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Randomized clinical study comparing active heating methods for prevention of intraoperative hypothermia in gastroenterology* * Paper extracted from doctoral dissertation, “Randomized study comparing three active heating methods for the prevention of intraoperative hypothermia in gastroenterolological surgeries”, presented to Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.

ABSTRACT

Objective:

to compare the efficacy of three active heating methods in the prevention of intraoperative hypothermia in open gastroenterological surgeries.

Method:

randomized clinical trial with a sample of 75 patients, whose initial body temperature measured by a tympanic thermometer. Esophageal temperature <36ºC was considered hypothermic. Patients were divided into three groups using: thermal mattress, underbody forced-air warming blanket and heated infusion system. The tympanic and esophageal temperatures were measured at different times of the intraoperative period, but the temperature considered gold standard was the esophageal. To evaluate the homogeneity of the groups, we used chi-square test (categorical variables). In the comparison of temperature measurements over time, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the contrast profile test were used for the difference in temperature between the times. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the three groups. The level of significance was 5%.

Results:

regarding the studied variables, the groups were not homogeneous as to the categorical variable sex. All patients presented hypothermia during the intraoperative period (p> 0.05).

Conclusion:

there was no significant difference between the heating methods in the prevention of intraoperative hypothermia. REBEC - Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (RBR- no. 52shjp).

Descriptors:
Hypothermia; Nursing; Perioperative Period; Body Temperature Regulation; Body Temperature; Equipment and Supplies

RESUMO

Objetivo:

comparar a eficácia de três métodos de aquecimento ativo na prevenção da hipotermia intraoperatória em cirurgias gastroenterológicas por via aberta.

Método:

ensaio clínico randomizado com amostra de 75 pacientes, com temperatura corpórea inicial mensurada por termômetro timpânico. Considerou-se hipotermia a temperatura esofágica <36ºC. Foram distribuídos em três grupos: colchão térmico, manta de aquecimento de ar forçado Underbody e sistema de infusão aquecida. As temperaturas timpânica e esofágica foram aferidas em diferentes momentos do intraoperatório, mas a temperatura considerada padrão ouro foi a esofágica. Para avaliar a homogeneidade dos grupos, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado (variáveis categóricas). Na comparação das medidas de temperatura ao longo do tempo, a análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de perfil de contraste para a diferença das temperaturas entre os tempos. Para comparação dos três grupos, usou-se o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. O nível de significância foi de 5%.

Resultados:

em relação às variáveis estudadas, os grupos não foram homogêneos quanto à variável categórica sexo. Todos os pacientes apresentaram hipotermia no período intraoperatório (p > 0,05).

Conclusão:

não houve diferença significativa entre os métodos de aquecimento na prevenção da hipotermia intraoperatória. REBEC - Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (RBR- nº52shjp).

Descritores:
Hipotermia; Enfermagem; Período Perioperatório; Regulação da Temperatura Corporal; Temperatura do Corpo; Equipamentos e Provisões

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

comparar la eficacia de tres métodos de calentamiento activo en la prevención de la hipotermia intraoperatoria en cirugías gastroenterológicas por vía abierta.

Método:

ensayo clínico aleatorizado con muestra de 75 pacientes, con temperatura corpórea inicial, medida por termómetro timpánico. Se consideró hipotermia la temperatura esofágica de <36ºC. Fueron distribuidos en tres grupos: colchón térmico, manta de calentamiento de aire forzado Underbody y sistema de infusión calentada. Las temperaturas timpánica y esofágica fueron medidas en diferentes momentos del intraoperatorio, pero la temperatura considerada estándar oro fue la esofágica. Para evaluar la homogeneidad de los grupos utilizamos el test Chi-cuadrado (variables categóricas). En la comparación de las medidas de temperatura a lo largo del tiempo, el análisis de variancia (ANOVA) y el test de perfil de contraste se usaron para la diferencia de las temperaturas entre los tiempos. Para comparación de los tres grupos se usó el test no-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. El nivel de significancia fue de 5%.

Resultados:

en relación a las variables estudiadas, los grupos no fueron homogéneos en la variable categórica del sexo. Todos los pacientes presentaron hipotermia en el período intraoperatorio (p > 0,05).

Conclusión:

no hubo diferencia significativa entre los métodos de calentamiento en la prevención de la hipotermia intraoperatoria. REBEC - Registro Brasilero de Ensayos Clínicos (RBR- nº52shjp).

Descriptores:
Hipotermia; Enfermería; Período Perioperatorio; Regulación de la Temperatura Corporal; Temperatura del Cuerpo; Equipos y Provisiones

Introduction

The body loses heat from four mechanisms: radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation. During the anesthetic procedure, hypothermia (body temperature <36ºC) can occur due to redistribution of heat from the central compartment to the periphery in view of the use of anesthetic drugs or the receipt of large volumes of intravenous fluids and irrigation11 Campbell G, Alderson P, Smith AF, Warttig S. Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; 2015. Available from doi.org/10.1002/14651858.

2 Taguchi A. Thermal management of the pa­tient: where does the patient lose and/or gain temperature? 2005, 18(6):632-39 Available from doi: 10.1097/010000191890.36691.
https://doi.org/10.1097/010000191890.366...
-33 Poveda VB, Clark AM, Galvão CM. A systematic review on the effectiveness of Prewarming to prevent perioperative hypothermia. J Clin Nurs. 2013; 22:906-18. Available from doi: 10.1111/j. 1365-2702.2012.04287.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j. 1365-2702.201...
.

Hypothermia may cause increased blood pressure, heart rate and intracranial pressure, in addition to arrhythmias, coagulopathy, infection, increased peripheral vascular resistance and reduced metabolism, among others. The body produces tremors which is 50% to 100% of heat production in adults44 Sun Z, Honar H, Sessler DI, Dalton JE, Yang D, Panjasawatwong K et al. Intraoperative core temperature patterns, transfusion requirement, and hospital duration in patients warmed with forced air. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(2):27. Available from doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000000551.
https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.000000000000...

5 Oshvandi K, Shiri FH, Fazel MR, Safari M, Ravari A. The effect of pre-warmed intravenous fluids on prevention of intraoperative hypothermia in cesarean section. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2014;19(1):64-9. Available from: PMC 3917187 article http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, PMID:24554962.
http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov...
-66 Tramontini CC, Graziano KU. Factors related to body heat loss during the intraoperatory period: Analysis of two nursing interventions. Ciênc Cuid Saúde 2012; 11(supl.):220-5. Available from: http://www.periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/CiencCuidSaude/article/view/17079/pdf
http://www.periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.p...
. Approximately 70% of the patients present hypothermia during the intraoperative period, which can be classified as mild (32 to 35ºC), moderate (28 to 32ºC) or severe (<28ºC)55 Oshvandi K, Shiri FH, Fazel MR, Safari M, Ravari A. The effect of pre-warmed intravenous fluids on prevention of intraoperative hypothermia in cesarean section. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2014;19(1):64-9. Available from: PMC 3917187 article http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, PMID:24554962.
http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov...

6 Tramontini CC, Graziano KU. Factors related to body heat loss during the intraoperatory period: Analysis of two nursing interventions. Ciênc Cuid Saúde 2012; 11(supl.):220-5. Available from: http://www.periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/CiencCuidSaude/article/view/17079/pdf
http://www.periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.p...
-77 Mehta OH, Barclay KL. Perioperative hypothermia in patients undergoing major colorectal surgery. ANZ J Surg. 2014; 84(7-8):550-5. Available from doi:10.1111/12369
https://doi.org/10.1111/12369...
. In operating rooms, the room temperature can vary between 18 and 23°C, providing a pleasant temperature to the team and avoiding the multiplication of microorganisms, since it is a relevant factor for heat loss88 John M, Ford J and Harper, M. Peri-operative warming devices: performance and clinical application. Anaesthesia. 2014;69: 623-38. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.12626
https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.12626...
.

The forced air circulation device consists of a temperature management unit, which comprises a heat generator99 Pagnocca ML, Tai EJ, Dwan JL. Temperature control in conventional abdominal surgery: comparison between conductive and the association of conductive and convective warming. Rev Bras de Anestesiol. 2009;59(1):56-66. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942009000100008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942009...
. In a comparative study, the authors showed that the use of the thermal mattress was more efficient than the warming blanket in the prevention of hypothermia in patients submitted to open abdominal surgery1010 Pu Y, Cen G, Sun J, Gong J, Zhang Y, Zhang M, et al. Warming with an underbody warming system reduces intraoperative hypothermia in patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized controlled study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2014 Feb; 51(2):181-9. Epub 2013 Jun 17. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.05.013
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.201...
. In an investigation comparing conduction heating (thermal mattress) alone and conduction associated with convection (thermal mattress and warming blanket), the authors concluded that there was no reduction in the incidence of complaints of cold and postoperative tremors1111 Munday J, Hines SJ, Chang AM. Evidence utilisation project: Management of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. The challenges of implementing best practice recommendations in the perioperative environment. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2013 Dec; 11(4):305-11. Available from https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-1609.12035
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-1609.12035...
. There is a limited number of national studies on the understanding of hypothermia, as well as comparing effective methods for the prevention and treatment of this complication. Intraoperative inadvertent hypothermia can cause several complications. Thus, its prevention is important, since we can guarantee patient safety by preventing the risks1111 Munday J, Hines SJ, Chang AM. Evidence utilisation project: Management of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. The challenges of implementing best practice recommendations in the perioperative environment. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2013 Dec; 11(4):305-11. Available from https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-1609.12035
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-1609.12035...
. In this way, we intend to investigate the effectiveness of heating methods. This study may provide subsidies for the planning of intraoperative nursing care, as well as for planning the acquisition of resources for the prevention of hypothermia.

The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of three active heating methods in the prevention of intraoperative hypothermia in open gastroenterological surgeries.

Method

The study design was a randomized clinical trial, developed at the surgical center of a public university hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo. This work was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, Unicamp (CEP 1269/2011), (REBEC -RBR- no. 52shjp).

Data collection took place from October 2012 to July 2015 in patients submitted to gastroenterological surgeries, of both sexes, aged 18 years or older, with physical status Ps1-Ps4 according to ASA-PS (American Society of Anesthesiologists - Physical State)1212 Daabiss M. American Society of Anesthesiologists’ physical status classification Indian J Anaesth. 2011 Mar-Apr; 55(2):111-5. Available from doi:10.4103/0019-5049.79879
https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.79879...
, being submitted to general anesthesia, according to the routine procedure of the HC/Unicamp Anesthesia Service.

Exclusion criteria were patients with a body mass index (BMI) <20> 30, age extremes, initial tympanic body temperature below 36° C or equal to or greater than 38° C, transfusion of more than two bags of blood components, volume replacement greater than 30% of that recommended by the local anesthesia service (15 ml/kg weight at 1st hour and 10 ml/kg, subsequent weight) and patients in whom surgical resectability proposed in the study objective was not performed. The sample size was determined with an alpha sample error of 5% for a 95% confidence level and a 20% beta error, indicating the need for 24 patients/group for a difference in temperature greater than 0.1 between groups. The randomization procedure was performed in 100 patients due to possible losses during the surgical process. After signing the Informed Consent Form, the heating methods described were put inside a brown, opaque and sealed envelope, and drawn. The envelope was opened in the operating room (OR) before the anesthetic procedure. The study was masked because neither the anesthetists, nor the surgeons nor the operating room assistants knew which method had been drawn; only the researcher knew it.

At the reception of the patient in the surgical center, the tympanic temperature was monitored for exclusion and control so that the patients did not enter in surgery in a hypothermic state (<36Cº).

All patients were submitted to preheating with a hot and forced air overlap blanket in the preparation room for 15 minutes before being conducted to the OR. The tympanic temperature of all patients was measured before and after preheating. The patients were covered with surgical drapes, leaving only the abdominal region for xifo-pubic incision. All patients who did not belong to the heated infusion group received liquids at room temperature. The esophageal temperature was measured at different moments of the intraoperative period. The temperature considered as the gold standard for statistical analysis of the effectiveness of the heating methods was the esophageal, since it was considered of greater precision1111 Munday J, Hines SJ, Chang AM. Evidence utilisation project: Management of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. The challenges of implementing best practice recommendations in the perioperative environment. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2013 Dec; 11(4):305-11. Available from https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-1609.12035
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-1609.12035...
. Esophageal temperature monitoring was obtained with a sensor positioned at the transition from the hypopharynx to the esophagus. Temperature recording was performed on a multiparametric monitor, DPM7™ Mindray® Display Screen/New Jersey, USA following the following order: after anesthetic induction, in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd hours, at the end of surgery and pre-extubation.

The most accurate temperature is the central one, and the most reliable measurements are those performed on the tympanum, esophagus, nasopharynx and pulmonary artery1111 Munday J, Hines SJ, Chang AM. Evidence utilisation project: Management of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. The challenges of implementing best practice recommendations in the perioperative environment. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2013 Dec; 11(4):305-11. Available from https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-1609.12035
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-1609.12035...
.

The room temperature of the OR was monitored by the Minipa MT-242® thermo-hygrometer Joinville/SC/Brazil and maintained at 22°C-24°C, following the guidance of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses (ASPAN)1313 Jeran L. Patient temperature: An introduction to the clinical guideline for the prevention of unplanned perioperative hypothermia. J Perianesth Nurs. 2001;16(5):303-4. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jpan.2001.28452
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jpan.2001.2845...
. The sample was randomized into three groups. The first one is the thermal mattress group (GI, n = 33) using the Gaymar Medi Therm MTA-4700 Hyper-Hypothermia System ® equipment, Orchard Park, NY/USA. The mattress was covered by a cotton sheet and regulated to the target temperature of 38 ± 0.5°C, keeping it connected from the patient›s entrance into the OR until their referral for anesthetic recovery.

The second is the heated infusions group (GII n = 35), with the RangerTM, Irrigation fluid Warming system 247 3M® equipment, MN/USA. The Ranger heating system is designed to heat fluids and blood components and deliver them in the KVO system up to 30,000 ml/hour. It uses disposable devices that slide easily into the heating unit, being fitted in a single direction, free of connection errors. It has highly conductive aluminum heating plates that disperse heat evenly and immediately, presenting no risk of overheating and adapting to sudden changes in flow rates. It performs temperature monitoring four times per second with heating level adjustment, keeping the set temperature stable throughout the procedure. It has a visible and audible alarm system that ensures that the system operates effectively and safely in situations out of the normal temperature range. The device has an outlet temperature between 33°C and 41°C. It takes less than two minutes to warm up the set temperature to 41°C1414 De Brito Poveda V, Clark AM, Galvão CM (2012) A systematic review on the effectiveness of Prewarming to prevent perioperative hypothermia. J Clin Nurs. 2012; 22(7-8): 906-18. Available from doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2702.2012.04287. xCrossref
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2702.201...
.

The third group is the forced-air warming blanket group (GIII n = 32), with the Bair Hugger System Temperature Management Unit - Model 775, 3M® equipment, California/USA. Patients were placed on the underbody forced-air warming blanket set at target temperature of 40-43° C, with effective heat transfer between the equipment and the blanket due to the high airflow, maximizing the patient’s body surface, allowing freedom for the surgical positioning and that the heating occurred since the beginning of the procedure66 Tramontini CC, Graziano KU. Factors related to body heat loss during the intraoperatory period: Analysis of two nursing interventions. Ciênc Cuid Saúde 2012; 11(supl.):220-5. Available from: http://www.periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/CiencCuidSaude/article/view/17079/pdf
http://www.periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.p...
. This product was supplied by CEI (Comércio Exportação Importação de Materiais Médicos Ltda.).

In this study, the independent variable was the heating method (GI, GII and GIII). The dependent variable was the central temperature variation. The continuous variables were age (years), body mass index (BMI in kg/m2), surgical time (in minutes), volume of blood components administered (in ml) and total volume of liquid administered (ml). The categorical variables were sex (male/female) and type of surgery.

The chi-square test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were applied to assess the homogeneity of the groups. In order to compare the measurements of temperature over time, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures was used, followed by the contrast profile test to demonstrate the difference in temperature between the times (induction in 1st, 2nd, 3rd hours, end of surgery and extubation). The level of significance was 5%. The statistical program used was SAS system for Windows, version 9.4 (2012), Cary, NC, USA.

Results

A total of 206 patients were eligible for the study, of whom 83 were excluded and 23 dropped out. So, 100 patients were randomized, as can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1
CONSORT flowchart applied to this study, Campinas, SP, Brazil, 2015

Twenty-five patients were excluded (thermal mattress = 8, heated infusion = 10, blanket = 7) due to surgical unresectability (respectively 2, 3 and 4 patients); increased infusion volume (3, 1 and 2 patients); 36ºC < temperature > 38ºC (1, 1 and 3 patients) and transfusion >2 units (2, 2 and 3 patients). The study sample consisted of 75 patients and data from the continuous and categorical variables of the surgical procedure are shown below (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1
Distribution of the continuous variables of the 75 patients studied. Campinas, SP, Brazil, 2015
Table 2
Distribution of the categorical variables of the 75 patients studied. Campinas, SP, Brazil, 2015

Homogeneity was observed between the groups, except for sex.

According to the analyzed variables, the majority of patients (56 = 74.6%) were classified by anesthesiologists as Ps 3 and the median surgical time was 285 (120-575) minutes. There was no significant difference between the groups studied, p = (0.23).

There was a significant difference in temperatures when we comparing the time between induction and the 1st, 2nd and 3rd hours, the end of surgery and extubation and between the 3rd hour and the end of surgery (p <0.0001), regardless of the analyzed group, which can be observed in Figure 1. However, there was no difference in temperature between the studied groups. P = (0.06).

Figure 2
Mean value of esophageal temperature between groups and times studied. Campinas, SP, Brazil, 2015

Discussion

The incidence of pathologies that require resectability of organs of the gastroenteric tract has increased regardless of gender. The gender variable did not demonstrate homogeneity, revealing a greater number of women randomized to this study. This fact may be a consequence of a higher male mortality, if observed in both absolute numbers and addressing coefficients and their causes. Male mortality coefficients are higher at all ages.

Therefore, in the studied age range, there are more females than males because mortality is higher in the second group1414 De Brito Poveda V, Clark AM, Galvão CM (2012) A systematic review on the effectiveness of Prewarming to prevent perioperative hypothermia. J Clin Nurs. 2012; 22(7-8): 906-18. Available from doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2702.2012.04287. xCrossref
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2702.201...
.

In this way, there is the need to adopt heating strategies for the prevention of mortality.

Several studies comparing heating methods have been published, and there is great differences among them on which would be the best heating method to guarantee normothermia in the intraoperative period66 Tramontini CC, Graziano KU. Factors related to body heat loss during the intraoperatory period: Analysis of two nursing interventions. Ciênc Cuid Saúde 2012; 11(supl.):220-5. Available from: http://www.periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/CiencCuidSaude/article/view/17079/pdf
http://www.periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.p...
,1515 Laurenti R, Jorge MHPM, Gotlieb SLD. Epidemiological profile of men: morbidity and mortality. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva . 2005; (10):35-46. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232005000100010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232005...
. The implementation of interventional measures, such as the preheating of all patients with hot air systems with an overlap blanket in the 15 minutes that preceded their referral to the operating room, and the use of blankets until the beginning of anesthetic induction, is essential in the prevention and internal redistribution of heat in the body, the main cause of perioperative hypothermia. This method increases the heat content of the peripheral compartment of the organism, causing a reduction in the temperature gradient between the central and peripheral compartments. In this study, the esophageal temperature1414 De Brito Poveda V, Clark AM, Galvão CM (2012) A systematic review on the effectiveness of Prewarming to prevent perioperative hypothermia. J Clin Nurs. 2012; 22(7-8): 906-18. Available from doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2702.2012.04287. xCrossref
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2702.201...
,1616 Moysés AM, Trettene AS, Navarro LHC, Ayres JA. Hypothermia prevention during surgery: comparison between thermal mattress and thermal blanket. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2014; Apr 48(2):228-35. Available from: www.ee.usp.br/reeusp/doi:10.1590/S0080-623420140000200005
www.ee.usp.br/reeusp/doi:10.1590/S0080-6...
was monitored. A systematic review showed the need of 15 to 60 minutes of preheating, which prevented hypothermia1515 Laurenti R, Jorge MHPM, Gotlieb SLD. Epidemiological profile of men: morbidity and mortality. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva . 2005; (10):35-46. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232005000100010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232005...
. In the present study, despite preheating, there was a drop in the patient’s temperature in the first three hours, and there was no complete recovery of temperature at the end of the intraoperative period in all the methods used. These results reinforce the adoption of the prevention measures proposed in several studies1313 Jeran L. Patient temperature: An introduction to the clinical guideline for the prevention of unplanned perioperative hypothermia. J Perianesth Nurs. 2001;16(5):303-4. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jpan.2001.28452
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jpan.2001.2845...

14 De Brito Poveda V, Clark AM, Galvão CM (2012) A systematic review on the effectiveness of Prewarming to prevent perioperative hypothermia. J Clin Nurs. 2012; 22(7-8): 906-18. Available from doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2702.2012.04287. xCrossref
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2702.201...

15 Laurenti R, Jorge MHPM, Gotlieb SLD. Epidemiological profile of men: morbidity and mortality. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva . 2005; (10):35-46. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232005000100010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232005...

16 Moysés AM, Trettene AS, Navarro LHC, Ayres JA. Hypothermia prevention during surgery: comparison between thermal mattress and thermal blanket. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2014; Apr 48(2):228-35. Available from: www.ee.usp.br/reeusp/doi:10.1590/S0080-623420140000200005
www.ee.usp.br/reeusp/doi:10.1590/S0080-6...

17 Hart SR, Bordes B, Hart J, Corsino D, Harmon D. Unintended perioperative hypothermia. Ochsner J. 2011;11(3): 259-70. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov//PMC3179201
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov//PMC3179201...

18 Rowley B, Kerr M, Van PJ, Everett C, Stommel M, Lehto RH. Perioperative warming in surgical patients: A comparison of interventions. Clin Nurs Res. 2015; 24(4):432-441. Available from https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773814535428
https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773814535428...
-1919 Warttig S, Alderson P, Lewis SR, Smith AF. Intravenous nutrients for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults. Cochrane Database of: Systematic Reviews. 2016; 11. Available from 10.1002/14651858. CD009892.pub2
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858. CD0098...
. Following recommendations from the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses (ASPAN)1313 Jeran L. Patient temperature: An introduction to the clinical guideline for the prevention of unplanned perioperative hypothermia. J Perianesth Nurs. 2001;16(5):303-4. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jpan.2001.28452
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jpan.2001.2845...
, the temperature of the operating room (OR) should be maintained between 20 and 24ºC. In the present research, the mean temperature of the OR was between 22.5° C and 23.8°C, that is, within the range established and recommended by ASPAN.

Other authors suggest that the use of plastic and metalized blankets is of little use in preventing intraoperative heat loss, so it is necessary to use active systems to maintain patient normothermia. In these studies, the tympanic temperature was measured, always using the same thermometer, at different moments, at the entrance of the room and after anesthetic induction1818 Rowley B, Kerr M, Van PJ, Everett C, Stommel M, Lehto RH. Perioperative warming in surgical patients: A comparison of interventions. Clin Nurs Res. 2015; 24(4):432-441. Available from https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773814535428
https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773814535428...
-1919 Warttig S, Alderson P, Lewis SR, Smith AF. Intravenous nutrients for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults. Cochrane Database of: Systematic Reviews. 2016; 11. Available from 10.1002/14651858. CD009892.pub2
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858. CD0098...
.

Active heating had better results, mainly through the forced-air warming blanket, maintaining the body temperature close to normotermia88 John M, Ford J and Harper, M. Peri-operative warming devices: performance and clinical application. Anaesthesia. 2014;69: 623-38. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.12626
https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.12626...
.

The tympanic thermometer was used to measure the effectiveness of the use or not of blankets in surgeries of the elderly66 Tramontini CC, Graziano KU. Factors related to body heat loss during the intraoperatory period: Analysis of two nursing interventions. Ciênc Cuid Saúde 2012; 11(supl.):220-5. Available from: http://www.periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/CiencCuidSaude/article/view/17079/pdf
http://www.periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.p...
.

In the present study, we measured the temperatures with an oesophageal thermometer and there was no significant difference between the measurements in the studied groups.

In the present survey, despite the use of active heating methods, there was a decrease in temperature rather than recovery at the end of the procedure in all groups. In a study performed with forced air heaters, there was reduction of heat loss if placed under the patient, allowing circulation around, resulting in loss of heat by irradiation convection2020 Madrid E, Urrútia G, Roqué i Figuls M, Pardo-Hernandez H, Campos JM. Active body surface warming systems for preventing complications caused by inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016; Available from http//doi.org/ 10.1002/14651858.CD009016.pub2, although some authors state that forced air heating is proved to be very effective, and when it is associated with the room temperature adjustment of the operating room it contributes to the prevention of perioperative hypothermia2020 Madrid E, Urrútia G, Roqué i Figuls M, Pardo-Hernandez H, Campos JM. Active body surface warming systems for preventing complications caused by inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016; Available from http//doi.org/ 10.1002/14651858.CD009016.pub2

21 John M, Ford J. and Harper M. Peri-operative warming devices: performance and clinical application. Anaesthesia. 2014;69(6):623-38. Available from https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.12626
https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.12626...
-2222 AORN Recommended Practices Committee. New resource for preventing perioperative hypothermia. AORN J. August 2015;102 (2):7-9. Available from http://.doi.org/ 10.3238 / arztebl.2015.0166. We observed, in the present study, that the use of the underbody warming blanket did not prevent intraoperative hypothermia.

In the present study, there was no significant difference between the three methods used. The literature reinforces the need for the concomitant use of intravenous fluid with measures of heat conservation, since they presented a significant reduction of the accidental incidence of preoperative hypothermia in gynecological and abdominal surgeries, as well as associated complications during orthopedic procedures2121 John M, Ford J. and Harper M. Peri-operative warming devices: performance and clinical application. Anaesthesia. 2014;69(6):623-38. Available from https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.12626
https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.12626...
.

Severe hypothermia tends to occur more frequently in long-term surgeries, including the abdominal and thoracic ones, and especially those with a time greater than 180 minutes. In this study, the esophageal temperature was measured, which demonstrates accuracy of measurement99 Pagnocca ML, Tai EJ, Dwan JL. Temperature control in conventional abdominal surgery: comparison between conductive and the association of conductive and convective warming. Rev Bras de Anestesiol. 2009;59(1):56-66. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942009000100008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942009...
,2121 John M, Ford J. and Harper M. Peri-operative warming devices: performance and clinical application. Anaesthesia. 2014;69(6):623-38. Available from https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.12626
https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.12626...
. The mean surgical time was greater than 120 minutes with a median of 285 minutes.

The losses and the volumes administered are related to the longer ICU time and hospitalization99 Pagnocca ML, Tai EJ, Dwan JL. Temperature control in conventional abdominal surgery: comparison between conductive and the association of conductive and convective warming. Rev Bras de Anestesiol. 2009;59(1):56-66. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942009000100008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-70942009...
. The mean of these variables was homogeneous between the groups, compared to the literature, for these procedures.

A meta-analysis has shown that, on average, there is a decrease in body temperature by 1.5° C during the intraoperative period, increasing hospital costs in US$ 2,500 to US$ 7,000 per surgical patient1111 Munday J, Hines SJ, Chang AM. Evidence utilisation project: Management of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. The challenges of implementing best practice recommendations in the perioperative environment. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2013 Dec; 11(4):305-11. Available from https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-1609.12035
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-1609.12035...
.

We highlight, as relevant aspects of this study, the prevention of intraoperative hypothermia and the nursing care that should be provided to patients in this period in order to reduce the occurrence of hypothermia. The perioperative nurse is the most qualified professional to evaluate the most suitable heating method for each surgical procedure. In addition, it is crucial that a university hospital, where high complexity procedures are performed, has several active heating options that meet the needs of patients.

Limitations of the present study

In the literature, reports of hypothermia are frequent, possibly secondary to anesthetic procedures, room temperature and surgical time. In this study, the occurrence of mild hypothermia throughout the intraoperative period was evidenced, despite all the precautions for pre-heating in the preoperative period.

It is also vitally important to carry out new prospective studies using multicenter studies for the external validation of the evidences observed here. These are essential prerequisites for skilled nursing care and patient safety assurance.

Conclusion

There was no statistically significant difference related to the effectiveness between the three active heating methods used in the prevention of intraoperative hypothermia in open gastroenterological surgeries.

Given the results evidenced in the present study, we concluded that all patients presented mild hypothermia, not recovering the temperature of entrance in the operating room, regardless of the method used.

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  • *
    Paper extracted from doctoral dissertation, “Randomized study comparing three active heating methods for the prevention of intraoperative hypothermia in gastroenterolological surgeries”, presented to Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    2019

History

  • Received
    06 June 2018
  • Accepted
    08 Oct 2018
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