE

RESUMO

Objetivo:

estimar a prevalência da automutilação entre os adolescentes e os fatores que a influenciam.

Método:

revisão sistemática com metanálise. A busca foi realizada no mês de outubro de 2021 nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE e PubMed, com os descritores “Adolescente” e “Comportamento autodestrutivo” e “Adolescent” e “Self-destructive behavior,” combinados pelo operador booleanoAND”. Foram incluídos os estudos publicados entre 2015 e 2021, quantitativos, em português, inglês e espanhol, disponíveis na íntegra, e excluídos os documentos que não continham o quantitativo referente aos adolescentes que praticaram automutilação, estudos duplicados e de revisão. A seleção dos estudos foi realizada por pares a partir da remoção de duplicatas e da aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, leitura de títulos, resumos e texto completo. Ao final, a amostra foi composta por 86 estudos. A metanálise foi realizada pelo uso do software R por meio da elaboração do forest plot, teste de heterogeneidade, teste de funil e teste de Egger.

Resultados:

a prevalência de automutilação entre adolescentes apresentou uma média de 21%, destacando-se os Estados Unidos com o maior percentual. Dentre os fatores identificados, destacaram-se: adolescentes mais velhos, do sexo feminino, desfavorecidos economicamente, que vivenciam conflitos familiares, com pais com baixa escolaridade, vítimas de violência e de bullying e que possuem amigos com comportamentos suicidas.

Conclusão:

a automutilação configura-se como socialmente determinada de modo que a sua prevalência varia de acordo com a integração entre os diferentes fatores. Nesse contexto, faz-se necessário que o profissional de Enfermagem ofereça apoio emocional aos adolescentes e aos familiares.

DESCRITORES:
Prevalência; Violência; Automutilação; Adolescente; Comportamento autodestrutivo; Cuidados de enfermagem; Saúde mental; Revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to estimate the prevalence of self-mutilation among adolescents and the factors that influence it.

Method:

this is a systematic review with meta-analysis. The search was carried out October 2021 in the following databases: SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE and PubMed databases, with the descriptors “Adolescente” and “Comportamento autodestrutivo” and “Adolescent” and “Self-destructive behavior”, combined by the Boolean operator “AND.” We included studies published between 2015 and 2021, quantitative, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, available in full. We excluded documents that did not contain the amount referring to adolescents who practiced self-mutilation, duplicate and review studies. Study selection was performed by pairs, removing duplicates and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, reading titles, abstracts and full text. In the end, the sample consisted of 86 studies. Meta-analysis was performed using the R software through the elaboration of forest plot, heterogeneity test, funnel test and Egger’s test.

Results:

the prevalence of self-mutilation among adolescents averaged 21%, with the United States standing out with the highest percentage. Among the identified factors, older adolescents, female, economically disadvantaged, who experience family conflicts, with parents with low education, victims of violence and bullying and who have friends with suicidal behavior stood out.

Conclusion:

self-mutilation is socially determined so that its prevalence varies according to the integration between different factors. In this context, it is necessary for nursing professionals to offer emotional support to adolescents and their families.

DESCRIPTORS:
Prevalence; Violence; Self-Mutilation; Adolescent; Self-Destructive Behavior; Nursing Care; Mental Health; Systematic Review

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

estimar la prevalencia de automutilación entre adolescentes y los factores que influyen en ella.

Método:

revisión sistemática con metanálisis. La búsqueda se realizó en el mes de octubre de 2021 en las bases de datos SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE y PubMed, con los descriptores “Adolescente” y “Comportamiento autodestructivo” y “Adolescent” y “Self-destructive behavior”, combinados por el operador booleano “AND”. Se incluyeron estudios publicados entre 2015 y 2021, cuantitativos, en portugués, inglés y español, disponibles en su totalidad, y documentos que no contenían lo cuantitativo referente a adolescentes que practicaron automutilación, estudios duplicados y de revisión. La selección de estudios se realizó por parejas a partir de la remoción de duplicados y la aplicación de criterios de inclusión y exclusión, lectura de títulos, resúmenes y texto completo. Al final, la muestra estuvo compuesta por 86 estudios. El metanálisis se realizó mediante el software R mediante la elaboración del forest plot, prueba de heterogeneidad, prueba de embudo y prueba de Egger.

Resultados:

la prevalencia de automutilación entre adolescentes presentó un promedio de 21%, destacándose Estados Unidos con el mayor porcentaje. Entre los factores identificados, se destacaron los adolescentes mayores, del sexo femenino, en desventaja económica, que viven conflictos familiares, con padres con baja escolaridad, víctimas de violencia y bullying y que tienen amigos con conducta suicida.

Conclusión:

la automutilación está socialmente determinada, por lo que su prevalencia varía según la integración entre diferentes factores. En ese contexto, es necesario que el profesional de enfermería brinde apoyo emocional a los adolescentes y sus familias.

DESCRIPTORES:
Prevalencia; Violencia; Automutilación; Adolescente; Comportamiento autodestructivo; Cuidado de enfermería; Salud mental; Revisión sistemática

INTRODUÇÃO

A automutilação é um tipo de violência autoprovocada, com ou sem a intenção de suicídio, que consiste na realização de agressão contra seu próprio corpo.11. Pinheiro TP, Warmling D, Coelho EBS. Characterization of suicide attempts and self-harm by adolescents and adults notified in Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2014-2018. Epidemiol Serv Saude [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Jun 07];30(4):e2021337. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-49742021000400026
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-4974202100...
O alívio de experiências ruins, do ponto de vista emocional, de aflições familiares, de relacionamentos ou da vida cotidiana como um todo figura como a principal razão para a ocorrência desse ato entre os adolescentes.22. Santos AA, Barros DR, Lima BM, Brasileiro TC. Self-mutilation in adolescence: understanding its causes and consequences. Rev Temas Saúde [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Mar 15];18(3):116-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.29327/213319.18.3-8
https://doi.org/10.29327/213319.18.3-8...
Esse mesmo público compreende o fenômeno da automutilação como doença e/ou vício, uma vez que tende a repetir o ato para conseguir refúgio dos seus próprios sentimentos.33. Silva AC, Botti NCL. An investigation on self-mutilation in a group of the social network Facebook. Rev Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool Drog [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Mar 15];14(4):203-10. Available from: http://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1806-6976.smad.2018.000355
http://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1806-6976.s...

Essa questão representa um problema de saúde pública mundial, com variação de prevalência de 10,1% a 75,9% entre adolescentes na Austrália e em Cingapura, respectivamente.44. Moreira ES, Vale RSM, Caixeta CC, Teixeira RG. Self-mutilation among adolescents: an integrative review of the literature. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 07];25(10):3945-54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202510.31362018
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020251...
Em um Estado brasileiro, foi identificado que 83,3% dos adolescentes praticaram automutilação, entretanto, no Brasil, há um déficit de estudos que quantifiquem o número de adolescentes que praticam esse tipo de violência em um panorama nacional.22. Santos AA, Barros DR, Lima BM, Brasileiro TC. Self-mutilation in adolescence: understanding its causes and consequences. Rev Temas Saúde [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Mar 15];18(3):116-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.29327/213319.18.3-8
https://doi.org/10.29327/213319.18.3-8...

A automutilação pode apresentar-se de diversas formas, com destaque a: arranhões na pele, lesões em tórax ou seios, rosto e genitália, bater a cabeça, queimar-se e cortar-se. Esse último é o ato mais comum entre os adolescentes,44. Moreira ES, Vale RSM, Caixeta CC, Teixeira RG. Self-mutilation among adolescents: an integrative review of the literature. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 07];25(10):3945-54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202510.31362018
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020251...
variando desde cortes superficiais até cortes profundos, sem manifestação de angústia, inquietação ou dor, referindo-se às autolesões como recurso apaziguador frente a um momento de aflição.11. Pinheiro TP, Warmling D, Coelho EBS. Characterization of suicide attempts and self-harm by adolescents and adults notified in Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2014-2018. Epidemiol Serv Saude [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Jun 07];30(4):e2021337. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-49742021000400026
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-4974202100...

Geralmente, os atos autolesivos são realizados em locais do corpo que são facilmente escondidos, como pulso, braço, coxa e barriga. Desse modo, evita-se que os próprios pais, ou outras pessoas, identifiquem e questionem o motivo das lesões, visto que, para os adolescentes, a descoberta da prática da automutilação representa julgamento e constrangimento.33. Silva AC, Botti NCL. An investigation on self-mutilation in a group of the social network Facebook. Rev Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool Drog [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Mar 15];14(4):203-10. Available from: http://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1806-6976.smad.2018.000355
http://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1806-6976.s...

Além da autoagressão física, há também a digital, caracterizada pelo envio de mensagens para si mesmo, autodifamando-se. De acordo com pesquisa realizada nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA),55. Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Digital self-harm among adolescents. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Mar 15];61(6):761-66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.201...
6% dos adolescentes, com idades entre 12 e 17 anos, principalmente do sexo masculino, praticaram a automutilação digital. Entre os motivos listados estavam presentes a depressão, o bullying, a orientação sexual e o uso de drogas.

A automutilação tem como fatores de risco adolescentes do sexo feminino, que tenham sofrido violência sexual, física e/ou psicológica; deficiência no relacionamento com a família, mais especificamente com a mãe; autoestima baixa; consumo de álcool e outras drogas; dificuldade de expressar emoções44. Moreira ES, Vale RSM, Caixeta CC, Teixeira RG. Self-mutilation among adolescents: an integrative review of the literature. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 07];25(10):3945-54. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202510.31362018
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020251...
e aqueles que preferem a solidão e o isolamento social.66. Costa RPO, Peixoto ALRP, Lucas CCA, Falcão DN, Farias JTDS, Viana LFP, et al. Profile of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: interface with impulsiveness and loneliness. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 15];97(2):184-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.01.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.01.0...

A assistência de Enfermagem aos adolescentes e familiares nesse contexto é de suma importância, pois o enfermeiro é o profissional responsável pela triagem nos setores de saúde, podendo, portanto, identificar sinais autolesivos em primeira instância, proporcionando um acolhimento instantâneo por meio do estabelecimento de vínculo e do direcionamento aos serviços especializados.77. Silva AS, Felício JF, Moura IS, Ferreira LCC, Lima AJS, Amaral JF, et al. He multifactorial aspects of self-mutilation in adolescence: an educational approach. Rev Enferm Atual In Derme [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 15];95(35):e021105. Available from: https://doi.org/10.31011/reaid-2021-v.95-n.35-art.1096
https://doi.org/10.31011/reaid-2021-v.95...

Assim, diante do protagonismo que os profissionais de Enfermagem exercem na assistência em saúde, especialmente em nível de atenção primária, torna-se essencial a compreensão das causas e das motivações que levam à automutilação a fim de evitar uma assistência ineficaz, com estigmas, banalizações e julgamentos que podem resultar em experiências ruins e, consequentemente, interferir na procura aos serviços de saúde.88. Gabriel IM, Costa LCR, Campeiz AB, Salim NR, Silva MAI, Carlos DM. Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: meanings for education and Primary Health Care professionals. Esc Anna Nery [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Mar 15];24(4):e20200050. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2020-0050
http://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-ean-202...
-99. Babič MP, Bregar B, Radobuljac MD. The attitudes and feelings of mental health nurses towards adolescents and young adults with nonsuicidal self-injuring behaviors. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 07];14:37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00343-5
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00343...

Dessa forma, estudos sobre a automutilação são de fundamental importância para instrumentalizar a equipe de Enfermagem a um olhar específico no que diz respeito à identificação dos sinais precoces de casos, com vistas a produzir uma assistência holística e específica voltada às necessidades do adolescente.

Assim, frente ao reduzido volume de estudos científicos e à necessidade de identificação do perfil de adolescentes que praticam a automutilação, torna-se relevante a necessidade de investigação da temática, a fim de direcionar a assistência em saúde e estimular a construção de políticas públicas voltadas a este público, considerando o atual déficit de atenção à saúde dos adolescentes no que se refere à prática de automutilação. Logo, objetivou-se estimar a prevalência da automutilação entre adolescentes e os fatores que a influenciam.

MÉTODO

Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática com metanálise orientada pelas recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).

A estratégia de busca partiu da pergunta de pesquisa estruturada com base no acrônimo PICo, comumente utilizado para revisões com estudos não clínicos. Desse modo, o P (paciente) referiu-se aos adolescentes, o I (interesse) remeteu-se à prevalência e aos fatores que influenciam a automutilação e o Co (contexto), ao contexto de ocorrência da automutilação na vida dos adolescentes.

A busca foi realizada no mês de outubro de 2021 nas seguintes bases de dados: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) e PubMed Central (PMC), com o uso de descritores presentes nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS): adolescente e “comportamento autodestrutivo" para a busca nas bases de dados latino-americanas e no MeSH Database: adolescent e “self-destructive behavior” para a busca na PubMed. Os termos foram selecionados com base na questão norteadora e combinados com o operador booleanoAND".

Foram incluídos, na pesquisa, documentos científicos publicados nos últimos cinco anos (abril de 2015 a setembro de 2021, sendo este limite de tempo justificado pelo uso da estratégia de busca ampla e por almejar obter os materiais que representem a realidade atual) e estudos quantitativos que possuíam o texto completo disponível nos idiomas português, inglês e/ou espanhol. Já como critérios de exclusão, adotaram-se: artigos científicos duplicados em mais de uma base de dados; estudos que não apresentaram os dados referentes ao número de adolescentes que realizaram a automutilação; estudos desenvolvidos com outras faixas etárias e os estudos de revisão da literatura (integrativa, sistemática, narrativa).

Utilizou-se, como instrumento de coleta de dados, um formulário criado pelos autores que aponta as informações que foram extraídas dos estudos selecionados. São elas: o número de casos de automutilação e o total de adolescentes; os métodos de realização da automutilação; os fatores de risco que contribuem para a prática do fenômeno em adolescentes; o local de desenvolvimento das pesquisas e as referências.

O procedimento de seleção dos estudos foi realizado de forma pareada, concomitantemente entre dois autores (estudantes de Enfermagem), as divergências foram discutidas entre os dois autores em consulta com um terceiro participante (docente do curso de Enfermagem) através de reunião, considerando, principalmente, a presença dos dados quanto a prevalência de automutilação em adolescentes nos manuscritos.

O procedimento de coleta de dados das informações para o alcance do objetivo da pesquisa deu-se mediante a leitura, na íntegra, dos artigos da seleção final e a partir da extração das informações de acordo com o instrumento de coleta de dados, com foco em direcionar a retirada dos pontos pertinentes, como a prevalência da automutilação, as características e os fatores de risco.

Para avaliar a qualidade metodológica dos estudos que compuseram a amostra final, utilizou-se instrumento que possui oito critérios de avaliação, tais como: amostragem probabilística ou censitária; fonte de amostragem adequada; quantitativo amostral; aferição de forma adequada; aferição imparcial e por coletadores treinados; descrição das recusas; exibição do Intervalo de Confiança (IC) e participantes bem descritos.1010. Loney PL, Chambers LW, Bennett KJ, Roberts JG, Stratford PW. Critical appraisal of the health research literature: prevalence or incidence of a health problem. Chronic Dis Can [Internet]. 1998 [cited 2022 Jun 07];19(4):170-6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10029513 /
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10029513...
A justificativa para a escolha desse instrumento deu-se devido à semelhança de avaliação de prevalência e à incidência entre os estudos. Deste modo, nenhum estudo foi removido após a avaliação.

A análise do estudo ocorreu a partir da utilização do software R para a realização da metanálise, obtendo-se o Forest plot, o teste de heterogeneidade, o teste de funil e o teste de Egger. A heterogeneidade entre os estudos selecionados foi avaliada de acordo com o Teste Q, baseado no qui-quadrado, sendo um p-valor menor que 0,05 considerado uma heterogeneidade óbvia. Além disso, o valor de I2 foi adotado para avaliar o grau de heterogeneidade.

RESULTADOS

Conforme mostra a Figura 1, a seleção final da revisão pautou-se em 86 artigos científicos nacionais e internacionais, sendo eles: Brasil,66. Costa RPO, Peixoto ALRP, Lucas CCA, Falcão DN, Farias JTDS, Viana LFP, et al. Profile of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: interface with impulsiveness and loneliness. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 15];97(2):184-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.01.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.01.0...
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http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
China,1212. Li X, Zheng H, Tucker W, Xu W, Wen X, Lin Y, et al. Research on relationships between sexual identity, adverse childhood experiences and non-suicidal self-injury among rural high school students in less developed areas of China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2019 [cied 2021 Oct 07];16(17):3158. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173158
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173158...
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http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131...
Estados Unidos,55. Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Digital self-harm among adolescents. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Mar 15];61(6):761-66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.201...
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http://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304470...
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http://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517708402...
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http://doi.org/10.19131/rpesm.0169...
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http://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2018.394...
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http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017...
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https://www.psychiatriapolska.pl/Czestos...
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Suíça,6767. Ludtke J, Weizenegger B, Rauber R, Contin B, In- Albon T, Schmid M. The influence of personality traits and emotional and behavioral problems on repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury in a school sample. Compr Psychiatry [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 18];74:214-23. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.02.005
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-7070. Drubina B, Kökönyei G, Reinhardt M. Associations between non-suicidal self-injury and negative romantic relationship life events in male justice-involved adolescents. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 18];21(1):401. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03408-7
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Indonésia,7171. Rusiana E, Keliat BA. Relationship between emotional and behavioral problems with self-injury in adolescents. Enferm Clín [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 18];31(2):175-9. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.12.017
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Bélgica,7272. Buelens T, Luyckx K, Kiekens G, Gandhi A, Muehlenkamp JJ, Claes L. Investigating the DSM-5 criteria for non-suicidal self-injury disorder in a community sample of adolescents. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 18];260:314-22. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.009
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.009...
Bélgica e Holanda,7373. Kiekens G, Bruffaerts R, Nock MK, Van VM, Witteman C, Mortier P, et al. Non-suicidal self-injury among Dutch and Belgian adolescents: personality, stress and coping. Eur Psychiatry [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2021 Oct 18];30(6):743-9. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.06.007
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.06....
Uganda e Jamaica,7474. Boduszek D, Debowska A, Ochen EA, Fray C, Nanfuka EK, Powell-Booth K, et al. Prevalence and correlates of non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt among children and adolescents: Findings from Uganda and Jamaica. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 18];283:172-8. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.063
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Irã,7575. Nemati H, Sahebihagh MH, Mahmoodi M, Ghiasi A, Ebrahimi H, Barzanjeh Atri S, et al. Non-suicidal self-injury and its relationship with family psychological function and perceived social support among iranian high school students. J Res Health Sci [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 18];20(1):e00469. Available from: http://doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2020.04
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Austrália,7777. Islam MI, Khanam R, Kabir E. Bullying victimization, mental disorders, suicidality and self-harm among Australian high schoolchildren: evidence from nationwide data. Psychiatry Res[Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 18];292:113364. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113364
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Vietnã,7878. Nguyen HTL, Nakamura K, Seino K, Vo VT. Relationships among cyberbullying, parental attitudes, self-harm and suicidal behavior among adolescents: results from a school-based survey in Vietnam. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 18];20:476. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08500-3
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Noruega,7979. Eckhoff C, Sørvold MT, Kvernmo S. Adolescent self-harm and suicidal behavior and young adult outcomes in indigenous and non-indigenous people. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 18];29(7):917-27. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01406-5
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-8080. Tørmoen AJ, Myhre M, Walby FA, Grøholt B, Rossow I. Change in prevalence of self-harm from 2002 to 2018 among Norwegian adolescents. Eur J Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 18];30(4):688-92. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa042
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Israel e dez países da Europa,8181. Kaess M, Eppelmann L, Brunner R, Parzer P, Resch F, Carli V, et al. Life Events predicting the first onset of adolescent direct self-injurious behavior - a prospective multicenter study. J Adolesc Health[Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 18];66(2):195-201. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.08.018
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Dinamarca,8282. Steeg S, Carr MJ, Mok PLH, Pedersen CB, Antonsen S, Ashcroft DM, et al. Temporal trends in incidence of hospital-treated self-harm among adolescents in Denmark: national register-based study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 18];55(4):415-21. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01794-8
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Alemanha,8383. Kandsperger S, Jarvers I, Ecker A, Schleicher D, Madurkay J, Otto A, et al. Emotional reactivity and family-related factors associated with self-injurious behavior in adolescents presenting to a child and adolescent psychiatric emergency service. Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 18];12:634346. Available from: http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634346
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-8686. Cheon J, Oh D, Lee J, Ahn J, Song DH, Cheon KA. Increasing trend and characteristics of korean adolescents presenting to emergency department for self-harm: a 5-year experience, 2015 to 2019. Yonsei Med J [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 19];61(7):614-22. Available from: http://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2020.61.7.614
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e Jordânia.9494. Hanania JW, Heath NL, Emery AA, Toste JR, Daoud FA. Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents in Amman, Jordan. Arch Suicide Res [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2021 Oct 19];19(2):260-74. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2014.915778
http://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2014.915...
O país que mais realizou estudos sobre o tema foi a China com 25 documentos científicos.

Figura 1 -
PRISMA fluxograma da seleção dos estudos. Campina Grande, PB, Brasil, 2015-2021.

Observa-se que a automutilação apresenta uma prevalência estimada, para toda a população, de 21% (IC95% 16%-26%) entre os estudos analisados. A maior prevalência foi encontrada no estudo realizado nos Estados Unidos4949. Peters JR, Mereish EH, Krek MA, Chuong A, Ranney ML, Solomon J, et al. Sexual orientation differences in non-suicidal self-injury, suicidality, and psychosocial factors among an inpatient psychiatric sample of adolescents. Psychiatry Rese [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 15];284:112664. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112664
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.1...
, com um valor de 85% (IC95% 72-92), enquanto a menor foi observada nos estudos desenvolvidos na Argentina5555. Aguero G, Medina V, Obradovich G, Berner E. Self-injurious behaviors among adolescents. A qualitative study of characteristics, meanings, and contexts. Arch Argent Pediatr [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Oct 15];116(6):394-401. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2018.394
http://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2018.394...
, com um valor de 1% (IC95% 0-1), e Portugal5151. Trinco ME, Santos JC. Teenagers with self-injurious behaviour and no suicidal intention in the ER of a paediatric hospital in the centre region of the country. Rev Port Enferm Saúde Mental [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 15];5:63-8. Available from: http://doi.org/10.19131/rpesm.0169
http://doi.org/10.19131/rpesm.0169...
com o mesmo valor de 1% (IC95% 1%), descritos na Figura 2.

Figura 2 -
Forest plot de prevalência da automutilação entre adolescentes de acordo com os estudos analisados. Campina Grande, PB, Brasil, 2015-2021.

A Figura 3 exibe a assimetria entre as investigações, confirmada pelo teste de Egger (p=0,0018), indicando a probabilidade de que estudos com amostras menores, que possam ter encontrado prevalências mais baixas, podem não ter sido publicados.

Figura 3 -
Funnel plot de distribuição da automutilação entre adolescentes de acordo com os manuscritos investigados. Campina Grande, PB, Brasil, 2015-2021.

No tocante ao método da automutilação, o corte mostrou-se como sendo o mais citado nos estudos,66. Costa RPO, Peixoto ALRP, Lucas CCA, Falcão DN, Farias JTDS, Viana LFP, et al. Profile of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: interface with impulsiveness and loneliness. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 15];97(2):184-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.01.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.01.0...
,1111. Fonseca PHN, Silva AC, Araújo LMC, Botti NCL. Non-suicidal self-injury intent among adolescents. Arq Bras Psicol [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Jun 07];70(3):246-58. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1809-52672018000300017&lng=pt
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
,1313. Law BMF, Shek DTL. A 6-year longitudinal study of self-harm and suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol[Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 07];29(1):38-48. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.007
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.00...
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https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12273...
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http://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20190152...
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http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103371...
,3535. Wan Y, Chen J, Sun Y, Tao F. Impact of childhood abuse on the risk of non-suicidal self-injury in mainland Chinese adolescents. PLoS One [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2021 Oct 09];10(6):e0131239. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131239
http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131...
,3737. Victor SE, Klonsky ED. Understanding the social context of adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury. J Clin Psychol [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Oct 09];74(12):2107-16. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22657
http://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22657...
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http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.104...
,4848. Gromatsky MA, He S, Perlman G, Klein DN, Kotov R, Waszczuk MA. Prospective prediction of first onset of nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescent girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 15];59(9):1049-57. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.08.006
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.08.00...
,5151. Trinco ME, Santos JC. Teenagers with self-injurious behaviour and no suicidal intention in the ER of a paediatric hospital in the centre region of the country. Rev Port Enferm Saúde Mental [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 15];5:63-8. Available from: http://doi.org/10.19131/rpesm.0169
http://doi.org/10.19131/rpesm.0169...
-5252. Guerreiro DF, Sampaio D, Figueira ML, Madge N. Self-harm in adolescents: a self-report survey in schools from Lisbon, Portugal. Arch Suicide Res [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 15];21(1):83-99. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2015.1004480
http://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2015.100...
,5454. Freitas-Rosa M, Gonçalves S, Antunes H. Is being overweight associated with engagement in self-injurious behaviours in adolescence, or do psychological factors have more "weight"? Eat Weight Disord [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 15];21(3):493-500. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-015-0251-7
http://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-015-0251-7...
-5656. Matsuyama T, Kitamura T, Kiyohara K, Hayashida S, Nitta M, Kawamura T, et al. Incidence and outcomes of emergency self-harm among adolescents: a descriptive epidemiological study in Osaka City, Japan. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 15];6(7):1-7. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011419
http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-0114...
,5858. Somer O, Bildik T, Kabukçu-Basay B, Gungor D, Basay O, Farme RF. Prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury and distinct groups of self-injurers in a community sample of adolescents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2021 Oct 15];50(7):1163-71. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1060-z
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1060-z...
,6767. Ludtke J, Weizenegger B, Rauber R, Contin B, In- Albon T, Schmid M. The influence of personality traits and emotional and behavioral problems on repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury in a school sample. Compr Psychiatry [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 18];74:214-23. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.02.005
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017....
,7070. Drubina B, Kökönyei G, Reinhardt M. Associations between non-suicidal self-injury and negative romantic relationship life events in male justice-involved adolescents. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 18];21(1):401. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03408-7
http://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03408-...
,7272. Buelens T, Luyckx K, Kiekens G, Gandhi A, Muehlenkamp JJ, Claes L. Investigating the DSM-5 criteria for non-suicidal self-injury disorder in a community sample of adolescents. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 18];260:314-22. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.009
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.009...
-7373. Kiekens G, Bruffaerts R, Nock MK, Van VM, Witteman C, Mortier P, et al. Non-suicidal self-injury among Dutch and Belgian adolescents: personality, stress and coping. Eur Psychiatry [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2021 Oct 18];30(6):743-9. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.06.007
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.06....
,7474. Boduszek D, Debowska A, Ochen EA, Fray C, Nanfuka EK, Powell-Booth K, et al. Prevalence and correlates of non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt among children and adolescents: Findings from Uganda and Jamaica. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 18];283:172-8. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.063
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.063...
,7979. Eckhoff C, Sørvold MT, Kvernmo S. Adolescent self-harm and suicidal behavior and young adult outcomes in indigenous and non-indigenous people. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 18];29(7):917-27. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01406-5
http://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01406-...
,8585. Kim H, Ryu JM, Kim HW. Characteristics and Trends of suicide attempt or non-suicidal self-injury in children and adolescents visiting emergency department. J Korean Med Sci [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 19];35(33):e276. Available from: http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e276
http://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e276...
-8686. Cheon J, Oh D, Lee J, Ahn J, Song DH, Cheon KA. Increasing trend and characteristics of korean adolescents presenting to emergency department for self-harm: a 5-year experience, 2015 to 2019. Yonsei Med J [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 19];61(7):614-22. Available from: http://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2020.61.7.614
http://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2020.61.7.614...
,9191. Quarshie EN, Shuweihdi F, Waterman M, House A. Self-harm among in-school and street-connected adolescents in Ghana: a cross-sectional survey in the Greater Accra region. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 19];11(1):e041609. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041609
http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-0416...
-9494. Hanania JW, Heath NL, Emery AA, Toste JR, Daoud FA. Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents in Amman, Jordan. Arch Suicide Res [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2021 Oct 19];19(2):260-74. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2014.915778
http://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2014.915...
realizado como único método ou acompanhado de outros. Em pesquisas que revelaram seu percentual, o autocorte liderou.

Foram identificados, ainda como métodos de escolha, bater-se,1111. Fonseca PHN, Silva AC, Araújo LMC, Botti NCL. Non-suicidal self-injury intent among adolescents. Arq Bras Psicol [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Jun 07];70(3):246-58. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1809-52672018000300017&lng=pt
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...
,1313. Law BMF, Shek DTL. A 6-year longitudinal study of self-harm and suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol[Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 07];29(1):38-48. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.007
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.00...
-1717. Wang B, You J, Lin M, Xu S, Leung F. Developmental trajectories of nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescence and intrapersonal/interpersonal risk factors. J Res Adolesc [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 07];27(2):392-406. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12273
https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12273...
,3232. Xin M, Yang X, Liu K, Naz Boke B, Bastien L. Impact of negative life events and social support on nonsuicidal self-injury among Chinese middle school students. Am J Mens Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 09];14(4):1557988320937124. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1177/1557988320937124
http://doi.org/10.1177/1557988320937124...
,3636. Monto MA, Mcree N, Deryck FS. Nonsuicidal Self-Injury among a representative sample of US adolescents, 2015. Am J Public Health [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Oct 09];108(8):1042-48. Available from: http://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304470
http://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304470...
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pular de lugares altos,5353. Duarte TA, Paulino S, Almeida C, Gomes HS, Santos N, Gouveia-Pereira M. Self-harm as a predisposition for suicide attempts: a study of adolescents' deliberate self-harm, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 15];287:112553. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112553
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Em relação aos fatores que podem influenciar a automutilação, estes serão divididos nos seguintes grupos: pessoais, socioeconômicos, familiares, comportamentais, relacionais e ambientais. Quanto aos fatores pessoais, a maioria dos estudos mostrou que o sexo feminino,66. Costa RPO, Peixoto ALRP, Lucas CCA, Falcão DN, Farias JTDS, Viana LFP, et al. Profile of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: interface with impulsiveness and loneliness. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 15];97(2):184-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.01.006
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influenciam a automutilação.

Para os socioeconômicos, observou-se a influência dos seguintes fatores: ser filho(a) único;1414. Zhang J, Song J, Wang J. Adolescent self-harm and risk factors. Asia Pac Psychiatry [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 07];8(4):287-95. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12243
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,2626. Yang X, Xin M, Liu K, Böke BN. The impact of internet use frequency on non-suicidal self injurious behavior and suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents: an empirical study based on gender perspective. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 07];20(1):1727. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09866-0
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,3131. Su PY, Wang GF, Ren HY, Chen LR, Zhang GB, Sun Y. Gender differences in the relationships between pubertal stages and the perpetration of self-inflicted and interpersonal violence among middle school students in China. Biomed Environ Sci [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 09];33(6):464-69. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32641211/
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,3434. Ran H, Fang D, Donald AR, Wang R, Che Y, He X, et al. Impulsivity mediates the association between parenting styles and self-harm in Chinese adolescents. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 09];21(1):332. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10386-8
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situação econômica baixa;66. Costa RPO, Peixoto ALRP, Lucas CCA, Falcão DN, Farias JTDS, Viana LFP, et al. Profile of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: interface with impulsiveness and loneliness. J Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 15];97(2):184-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2020.01.006
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,1818. Liu ZZ, Chen H, Bo QG, Chen RH, Li FW, Lv L, et al. Psychological and behavioral characteristics of suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury in Chinese adolescents. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Oct 07];226:287-93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.010
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,4949. Peters JR, Mereish EH, Krek MA, Chuong A, Ranney ML, Solomon J, et al. Sexual orientation differences in non-suicidal self-injury, suicidality, and psychosocial factors among an inpatient psychiatric sample of adolescents. Psychiatry Rese [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 15];284:112664. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112664
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,5252. Guerreiro DF, Sampaio D, Figueira ML, Madge N. Self-harm in adolescents: a self-report survey in schools from Lisbon, Portugal. Arch Suicide Res [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 15];21(1):83-99. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2015.1004480
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,8383. Kandsperger S, Jarvers I, Ecker A, Schleicher D, Madurkay J, Otto A, et al. Emotional reactivity and family-related factors associated with self-injurious behavior in adolescents presenting to a child and adolescent psychiatric emergency service. Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 18];12:634346. Available from: http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634346
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baixa escolaridade1515. Zhang S, Tao F, Wu X, Tao S, Fang J. Low health literacy and psychological symptoms potentially increase the risks of non-suicidal self- injury in Chinese middle school students. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 07];16(1):327. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1035-y
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,6363. Liu HC, Liu SI, Tjung JJ, Sun FJ, Huang HC, Fang CK. Self-harm and its association with internet addiction and internet exposure to suicidal thought in adolescents. J The Formos Med Assoc [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 15];116(3):153-60. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2016.03.010
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e possuir vínculo empregatício.2929. Yin X, Li D, Zhu K, Liang X, Peng S, Tan A, et al. Comparison of Intentional and Unintentional Injuries Among Chinese Children and Adolescents. J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 09];30(12):529-36. Available from: http://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20190152
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Quanto aos fatores familiares, destacaram-se: baixa escolaridade dos pais;1515. Zhang S, Tao F, Wu X, Tao S, Fang J. Low health literacy and psychological symptoms potentially increase the risks of non-suicidal self- injury in Chinese middle school students. BMC Psychiatry [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 07];16(1):327. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1035-y
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,2525. Xiao Y, He L, Chen Y, Wang Y, Chang W, Yu Z. Depression and deliberate self-harm among Chinese left-behind adolescents: a dual role of resilience. Asian J Psychiatr [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 07];48:101883. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101883
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; conflitos com os pais ou entre irmãos;1313. Law BMF, Shek DTL. A 6-year longitudinal study of self-harm and suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol[Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 07];29(1):38-48. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.007
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,3434. Ran H, Fang D, Donald AR, Wang R, Che Y, He X, et al. Impulsivity mediates the association between parenting styles and self-harm in Chinese adolescents. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 09];21(1):332. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10386-8
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,3939. Czyz EK, Glenn CR, Arango A, Koo HJ, King CA. Short-term associations between nonsuicidal and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: a daily diary study with high-risk adolescents. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 09];292:337-44. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.104
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,4848. Gromatsky MA, He S, Perlman G, Klein DN, Kotov R, Waszczuk MA. Prospective prediction of first onset of nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescent girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 15];59(9):1049-57. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.08.006
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,5656. Matsuyama T, Kitamura T, Kiyohara K, Hayashida S, Nitta M, Kawamura T, et al. Incidence and outcomes of emergency self-harm among adolescents: a descriptive epidemiological study in Osaka City, Japan. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 15];6(7):1-7. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011419
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,6464. Lung FW, Shu BC, Chiang TL, Lin SJ. Relationships between internet use, deliberate self-harm, and happiness in adolescents: a Taiwan birth cohort pilot study. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 15];15(7):e0235834. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235834
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Nos fatores relacionais, obtiveram-se: problema no relacionamento;5252. Guerreiro DF, Sampaio D, Figueira ML, Madge N. Self-harm in adolescents: a self-report survey in schools from Lisbon, Portugal. Arch Suicide Res [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 15];21(1):83-99. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2015.1004480
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,9292. Ferrer M, Lara B, Calvo N, Andión O, Pérez V, Corominas M, et al. Three-year prevalence of self-harm behaviors among the reasons for emergency visits of children and adolescents. Actas Esp Psiquiatr [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 19];49(1):35-42. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33533017/
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ter experiência com relacionamento amoroso;3434. Ran H, Fang D, Donald AR, Wang R, Che Y, He X, et al. Impulsivity mediates the association between parenting styles and self-harm in Chinese adolescents. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 09];21(1):332. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10386-8
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ter iniciado a vida sexual;1212. Li X, Zheng H, Tucker W, Xu W, Wen X, Lin Y, et al. Research on relationships between sexual identity, adverse childhood experiences and non-suicidal self-injury among rural high school students in less developed areas of China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2019 [cied 2021 Oct 07];16(17):3158. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173158
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comportamento sexual forçado ou inseguro;1616. Xin X, Wang Y, Fang J, Ming Q, Yao S. Prevalence and correlates of direct self-injurious behavior among Chinese adolescents: findings from a multicenter and multistage survey. J Abnorm Child Psychol [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 07];45(4):815-26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0201-5
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,7575. Nemati H, Sahebihagh MH, Mahmoodi M, Ghiasi A, Ebrahimi H, Barzanjeh Atri S, et al. Non-suicidal self-injury and its relationship with family psychological function and perceived social support among iranian high school students. J Res Health Sci [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 18];20(1):e00469. Available from: http://doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2020.04
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conflitos com outros adolescentes;5252. Guerreiro DF, Sampaio D, Figueira ML, Madge N. Self-harm in adolescents: a self-report survey in schools from Lisbon, Portugal. Arch Suicide Res [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 15];21(1):83-99. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2015.1004480
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-5353. Duarte TA, Paulino S, Almeida C, Gomes HS, Santos N, Gouveia-Pereira M. Self-harm as a predisposition for suicide attempts: a study of adolescents' deliberate self-harm, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 15];287:112553. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112553
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E como fatores ambientais, encontraram-se: bullying na escola;55. Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Digital self-harm among adolescents. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Mar 15];61(6):761-66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.012
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,5252. Guerreiro DF, Sampaio D, Figueira ML, Madge N. Self-harm in adolescents: a self-report survey in schools from Lisbon, Portugal. Arch Suicide Res [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 15];21(1):83-99. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2015.1004480
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,6565. Chen WL, Chun CC. Association between emotion dysregulation and distinct groups of non-suicidal self-injury in Taiwanese female adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2021 Oct 15];16(18):3361. Available from: http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183361
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,7878. Nguyen HTL, Nakamura K, Seino K, Vo VT. Relationships among cyberbullying, parental attitudes, self-harm and suicidal behavior among adolescents: results from a school-based survey in Vietnam. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 18];20:476. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08500-3
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cyberbullying;55. Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Digital self-harm among adolescents. J Adolesc Health [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 Mar 15];61(6):761-66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.012
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pressão na escola;1212. Li X, Zheng H, Tucker W, Xu W, Wen X, Lin Y, et al. Research on relationships between sexual identity, adverse childhood experiences and non-suicidal self-injury among rural high school students in less developed areas of China. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2019 [cied 2021 Oct 07];16(17):3158. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173158
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,3939. Czyz EK, Glenn CR, Arango A, Koo HJ, King CA. Short-term associations between nonsuicidal and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: a daily diary study with high-risk adolescents. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 09];292:337-44. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.104
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DISCUSSÃO

A automutilação entre os adolescentes pode estar relacionada ao fato de esse período da vida ser marcado por vulnerabilidades decorrentes de descobertas e de conflitos que fazem parte do desenvolvimento biopsicossocial do indivíduo e da mudança de fase entre infância e adultez.9595. Silva MW, Franco ECD, Gadelha AKOA, Costa CC, Sousa CF. Adolescence and Health: meanings assigned by adolescents. Res Soc Dev [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 19];10(2):e27510212482. Available from: https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12482
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12482...

Acrescida a isso, pode-se destacar a influência de características capitalistas, como a comercialização de boas condições de vidas e de corpos perfeitos por meio das redes sociais, como possível potencializadora de atos autolesivos.5555. Aguero G, Medina V, Obradovich G, Berner E. Self-injurious behaviors among adolescents. A qualitative study of characteristics, meanings, and contexts. Arch Argent Pediatr [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Oct 15];116(6):394-401. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2018.394
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,6363. Liu HC, Liu SI, Tjung JJ, Sun FJ, Huang HC, Fang CK. Self-harm and its association with internet addiction and internet exposure to suicidal thought in adolescents. J The Formos Med Assoc [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Oct 15];116(3):153-60. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2016.03.010
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2016.03.01...
Em meio a cenários frenéticos de divulgação de informações, de influências e de demandas por padrões - características da sociedade atual, observa-se que o adolescente pode passar pela acentuação de conflitos internos, de instabilidades e de perturbações que, por sua vez, podem influenciar a execução de automutilação.

Quanto aos fatores pessoais, em um estudo realizado no Brasil, o percentual de meninas e de meninos que praticaram a automutilação foi de 79,6% e 20,4%, respectivamente.11. Pinheiro TP, Warmling D, Coelho EBS. Characterization of suicide attempts and self-harm by adolescents and adults notified in Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2014-2018. Epidemiol Serv Saude [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Jun 07];30(4):e2021337. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-49742021000400026
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-4974202100...
Sugere-se que a prevalência de automutilação na população feminina em relação ao público masculino se deva ao fato de que as mudanças relacionadas à puberdade tenham maior potencial de causar estresse nesse primeiro grupo, tornando-o mais sensível às relações interpessoais, a esconder emoções negativas e a automutilar-se.1313. Law BMF, Shek DTL. A 6-year longitudinal study of self-harm and suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol[Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 07];29(1):38-48. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.007
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.00...
Além disso, vê-se que as meninas identificam, com maior facilidade, as próprias experiências emocionais e, consequentemente, procuram métodos para a regulação dessas. Nesse ínterim, a automutilação pode aparecer como alternativa.1111. Fonseca PHN, Silva AC, Araújo LMC, Botti NCL. Non-suicidal self-injury intent among adolescents. Arq Bras Psicol [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Jun 07];70(3):246-58. Available from: http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1809-52672018000300017&lng=pt
http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?scr...

No que concerne aos fatores socioeconômicos, os achados da literatura indicam maior propensão de automutilação nos adolescentes menos favorecidos economicamente, uma vez que acabam sofrendo com a falta de recursos e com o estresse financeiro familiar transmitido a eles, gerando sofrimento, isolamento e automutilação,9696. Lima DS, Oliveira EN, França SS, Vasconcelos Sobrinho NV, Santos LA, Prado FA. Self-mutilation and its determinants factors: an integrative review. Res Soc Dev [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 19];10(9):e45510918155. Available from: https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.18155
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.18155...
principalmente na fase final da adolescência, momento em que as relações sociais estão se estabelecendo com mais intensidade.1313. Law BMF, Shek DTL. A 6-year longitudinal study of self-harm and suicidal behaviors among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol[Internet]. 2016 [cited 2021 Oct 07];29(1):38-48. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.007
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.00...

O fator familiar também se mostrou relevante no que tange às ações de automutilação entre adolescentes. Entretanto, em estudo desenvolvido na China,9797. Zhou TJ, Yuan MY, Ren HY, Xie GD, Wang GF, Su PY. Childhood separation from parents and self-harm in adolescence: a cross-sectional study in mainland China. Front Psychol [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2021 Oct 19];12:645552. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645552
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.64555...
revelou-se que o nível de escolaridade dos pais não apresentou associação significativa à automutilação entre adolescentes. Já no Brasil,9898. Moraes DX, Moreira ÉS, Sousa JM, Vale RRMD, Pinho ES, Dias PCDS, et al. "The pen is the blade, my skin the paper": risk factors for self-injury in adolescents. Rev Bras Enferm [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 19];73(suppl 1):e20200578. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0578
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...
as dificuldades no convívio com familiares demonstraram influência no comportamento de automutilação entre os adolescentes, pois comprometem o desenvolvimento saudável dessa população.

Em condições saudáveis, os adolescentes devem criar um vínculo com os pais para expor seus sentimentos de maneira salutar. Porém, conflitos familiares apresentam-se como barreiras no desenvolvimento desse vínculo, como o abandono por um dos pais e a rejeição emocional, que podem resultar em sentimentos negativos como raiva e frustração. Desse modo, não conseguem guardar sentimentos de amor e carinho e assim aprender a lidar com os sentimentos negativos. Por não conseguirem identificar o que sentem, procuram a automutilação como método imediato para o alívio.9898. Moraes DX, Moreira ÉS, Sousa JM, Vale RRMD, Pinho ES, Dias PCDS, et al. "The pen is the blade, my skin the paper": risk factors for self-injury in adolescents. Rev Bras Enferm [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 19];73(suppl 1):e20200578. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0578
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...

Fatores comportamentais, como a exposição a maus-tratos, o sofrimento de abusos emocionais, físicos e sexuais e a negligência na infância, interferem, diretamente, na regulação de emoções como a raiva, a ansiedade e o medo, o que predispõe ao aumento da instabilidade emocional. Essa exposição pode causar consequências psicológicas e físicas, o que interfere na consciência, no reconhecimento e na aceitação das emoções. Então, a automutilação surge como um adequador.9999. Haid-Stecher N, Sevecke K. Belastende kindheitserfahrungen und selbstverletzendes verhalten - die rolle der emotionsregulation. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Jan 25];68(7):623-38. Available fromi: Available fromi: https://doi.org/10.13109/prkk.2019.68.7.623
https://doi.org/10.13109/prkk.2019.68.7....

Em relação ao uso de drogas, são mais frequentes em adolescentes que têm o sexo como autodano, assim como a troca frequente de parceiros sexuais como um mecanismo de automutilação. Isso pode ser explicado, pois os adolescentes que já sofreram abuso sexual são mais propensos a se expor a comportamentos de risco.100100. Zetterqvist M, Svedin CG, Fredlund C, Priebe G, Wadsby M, Jonsson LS. Self-reported nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and sex as self-injury (SASI): Relationship to abuse, risk behaviors, trauma symptoms, self-esteem and attachment. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Jan 25];265:309-16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.013
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018....
Além disso, o uso de álcool se apresenta também na repetição dos atos.11. Pinheiro TP, Warmling D, Coelho EBS. Characterization of suicide attempts and self-harm by adolescents and adults notified in Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2014-2018. Epidemiol Serv Saude [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Jun 07];30(4):e2021337. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-49742021000400026
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-4974202100...

Nos fatores relacionais, para os adolescentes que possuem um relacionamento homoafetivo, o risco em desenvolver comportamentos de automutilação ocorre por meio do sofrimento causado pelo preconceito e pela discriminação, que podem acarretar prejuízos na saúde mental. Para além disso, evidenciam-se também sentimentos de solidão e isolamento social pelo não compartilhamento da orientação sexual com outras pessoas.9898. Moraes DX, Moreira ÉS, Sousa JM, Vale RRMD, Pinho ES, Dias PCDS, et al. "The pen is the blade, my skin the paper": risk factors for self-injury in adolescents. Rev Bras Enferm [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 19];73(suppl 1):e20200578. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0578
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0...

O envolvimento em relações sexuais pode surgir como um tipo de automutilação, realizada como forma de participar de algum grupo, atrair a atenção de alguém para si, regular a solidão e o tédio e obter a atenção de alguém, nem que seja de forma negativa. A automutilação sexual é caracterizada como um autodano indireto ao corpo e, a partir dessa prática, os adolescentes se tornam mais vulneráveis a sofrerem algum tipo de situação sem consentimento, como o próprio ato sexual.101101. Jonsson LS, Svedin CG, Priebe G, Fredlund C, Wadsby M, Zetterqvist M. Similarities and differences in the functions of nonsuicidal self-injury (nssi) and sex as self-injury (sasi). Suicide Life Threat Behav [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Jan 25];49(1):120-36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12417
https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12417...

Nos EUA, observou-se que 71,60% dos adolescentes que praticavam automutilação possuíam amigos que também se automutilavam.3737. Victor SE, Klonsky ED. Understanding the social context of adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury. J Clin Psychol [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Oct 09];74(12):2107-16. Available from: http://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22657
http://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22657...
Adolescentes que possuem amigos que se autolesionam se envolvem em mais métodos de automutilação comparados à ausência de amigos que possuem esse comportamento, assim como aumentam a frequência dos cortes e a ideação suicida.

Na Espanha,102102. Ibáñez PB, Fernández MEV, Roncero CI. Adolescente con autolesiones no suicidas en un entorno de adversidad psicosocial. Arch Argent Pediatr [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Jan 25];117(5):e485-8. Available from: http://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2019.e485
http://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2019.e485...
uma adolescente relata ter visto essa prática de automutilação pela internet quando estava nervosa, o que desencadeou a automutilação. Dessa forma, a internet torna-se um ambiente de bastante influência na prática de automutilação em adolescentes pelo acesso às mídias digitais, que mostram uma realidade oposta à dos adolescentes, gerando uma baixa auto-estima.103103. Bastos EM. Automutilation of adolescents: a case study in Fortaleza public school. Rev Educ Psicol Inter [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Jan 25];3(3):156-91. Available from: https://doi.org/10.37444/issn-2594-5343.v3i3.167
https://doi.org/10.37444/issn-2594-5343....
Entretanto, a internet é utilizada também como apoio para aqueles que sentem vontade de parar de praticar a automutilação e como local de desabafo.33. Silva AC, Botti NCL. An investigation on self-mutilation in a group of the social network Facebook. Rev Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool Drog [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Mar 15];14(4):203-10. Available from: http://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1806-6976.smad.2018.000355
http://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1806-6976.s...
,2424. Tang J, Ma Y, Lewis SP, Chen R, Clifford A, Ammerman BA, et al. Association of internet addiction with nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents in China. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Oct 07];3(6):e206863. Available from i: Available from i: http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6863
http://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2...

E quanto aos fatores ambientais, crianças e adolescentes que estudam são mais propensos a praticarem a automutilação devido ao estresse escolar, que gera raiva, ansiedade, desamparo, vergonha e tédio,77. Silva AS, Felício JF, Moura IS, Ferreira LCC, Lima AJS, Amaral JF, et al. He multifactorial aspects of self-mutilation in adolescence: an educational approach. Rev Enferm Atual In Derme [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 15];95(35):e021105. Available from: https://doi.org/10.31011/reaid-2021-v.95-n.35-art.1096
https://doi.org/10.31011/reaid-2021-v.95...
e ao bullying, que pode ser caracterizado nas formas de bullying psicológico, por meio de difamação, de ameaças e de exclusão; físico, que são os tapas, os socos, os chutes e os empurrões; e virtual, as ameaças, a difamação e os insultos realizados por mensagens no telefone ou na internet.104104. Marcolino EC, Cavalcanti AL, Padilha WWN, Miranda FAN, Clementino FS. Bullying: prevalence and factors associated with vitimization and aggression in the school quotidian. Texto Contexto Enferm [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Jan 25];27(1):e5500016. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072018005500016
https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072018005...

Essa última forma de bullying, também denominada cyberbullying, evidencia dentre as suas consequências: a psicológica, expressada a partir de sentimentos como a depressão, a ansiedade, a fobia social e a baixa autoestima; a emocional, que pode despertar sentimentos de raiva, desapontamento, frustração e vulnerabilidade; a biológica, por meio de dores abdominais, dores de cabeça, insônia e da incontinência urinária noturna.105105. Fornasier MO, Spinato TP, Ribeiro FL. Cyberbullying: systematic intimidation, virtual embarrassment and its legal consequences. RDHD [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jan 25];8(16):260-79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21527/2317-5389.2020.16.260-279
https://doi.org/10.21527/2317-5389.2020....

O bullying vivenciado pelos adolescentes impacta, diretamente, a autoestima e a visão de si enquanto ser-no-mundo, uma vez que, para este público, após ser alvo de comentários maldosos, sente-se como inútil no mundo. Estima-se que a eliminação do bullying poderia reduzir, em cerca de 20% a 43%, os casos de automutilação.106106. Fridh M, Lindström M, Rosvall M. Associations between self-injury and involvement in cyberbullying among mentally distressed adolescents in Scania, Sweden. Scand J Public Health [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2022 Jan 25];47(2):190-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494818779321
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494818779321...
Nesse contexto, o enfermeiro constitui-se em um transformador social, sendo imprescindível o seu envolvimento com o contexto escolar e os adolescentes a fim de compreender o que leva à prática da automutilação.107107. Felipe AOB, Resck ZMR, Bressan VR, Vilela SC, Fava SMCL, Moreira DS. Non-suicidal self-harm in adolescents: integrative community therapy as a sharing and coping strategy. Rev Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool Drog [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jan 25];16(4):75-84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1806-6976.smad.2020.155736
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1806-6976....

Dessa forma, é necessário que o profissional de Enfermagem, em assistência ao paciente com comportamento de automutilação, ofereça apoio emocional ao sujeito e à sua família com o propósito de fortalecer o vínculo profissional-paciente, proporcionando um ambiente reconfortante e estimulante à continuidade do tratamento e à busca de mais ajuda, uma vez que a percepção positiva da assistência é especialmente importante a fim de facilitar a comunicação com o paciente para a resolução ágil e qualitativa do enfermeiro.99. Babič MP, Bregar B, Radobuljac MD. The attitudes and feelings of mental health nurses towards adolescents and young adults with nonsuicidal self-injuring behaviors. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 07];14:37. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00343-5
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00343...

No entanto, percebe-se, na assistência dos profissionais de saúde, um déficit quanto ao cuidado com a família do adolescente. Em sua maioria, isso se justifica pela insegurança de como abordar a temática. Logo, destaca-se a importância da capacitação profissional, a fim de possibilitar a realização de oficinas comunitárias, com o objetivo de debater a problemática, tornando-a uma ação propícia para o compartilhamento de experiências entre as famílias das vítimas de automutilação.108108. Aragão FB, Sousa JM, Moreira ES, Vale RR, Caixeta MH, Caixeta CC. Self-mutilation in adolescence: frailties of care from the perspective of mental health professionals. Enferm Foco [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 25];12(4):688-94. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2021.v12.n4.4477
https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2021....
Além disso, intervenções intersetoriais e interdisciplinares são necessárias para a redução deste fenômeno, principalmente na promoção à saúde, por meio da educação em saúde.77. Silva AS, Felício JF, Moura IS, Ferreira LCC, Lima AJS, Amaral JF, et al. He multifactorial aspects of self-mutilation in adolescence: an educational approach. Rev Enferm Atual In Derme [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Mar 15];95(35):e021105. Available from: https://doi.org/10.31011/reaid-2021-v.95-n.35-art.1096
https://doi.org/10.31011/reaid-2021-v.95...

Acrescentam-se, ainda, a falha quanto às políticas públicas de saúde, bem como a falta de recursos físicos e humanos, e uma rede de atenção à saúde do adolescente que favoreça a atenção integral desse público, considerando suas vulnerabilidades inerentes à fase a qual vivenciam.108108. Aragão FB, Sousa JM, Moreira ES, Vale RR, Caixeta MH, Caixeta CC. Self-mutilation in adolescence: frailties of care from the perspective of mental health professionals. Enferm Foco [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Jan 25];12(4):688-94. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2021.v12.n4.4477
https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2021....

Destaca-se, como limitação do estudo, a busca em quatro plataformas de dados, o que pode ter possibilitado o viés de publicação, bem como a não realização do rastreio das referências. Percebeu-se, ainda, a carência de dados que reflitam a realidade mundial da automutilação em adolescentes.

Assim, esta revisão evidenciou que a automutilação é um fenômeno global, que atinge os adolescentes em vulnerabilidade emocional ocasionada por diversos fatores. Consequentemente, é imprescindível a assistência multiprofissional a este público a fim de prestar um cuidado integral. E no que tange à Enfermagem, ressaltam-se a importância da capacitação destes profissionais e a escuta ativa, uma vez que estão inseridas, diretamente, na assistência destes pacientes.

CONCLUSÃO

A prevalência da automutilação em adolescentes variou entre 1% e 85% na Argentina e nos Estados Unidos, respectivamente. O corte foi o principal método de escolha para a automutilação, seguido das mordidas, das batidas e das queimaduras. Quanto aos fatores relacionados à automutilação, destacam-se o sexo feminino, as idades mais avançadas na adolescência, a baixa renda, os conflitos no núcleo familiar, o uso e/ou o abuso de drogas pelo adolescente, os maus-tratos na infância, amigos e familiares que possuem comportamentos suicidas e o bullying escolar.

A automutilação constitui-se de um fenômeno estigmatizado, entretanto que revela inquietações e problemas dos adolescentes que, em sua maioria, são negligenciados e ignorados pela família, escola e sociedade. Sendo assim, este estudo proporciona aos adolescentes a expressão de uma realidade ao qual vivenciam.

Ressalta-se que os dados permitem ao profissional de enfermagem o empoderamento do conhecimento voltado ao perfil dos adolescentes que praticam a automutilação, bem como a presença deste fenômeno na vida deste público, de forma a embasar as estratégias de prevenção, voltadas principalmente ao público de risco mencionado acima, bem como a promoção da saúde, e especificamente a saúde mental.

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NOTAS

  • FINANCIAMENTO

    Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES). Processo no 88887.653225/2021-00.

Editado por

EDITORES

Editores Associados: Clemente Neves de Sousa, Ana Izabel Jatobá de Souza. Editor-chefe: Elisiane Lorenzini

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    15 Maio 2023
  • Data do Fascículo
    2023

Histórico

  • Recebido
    09 Set 2022
  • Aceito
    22 Nov 2022
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós Graduação em Enfermagem Campus Universitário Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis - Santa Catarina - Brasil, Tel.: (55 48) 3721-4915 / (55 48) 3721-9043 - Florianópolis - SC - Brazil
E-mail: textoecontexto@contato.ufsc.br