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CA 19-9 levels in patients with acute pancreatitis due to gallstone and metabolic/toxic reasons

SUMMARY

OBJECTIVE

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an important clinical event with an increased frequency due to increased life expectancy, obesity, and alcohol use. There are some data about the elevation of carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 levels in benign and malignant pancreaticobiliary events in the literature, but in AP they are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the CA 19-9 level in patients with AP and determine its relationship according to the cause.

METHODS

Between 2010-2018, 173 patients evaluated with CA 19-9 levels as well as by standard laboratory tests were included in the study. CA 1 9-9 levels and laboratory findings were compared in patients with pancreatitis due to gallstone (group 1) and metabolic/toxic reasons such as hyperlipidemia, alcohol, or drug use (group 2).

RESULTS

There were 114 (66%) patients in the group 1 and 59 (34%) patients in the group 2. The majority of patients with high CA 19-9 level were in group 1 (92.1% vs 6.8%). CA 19-9 level, as well as amylase, lipase, AST, ALT and bilirubin levels were found to be statistically higher in patients with AP due to gallstone compared to patients with metabolic/toxic AP.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with AP due to gallstone, were found to have a high level of CA 19-9 at admission. Early stage CA 19-9 levels may contribute to standard laboratory tests in the etiology of the disease in patients diagnosed with AP.

Pancreatitis; Gallstones; CA-19-9 Antigen

RESUMO

OBJETIVO

A pancreatite aguda (PA) é um evento clínico importante e cada vez mais frequente devido ao aumento da expectativa de vida, obesidade e do consumo de álcool. Existem alguns dados na literatura sobre a elevação dos níveis do antígeno carboidrato (CA) 19-9 em eventos pancreato-biliares benignos e malignos, mas eles são limitados em relação à PA. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o nível de CA 19-9 em pacientes com PA e determinar sua relação com a causa da doença. PACIENTES E

MÉTODOS

Entre 2010 e 2018, 173 pacientes submetidos a uma avaliação dos níveis de CA 19-9, bem como testes laboratoriais padrão, foram incluídos no estudo. Os níveis de CA 19-9 e os achados laboratoriais foram comparados em pacientes com pancreatite devido a cálculos biliares (grupo 1) e razões metabólicas/tóxicas, como hiperlipidemia, álcool, ou uso de drogas (grupo 2).

RESULTADOS

Um total de 114 (66%) pacientes foi incluído no grupo 1 e 59 (34%) no grupo 2. A maioria dos pacientes com alto nível de CA 19-9 estavam no grupo 1 (92,1% versus 6,8%). O CA 19-9, bem como os níveis de amilase, lipase, AST, ALT e bilirrubina foram estatisticamente mais altos em pacientes com PA devido a cálculos biliares em comparação àqueles com PA devido a alterações metabólicas/tóxicas.

CONCLUSÃO

Pacientes com PA devido a cálculos biliares apresentaram um alto nível de CA 19-9 no momento da internação. O nível de CA 19-9 na fase inicial pode contribuir para testes laboratoriais padrão na etiologia da doença em pacientes com diagnóstico de PA.

Pancreatite necrosante aguda; Pancreatite; Cálculos biliares; Antígeno CA-19-9

INTRODUCTION

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an important gastrointestinal event commonly encountered all over the world. Although there are regional differences, the first two etiologies that cause AP are gallstone and alcohol (60-80%)11. Roberts SE, Morrison-Rees S, John A, Williams JG, Brown TH, Samuel DG. The incidence and aetiology of acute pancreatitis across Europe. Pancreatology. 2017;17(2):155-65.. Determining the underlying etiology is important to determine the treatment roadmap and the need for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). In AP with metabolic and toxic causes, such as alcohol or hyperlipidemia, normal or moderate transaminases and cholestatic enzymes may be elevated, whereas gallstone-associated AP may be associated with increased levels of transaminases and cholestatic enzymes. Even in cases where transaminase and cholestatic enzyme elevations are associated, false positive results may be encountered. In addition, a laboratory parameter alone cannot differentiate between gallstone and other causes. For this reason, additional imaging methods such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), and ERCP are frequently used.

Carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 is a SiaLe-Lewis blood group antigen which was first described in murine monoclonal antibodies against colorectal carcinoma epithelial cells22. Morris-Stiff G, Teli M, Jardine N, Puntis M. CA19-9 antigen levels can distinguish between benign and malignant pancreaticobiliary disease. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2009;8(6):620-6.. In many studies, CA 19-9 levels have been shown to increase in tumors involving the pancreas and biliary tract33. Pandiaraja J, Viswanathan S, Antomy TB, Thirumuruganand S, Kumaresan DS. The role of CA19-9 in predicting tumour resectability in carcinoma head of pancreas. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(3):PC06-9.

4. Goonetilleke KS, Siriwardena AK. Systematic review of carbohydrate antigen (CA 19-9) as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33(3):266-70.

5. Teng D, Wu K, Sun Y, Zhang M, Wang D, Wu J, et al. Significant increased CA199 levels in acute pancreatitis patients predicts the presence of pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9(16):12745-53.

6. Yamamoto Y, Sugiura T, Todaka A, Okamura Y, Ito T, Ashida R, et al. Surgical indication for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma according to the optimal preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19-9 cutoff value. World J Surg. 2018;42(10):3331-40.
-77. Zhuge X, Guo C, Chen Y, Feng L, Jia R, Zhao Y, et al. The levels of tumor markers in pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma and their values in differentiation between pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreas. 2018;47(10):1290-5.. In addition, in the patients with malignant tumors such as stomach, ovary, hepatocellular and colorectal carcinomas and in benign cases (pancreatitis, cholangitis, and choledocholithiasis) involving the biliary tree have been shown to increase levels88. Ong SL, Sachdeva A, Garcea G, Gravante G, Metcalfe MS, Lloyd DM, et al. Elevation of carbohydrate antigen 19.9 in benign hepatobiliary conditions and its correlation with serum bilirubin concentration. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(12):3213-7.

9. Sheen-Chen SM, Sun CK, Liu YW, Eng HL, Ko SF, Kuo CH. Extremely elevated CA19-9 in acute cholangitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(11):3140-2.

10. Bertino G, Ardiri AM, Calvagno GS, Malaguarnera G, Interlandi D, Vacante M, et al. Carbohydrate 19.9 antigen serum levels in liver disease. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:531640.
-1111. Katsanos KH, Kitsanou M, Christodoulou DK, Tsianos EV. High CA 19-9 levels in benign biliary tract diseases. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Eur J Intern Med. 2002;13(2):132-5.. There have also been case reports that found elevated CA 19-9 levels may be seen in cases of tuberculosis, infections, various rheumatological, and benign renal events1212. Lowe D, Lee J, Schade R, Chaudhary A. Patient with markedly elevated CA 19-9 not associated with malignancy. South Med J. 2006;99(3):306-8.

13. Shin JY, Yoo SJ, Park BM, Jung SS, Kim JO, Lee JE. Extremely increased serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels caused by new or resistant infections to previous antibiotics in chronic lung diseases. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2013;75(3):125-7.

14. Kodama T, Satoh H, Ishikawa H, Ohtsuka M. Serum levels of CA19-9 in patients with nonmalignant respiratory diseases. J Clin Lab Anal. 2007;21(2):103-6.
-1515. Onishi T, Franco OE, Shibahara T, Arima K, Sugimura Y. Papillary adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter producing carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carbohydrate antigen 125. Int J Urol. 2005;12(2):214-6..

In this study, we aimed to retrospectively investigate the relationship between CA 19-9 levels and pancreatitis reasons in patients with AP due to gallstone, hyperlipidemia or toxic cause (alcohol and drug), which constitute the first three main etiologies.

METHODS

Patient selection and data collection

Patients who were admitted to the emergency department of our hospital with complaints of abdominal pain between May 2010 and May 2018 and diagnosed with AP were included in the study. After analyzing the exclusion criteria of for the 829 diagnosed patients (Table 1), we found that the CA 19-9 levels were examined in 173 at admission in addition to standard blood tests (Figure 1).

TABLE 1
EXCLUSION CRITERIA OF THE STUDY

FIGURE 1
PATIENT SELECTION FLOWCHART.

The patients were divided into two groups according to their etiology. The patients with AP due to gallstone were placed in the first group, and patients diagnosed with metabolic/toxic AP such as hyperlipidemia, alcohol, or drug were placed on the second group.

AP etiologies were determined according to history, laboratory findings, imaging methods (ultrasonography, computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MRCP, EUS, and ERCP) and, if necessary, pathology results.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were expressed as a mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables as a percentage. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical values, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables between the groups. The Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve was used to determine the level of CA19-9 to differentiate gallstone and metabolic/toxic causes with optimum sensitivity and specificity. The area under the curve (AUC), positive (PPV) and negative predictive (NPV) values were obtained. The statistical analysis of the study was done using SPSS 25.0 (IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 25). P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics of the study population

A total of 173 patients (92 female, 81 male) were included in the study. There were 114 (66%; 71 female, 43 male) patients in the first group (gallstone) and 59 (34%; 21 female, 38 male) patients in the second group (metabolic/toxic) (Table 2). There was a statistically significant difference between the groups regarding gender distribution (p=0.001). The mean age of the patients was also a statistically significant difference between the groups (65 vs. 52; p<0.05) (Table 3). The demographic data of the patients and baseline characteristic findings at the time of the presentation are summarized in Table 2, 3.

TABLE 2
DISTRIBUTION OF PATIENTS INCLUDED IN THE STUDY

TABLE 3
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA AND LABORATORY FINDINGS OF THE PATIENTS AT THE TIME OF ADMISSION

CA 19-9 level between the groups and cut off value for prediction

CA 19-9 was detected in 105 (92.1%) of the patients in the first group, and in 4 (6.8%) of the patients in the second group, more than 37 U/ml (Normal range of CA 19-9: 0-37 U/ml) (p<0.001). There was also a statistically significant difference between the groups regarding mean CA 19-9 values (206.1 vs. 14.6; p <0.005). The box-plot representation between the groups is shown in Figure 2.

FIGURE 2
BOX-PLOT REPRESENTATION OF CARBOHYDRATE ANTIGEN (CA) 19-9 LEVELS IN GALLSTONE AND METABOLIC/TOXIC GROUPS.

When the cut-off value for CA 19-9 was 37 U/ml, the sensitivity and specificity of the values in the prediction of pancreatitis due to gallstone were measured as 92.1% and 93.2%, respectively (AUC 0.925, PPV; 96.3%, NPV; 85.9%) (Figure 3).

FIGURE 3
ROC CURVE FOR CARBOHYDRATE ANTIGEN 19-9 SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY (CUT-OFF VALUE 37 U/ML).

High levels of CA19-9 increases the risk of gallstone as AP reason by 160-fold (OR: 160, CI 95%: 47-544).

DISCUSSION

AP is an important clinical event with an increased frequency due to increased life expectancy, obesity, and alcohol use. The most common causes of pancreatitis in the 829 patients who were evaluated in our study were gallstone (58%), hyperlipidemia (8%), alcohol or drug use (8%). In addition, gallstone-induced AP was significantly higher in females, and metabolic/toxic AP was statistically higher in males (p = 0.001). In spite of developing laboratory and imaging methods, idiopathic patients continue to play an important role in the etiology (10-30%)11. Roberts SE, Morrison-Rees S, John A, Williams JG, Brown TH, Samuel DG. The incidence and aetiology of acute pancreatitis across Europe. Pancreatology. 2017;17(2):155-65.. We could not detect any reason that could cause AP in 17% of the cases. Laboratory tests alone are not sufficient to clarify the etiology in AP patients at admission. Imaging methods such as ultrasonography, CT, MRI, and even EUS are often needed. Especially in AP due to choledocholithiasis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels are important markers for pathologies in bile ducts, but it should be kept in mind that false positive and negative results can also be observed.

CA 19-9 is a glycolipid synthesized by the pancreas and ductal epithelial cells, as well as in the stomach, colon, endometrium and salivary gland epithelium cells. The primary role of CA 19-9 level is to evaluate the efficacy of palliative chemotherapy in hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers and to follow up after curative surgery. The sensitivity of CA 19-9 in hepatobiliary malignancies was found to be above 90%44. Goonetilleke KS, Siriwardena AK. Systematic review of carbohydrate antigen (CA 19-9) as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33(3):266-70.. However, in addition to elevations in various benign events (Mirizzi syndrome, cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, autoimmune pancreatitis, benign biliary stricture, among others) in the hepatobiliary system, it has been reported in extra-biliary events such as interstitial lung disease, tuberculosis, pneumonia, rheumatoid arthritis, and renal system malignancies1212. Lowe D, Lee J, Schade R, Chaudhary A. Patient with markedly elevated CA 19-9 not associated with malignancy. South Med J. 2006;99(3):306-8.

13. Shin JY, Yoo SJ, Park BM, Jung SS, Kim JO, Lee JE. Extremely increased serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels caused by new or resistant infections to previous antibiotics in chronic lung diseases. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2013;75(3):125-7.

14. Kodama T, Satoh H, Ishikawa H, Ohtsuka M. Serum levels of CA19-9 in patients with nonmalignant respiratory diseases. J Clin Lab Anal. 2007;21(2):103-6.

15. Onishi T, Franco OE, Shibahara T, Arima K, Sugimura Y. Papillary adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter producing carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carbohydrate antigen 125. Int J Urol. 2005;12(2):214-6.

16. Robertson AG, Davidson BR. Mirizzi syndrome complicating an anomalous biliary tract: a novel cause of a hugely elevated CA19-9. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19(2):167-9.

17. Szekanecz E, Sándor Z, Antal-Szalmás P, Soós L, Lakos G, Besenyei T, et al. Increased production of the soluble tumor-associated antigens CA19-9, CA125, and CA15-3 in rheumatoid arthritis: potential adhesion molecules in synovial inflammation? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1108:359-71.

18. Toomey DP, Swan N, Torreggiani W, Conlon KC. Autoimmune pancreatitis: medical and surgical management. JOP. 2007;8(3):335-43.
-1919. Uygur-Bayramicli O, Dabak R, Orbay E, Dolapcioglu C, Sargin M, Kilicoglu G, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and CA 19-9 levels. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(40):5357-9.. CA 19-9 values above normal limits alone cannot distinguish malignant or benign causes. In a study from Morris-Stiff et al.2 , CA 19-9 levels were detected above normal values in 95.9% of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 89.5% of patients with cholangiocarcinoma, 44.4% of patients with gallstone, and 27% of patients with chronic pancreatitis. In the study, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV values in the differentiation of malignant from benign diseases were calculated as 84.9%, 69.7%, 67.7%, and 86.1%, respectively. According to the ROC curve analysis, the optimal CA 19-9 value for distinguishing malignant and benign events was 70.5 U/ml. Similarly, in a study from Marrelli et al.2020. Marrelli D, Caruso S, Pedrazzani C, Neri A, Fernandes E, Marini M, et al. CA19-9 serum levels in obstructive jaundice: clinical value in benign and malignant conditions. Am J Surg. 2009;198(3):333-9. that evaluated 128 patients with obstructive jaundice (87 pancreatic-biliary malignancy and 41 benign events), the CA 19-9 level was found to be high in 61% of benign events and 86% of malignant events. Kim et al.2121. Kim MS, Jeon TJ, Park JY, Choi J, Shin WC, Park SE, et al. Clinical interpretation of elevated CA 19-9 levels in obstructive jaundice following benign and malignant pancreatobiliary disease. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2017;70(2):96-102. found CA 19-9 levels above 37 U/ml in 90% of malignant and 59% of benign events. The mean CA 19-9 level in malignant events was 442.4 U/ml, and 67.4 U/ml in benign events. In another similar study, CA 19-9 levels in benign cases were found to be 102 U/ml, and 910 U/ml in pancreaticobiliary tumors2222. Mann DV, Edwards R, Ho S, Lau WY, Glazer G. Elevated tumour marker CA19-9: clinical interpretation and influence of obstructive jaundice. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2000;26(5):474-9.. Ong et al.88. Ong SL, Sachdeva A, Garcea G, Gravante G, Metcalfe MS, Lloyd DM, et al. Elevation of carbohydrate antigen 19.9 in benign hepatobiliary conditions and its correlation with serum bilirubin concentration. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(12):3213-7. also showed that benign hepatobiliary diseases are associated with an increase in CA 19-9 and bilirubin levels. In a study in which Dogan et al.2323. Doğan ÜB, Gümürdülü Y, Gölge N, Kara B. Relationship of CA 19-9 with choledocholithiasis and cholangitis. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2011;22(2):171-7. evaluated CA 19-9 levels in patients with gallstone, high CA 19-9 was detected in 32 of the 70 patients (46%). CA 19-9 levels were not correlated with the number and diameter of the stones but were shown to be higher in patients with cholangitis.

In the literature, there are not many studies about CA 19-9 levels in patients with AP. Teng et al.55. Teng D, Wu K, Sun Y, Zhang M, Wang D, Wu J, et al. Significant increased CA199 levels in acute pancreatitis patients predicts the presence of pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9(16):12745-53. evaluated CA19-9 levels in 693 of 1609 patients with AP,, and CA 19-9 levels were found above 37 U/ml in 186 (26.8%) patients. CA 19-9 levels were not correlated with AP severity but with serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and creatinine levels. In this study, the CA 19-9 level was found to be high in 53.8% of patients with gallstone-induced AP, in 11.3% of patients with alcohol-induced AP, and in 7.5% of patients with hypertriglyceridemia induced AP. However, there is no data about when the evaluation of CA 19-9 was made. In addition, in another prospective study of CA 19-9 and CEA levels in 61 patients with AP, the CA 19-9 level was found to be high in 36% of the patients2424. Cüre E, Baştürk A, Şahin M, Cüre MC, Coşkun HŞ, İşler M. The evaluation of tumor markers in acute pancreatitis. Turk J Cancer. 2007;37(1):11-5.. There were no significant differences in the rates of CA 19-9 in patients with AP (34 patients), including pancreatitis due to gallstone and other reasons. The number of patients with metabolic/toxic causes of AP was low (12 patients), and the inclusion of idiopathic patients in the study was seen as a disadvantage.

The CA 19-9 levels of the 173 patients included in our study were evaluated within 24 hours after diagnosis, and CA 19-9 levels were detected high (> 37 U/ml) in 109 (63%) of the cases. In our study, CA 19-9 levels were above 37 U/ml in 92% of patients with AP due to gallstone, and the mean CA 19-9 level was found to be 206.1 U/ml. CA 19-9 levels were in the normal range in 93.2% of the patients who developed pancreatitis due to metabolic/toxic causes, and the mean CA 19-9 level was found to be 14.6 U/ml in these patients. There were also statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of levels of amylase, lipase, AST, ALT, and bilirubin in addition to CA 19-9 levels. These data show that CA 19-9 levels are high in clinical events in the bile ducts not only in patients with biliary tract malignancies but also in patients with stasis like gallstones2525. Marrelli D, Pinto E, De Stefano A, Farnetani M, Garosi L, Roviello F. Clinical utility of CEA, CA 19-9, and CA 72-4 in the follow-up of patients with resectable gastric cancer. Am J Surg. 2001;181(1):16-9.. It shows that CA 19-9 levels, especially in the early period of AP, are an important predictor for the etiology of pancreatitis.

Our study is retrospective, and prospective studies are needed for CA 19-9 levels in patients with pancreatitis after bile duct drainage and after pancreatitis regression, as well as in all pancreatitis groups. In addition, prospective studies are needed to determine whether CA 19-9 can contribute to diagnostic in idiopathic cases.

CONCLUSION

CA 19-9 levels at an early stage in patients diagnosed with AP may provide an additional contribution to standard laboratory tests. In pancreatitis patients with high CA 19-9 levels, in particular, it is possible to say that there is a clinical event which causes stasis in the biliary tract. We believe that an additional imaging technique for the biliary tract, such as EUS, will be useful before the diagnosis of idiopathic pancreatitis in patients with normal USG, CT, and MRCP findings and high CA 19-9 levels. We think it is appropriate to consider the metabolic/toxic causes of pancreatitis in patients with mild cholestatic enzyme elevation if the CA 19-9 level is normal.

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Roberts SE, Morrison-Rees S, John A, Williams JG, Brown TH, Samuel DG. The incidence and aetiology of acute pancreatitis across Europe. Pancreatology. 2017;17(2):155-65.
  • 2
    Morris-Stiff G, Teli M, Jardine N, Puntis M. CA19-9 antigen levels can distinguish between benign and malignant pancreaticobiliary disease. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2009;8(6):620-6.
  • 3
    Pandiaraja J, Viswanathan S, Antomy TB, Thirumuruganand S, Kumaresan DS. The role of CA19-9 in predicting tumour resectability in carcinoma head of pancreas. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(3):PC06-9.
  • 4
    Goonetilleke KS, Siriwardena AK. Systematic review of carbohydrate antigen (CA 19-9) as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33(3):266-70.
  • 5
    Teng D, Wu K, Sun Y, Zhang M, Wang D, Wu J, et al. Significant increased CA199 levels in acute pancreatitis patients predicts the presence of pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9(16):12745-53.
  • 6
    Yamamoto Y, Sugiura T, Todaka A, Okamura Y, Ito T, Ashida R, et al. Surgical indication for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma according to the optimal preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19-9 cutoff value. World J Surg. 2018;42(10):3331-40.
  • 7
    Zhuge X, Guo C, Chen Y, Feng L, Jia R, Zhao Y, et al. The levels of tumor markers in pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma and their values in differentiation between pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreas. 2018;47(10):1290-5.
  • 8
    Ong SL, Sachdeva A, Garcea G, Gravante G, Metcalfe MS, Lloyd DM, et al. Elevation of carbohydrate antigen 19.9 in benign hepatobiliary conditions and its correlation with serum bilirubin concentration. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(12):3213-7.
  • 9
    Sheen-Chen SM, Sun CK, Liu YW, Eng HL, Ko SF, Kuo CH. Extremely elevated CA19-9 in acute cholangitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(11):3140-2.
  • 10
    Bertino G, Ardiri AM, Calvagno GS, Malaguarnera G, Interlandi D, Vacante M, et al. Carbohydrate 19.9 antigen serum levels in liver disease. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:531640.
  • 11
    Katsanos KH, Kitsanou M, Christodoulou DK, Tsianos EV. High CA 19-9 levels in benign biliary tract diseases. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Eur J Intern Med. 2002;13(2):132-5.
  • 12
    Lowe D, Lee J, Schade R, Chaudhary A. Patient with markedly elevated CA 19-9 not associated with malignancy. South Med J. 2006;99(3):306-8.
  • 13
    Shin JY, Yoo SJ, Park BM, Jung SS, Kim JO, Lee JE. Extremely increased serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels caused by new or resistant infections to previous antibiotics in chronic lung diseases. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2013;75(3):125-7.
  • 14
    Kodama T, Satoh H, Ishikawa H, Ohtsuka M. Serum levels of CA19-9 in patients with nonmalignant respiratory diseases. J Clin Lab Anal. 2007;21(2):103-6.
  • 15
    Onishi T, Franco OE, Shibahara T, Arima K, Sugimura Y. Papillary adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter producing carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carbohydrate antigen 125. Int J Urol. 2005;12(2):214-6.
  • 16
    Robertson AG, Davidson BR. Mirizzi syndrome complicating an anomalous biliary tract: a novel cause of a hugely elevated CA19-9. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19(2):167-9.
  • 17
    Szekanecz E, Sándor Z, Antal-Szalmás P, Soós L, Lakos G, Besenyei T, et al. Increased production of the soluble tumor-associated antigens CA19-9, CA125, and CA15-3 in rheumatoid arthritis: potential adhesion molecules in synovial inflammation? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1108:359-71.
  • 18
    Toomey DP, Swan N, Torreggiani W, Conlon KC. Autoimmune pancreatitis: medical and surgical management. JOP. 2007;8(3):335-43.
  • 19
    Uygur-Bayramicli O, Dabak R, Orbay E, Dolapcioglu C, Sargin M, Kilicoglu G, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and CA 19-9 levels. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(40):5357-9.
  • 20
    Marrelli D, Caruso S, Pedrazzani C, Neri A, Fernandes E, Marini M, et al. CA19-9 serum levels in obstructive jaundice: clinical value in benign and malignant conditions. Am J Surg. 2009;198(3):333-9.
  • 21
    Kim MS, Jeon TJ, Park JY, Choi J, Shin WC, Park SE, et al. Clinical interpretation of elevated CA 19-9 levels in obstructive jaundice following benign and malignant pancreatobiliary disease. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2017;70(2):96-102.
  • 22
    Mann DV, Edwards R, Ho S, Lau WY, Glazer G. Elevated tumour marker CA19-9: clinical interpretation and influence of obstructive jaundice. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2000;26(5):474-9.
  • 23
    Doğan ÜB, Gümürdülü Y, Gölge N, Kara B. Relationship of CA 19-9 with choledocholithiasis and cholangitis. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2011;22(2):171-7.
  • 24
    Cüre E, Baştürk A, Şahin M, Cüre MC, Coşkun HŞ, İşler M. The evaluation of tumor markers in acute pancreatitis. Turk J Cancer. 2007;37(1):11-5.
  • 25
    Marrelli D, Pinto E, De Stefano A, Farnetani M, Garosi L, Roviello F. Clinical utility of CEA, CA 19-9, and CA 72-4 in the follow-up of patients with resectable gastric cancer. Am J Surg. 2001;181(1):16-9.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    05 Aug 2019
  • Date of issue
    July 2019

History

  • Received
    09 Apr 2019
  • Accepted
    19 Apr 2019
Associação Médica Brasileira R. São Carlos do Pinhal, 324, 01333-903 São Paulo SP - Brazil, Tel: +55 11 3178-6800, Fax: +55 11 3178-6816 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: ramb@amb.org.br