Evaluation of factors affecting the frequency and clinical course of COVID-19 in patients using anti-TNF-alpha agents

SUMMARY

OBJECTIVES:

Patients being treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF-alpha) agents were reported to have better prognosis related to COVID-19. We evaluated the factors affecting the frequency, clinical course, and outcome of COVID-19 in patients treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents.

METHODS:

Patients with rheumatoid diseases and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents were evaluated retrospectively. The laboratory data in routine visits, frequency of COVID-19, pneumonia, hospitalization and/or intensive care unit (ICU) follow-up and, mortality were recorded. The factors related to COVID-19 frequency and clinical outcome were evaluated.

RESULTS:

A total of 324 patients (177 males [54.6%] and 147 females [45.4%], mean age: 45.3±12.16 years) was included in the study. In all, 44 (13.6%) patients had COVID-19; of these, 11 (25%) developed pneumonia, 7 (15.9%) were hospitalized, and 1 (2.3%) was followed up in ICU. There was no mortality. The patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were older (mean age: 52±11 years versus 41±12 years, p=0.01), had hypertension and coronary artery disease more frequently (5 cases [55.6%] versus 4 cases [44.4], p=0.02 and 2 cases [100%] versus 0 cases [0%], p=0.014, respectively), and lower eosinophil % (1.35±1.79% versus 2.3±1.45%, p=0.016). The diabetes mellitus was more frequent (66.7 versus 33.3%, p=0.013), and mean eosinophil % was lower among inpatients compared with outpatients (1.29±2.22% versus 2.19±1.37%, p=0.02).

CONCLUSIONS:

We concluded that the patients treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents having COVID-19 might have mild clinical course and better prognosis.

KEYWORDS:
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; COVID-19; Pneumonia; Mortality; Eosinophils

INTRODUCTION

It has been reported that patients being treated with anti–tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF–alpha) agents for rheumatoid diseases (RDs) had a lower risk of hospitalization related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and a better prognosis compared with those treated with other anti-rheumatoid agents especially corticosteroids (CS)¹-⁵. But the factors affecting the clinical course and outcome in these specific groups of patients were not examined in detail. In this retrospective observational study, we evaluated patients treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents for RD and chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD) to assess the frequency of COVID-19 and the factors affecting the clinical course and outcome.

METHODS

Adult patients with RD (rheumatoid arthritis [RA], ankylosing spondylitis [AS], psoriatic arthritis [PsA]) and CIBD (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis [UC]) who were treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents at least for 12 months and applied for the Umraniye Training and Research Hospital Pulmonology and Rheumatology Department between March 15, 2020 and March 01, 2021 were evaluated retrospectively. The study was approved by the local ethics committee (Approval number B.10.1.TKH.4.34.H.G.p.0.01/111). The healthcare workers and patients over 65 years of age were excluded because they were included in the national vaccination schedule for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The data about demographic information, medical history, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, comorbidities such as hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and coronary artery disease (CAD); the diagnosis of RD, anti-TNF-alpha agent, and additional pharmacological therapies used for RD and CIBD; and the duration of the anti-TNF-alpha therapy, tuberculosis skin test (TST) result, and laboratory parameters (i.e., leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte and eosinophil count, and serum level of C-reactive protein) performed in the routine follow-up visit (in patients with a history of COVID-19, the laboratory tests in the last visit before the SARS-CoV-2 infection), and the history of COVID-19 was extracted from the medical files. The presence and radiological severity of pneumonia and the data for clinical course and outcome (need and duration of hospitalization and/or intensive care unit (ICU) follow-up, oxygen, CS, anti-cytokine treatment, intubation, and mortality) were also recorded in patients with COVID-19. In patients with pneumonia, the severity was degreed on thorax computerized tomography (CT) according to the scoring system offered by Bernheim A, et al⁶,⁷.

The patients were divided into two groups, namely, COVID-19 (+) and COVID-19 (-) and compared in terms of age, sex, BMI, smoking status, comorbidities, the diagnosis of RD/CIBD, anti-TNF-alpha agent used, additional pharmacological therapies given for RD/CIBD, the duration of the anti-TNF-alpha therapy, TST result, and laboratory parameters. In the COVID-19 (+) group, the relationship of these factors with the presence and radiological severity of pneumonia, hospitalization, and ICU follow-up and clinical outcome was analyzed further.

Statistical analysis

Patient data were collected were analyzed with the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows 23.0 package program (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA). The discrete data were given as frequency and percentage. The mean±standard deviation for continuous data was given as descriptive value. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the two groups. The Pearson's chi-square test and the Fisher-Freeman-Halton test were used to evaluate the relationship between the categorical features and the frequency and parameters related to the clinical course of COVID-19. The results were considered statistically significant when the p<0.05.

RESULTS

A total of 324 patients (177 males [54.6%] and 147 females [45.4%] with a mean age of 45.3±12.16 years) were included in this study. There were 280 patients (86.4%) in COVID-19 (-) and 44 patients (13.6%) in COVID-19 (+) group. Comparison of the data between the two groups is shown in Table 1. The mean age of the patients was 46±12 years in the COVID-19 (-) and 44±13 years in the COVID-19 (+) group (p=0.364). The both sexes were evenly distributed in COVID-19 (-) and COVID-19 (+) groups (154 males [55%] versus 126 female s [45%], and 23 males [52.3%] versus 21 females [47.7%], respectively, p=0.751). AS was the most frequent disease followed by RA, Crohn's disease, PsA, and UC in COVID-19 (-) and (+) groups (129 cases versus 20 cases, 65 cases versus 14 cases, 45 cases versus 7 cases, 37 cases versus 2 cases, and 3 cases versus 1 case, respectively, p=0.411).

Table 1
Comparison of demographic, clinical, and laboratory data between COVID-19 (-) and (+) groups.

		COVID-19 (-)		COVID-19 (+)		p-value
		n ormean	% or Standard deviation	n or mean	% or standard deviation
Sex	Male	154	86.9	23	13.1	0.751
	Female	126	85.7	21	14.3
Rheumatoid/chronic inflammatory bowel disease	Crohn's disease	45	86.5	7	13.5	0.411
	RA	65	82.3	14	17.7
	AS	129	86.6	20	13.4
	Ulcerative colitis	3	75.0	1	25.0
	Psoriatic arthritis	37	94.9	2	5.1
Anti-TNF-alpha agent	Adalimumab	101	84.9	18	15.1	0.928
	Etanercept	57	87.7	8	12.3
	Infliximab	30	88.2	4	11.8
	Golimumab	52	89.7	6	10.3
	Certolizumab	35	81.4	8	18.6
	Other	4	100.0	0	0.0
Comorbidities	HT	40	81.6	9	18.4	0.298
	DM	31	91.2	3	8.8	0.383
	Asthma	9	75.0	3	25.0	0.242
	COPD	1	100	0	0	–
	CAD	10	83.3	2	16.7	0.754
TST result	Negative	84	85.7	14	14.3	0.830
	Positive	194	86.6	30	13.4
Age (years)		46	12	44	13	0.364
BMI (kg/m2)		27.6	4.2	27.24	2.64	0.886
Anti-TNF-alpha treatment duration (months)		61	29	61	30	0.708
Smoking (package/years)		4	9	1	2	0.235
CRP (mg/dL)		0.94	1.25	1.47	2.75	0.304
Number of leukocytes (×103/mL)		8378	4005	7855	1724	0.666
Number of neutrophils (×103/mL)		4745	1911	4721	1392	0.637
Number of lymphocytes (×103/mL)		2647	1048	2434	778	0.475
N/L ratio		2.06	1.33	2.22	1.3	0.120
Number of eosinophils (×103/mL)		212	159	170	118	0.137
E/L ratio		0.085	0.077	0.106	0.202	0.805
Eosinophil (%)		8.16	8.246	2.03	1.55	0.148

• BMI: body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; AS: ankylosing spondylitis; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CAD: coronary artery disease; TST: tuberculin skin test.

The information for BMI was available in 47 patients, and the mean BMI was similar in the COVID-19 (-) and (+) groups (27.6±4.2 and 27.24±2.64, respectively, p=0.886). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of smoking amount, comorbidities, anti-TNF-alpha agent, mean duration of anti-TNF-alpha treatment, and TST result (p>0.05).

Among the COVID-19 (+) group, 11 patients (25%) developed pneumonia. The information about pneumonia was lacking in 1 patient. Of note, 4 cases (36.3%) had mild, 5 cases (45.4%) had moderate, and 2 cases (18.3%) had severe pneumonia. Notably, 7 of the cases (15.9%) were hospitalized, and 1 of them (2.3%) was followed up in ICU; 2 cases (4.5%) needed nasal oxygen, 1 case (2.3%) needed high flow oxygen, 3 cases (6.8%) needed CS treatment (2 of them needed pulse steroid), and 1 case (2.3%) was treated with the anti-cytokine agent, i.e., tocilizumab. None of the cases was intubated or died. The relationship between the presence of pneumonia and the demographic, clinical, and laboratory data is shown in Table 2. The distribution of sex among cases with and without pneumonia was similar (7 versus 15 males and 4 versus 17 females, respectively, p=0.337). The patients with pneumonia were older significantly (mean age was 52±11 years versus 41±12 years, p=0.01). In patients with pneumonia, HT and CAD were more frequent (5 cases [55.6%] versus 4 cases [44.4], p=0.02; 2 cases [100%] versus 0 case [0%], respectively, p=0.014), and the mean percentage of eosinophil was significantly lower (1.35±1.79% vs. 2.3±1.45%, p=0.016).

Table 2
Comparison of demographic, clinical, and laboratory features in COVID-19 (+) patients without and with pneumonia.

		Pneumonia				p-value
		No		Yes
		n or mean	% or SD	n or mean	% or SD
Sex	Male	15	68.2	7	31.8	0.337
	Female	17	81.0	4	19.0
Rheumatoid/Chronic inflammatory bowel disease	Crohn's disease	4	66.7	2	33.3	0.543
	RA	12	85.7	2	14.3
	AS	13	65.0	7	35.0
	Ulcerative colitis	1	100.0	0	0
	Psoriatic arthritis	2	100.0	0	0
Anti-TNF-alpha agent	Adalimumab	13	76.5	4	23.5	0.510
	Etanercept	6	75.0	2	25.0
	Infliximab	4	100.0	0	0
	Golimumab	3	50.0	3	50.0
	Certolizumab	6	75.0	2	25.0
Comorbidity	HT	4	44.4	5	55.6	0.020
	DM	1	33.3	2	66.7	0.091
	Asthma	2	66.7	1	33.3	0.750
	CAD	0	0	2	100.0	0.014
TST	Negative	22	75.9	7	24.1	0.755
	Positive	6	75.0	2	25.0
Additional treatment	Mesalazine	3	100.0	0	0	0.726
	Leflunomide	1	100.0	0	0
	MTX	2	66.7	1	33.3
	CS	1	50.0	1	50.0
	Sulfasalazine	0	0	1	100.0
	Hydroxychloroquine	15	68.2	7	31.8
Age (years)		41	12	52	11	0.010
CRP (mg/dl)		1.49	3.15	1.48	1.51	0.407
Number of leukocytes (×103/mL)		7765	1645	7968	2023	0.495
Number of neutrophils (×103/mL)		4594	1370	5072	1523	0.329
Number of lymphocytes (×103/mL)		2478	729	2203	856	0.459
N/L ratio		2.02	0.81	2.85	2.09	0.249
Number of eosinophils (×103/mL)		181	113	138	136	0.131
E/L ratio		0.074	0.057	0.198	0.382	0.766
Eosinophil (%)		2.30	1.45	1.35	1.79	0.016
Anti-TNF-alpha treatmentduration (months)		54	20	81	44	0.082

• SD: standard deviation; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; AS: ankylosing spondylitis; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease; TST: tuberculin skin test; MTX: methotrexate; CS: corticosteroid; CRP: C-reactive protein, TNF: tumor necrosis factor. Bold values indicate significance at p<0.05.

Notably, 7/44 (15.9%) COVID-19 (+) cases were hospitalized. The comparison of demographic, clinical, and laboratory data in patients with and without a history of hospitalization is shown in Table 3. The frequency of DM was high, but that of CAD was low among inpatients compared with outpatients significantly (66.7% versus 33.3% and 15.9% versus 37%, p=0.013 and p=0.001, respectively). In hospitalized patients, the mean percentage of eosinophil was significantly lower (1.29±2.22% versus 2.19±1.37%, p=0.02).

Table 3
Comparison of demographic, clinical, and laboratory features in COVID-19 (+) patients with and without hospitalization.

		Hospitalization				p-value
		No		Yes
		n or mean	% or SD	n or mean	% or SD
Sex	Male	19	82.6	4	17.4	0.778
	Female	18	85.7	3	14.3
Rheumatoid disease	Crohn's disease	6	85.7	1	14.3	0.623
	RA	13	92.9	1	7.1
	AS	15	75.0	5	25.0
	Ulcerative colitis	1	100.0	0	0.0
	Psoriatic arthritis	2	100.0	0	0.0
Anti-TNF-alpha treatment	Adalimumab	16	88.9	2	11.1	0.170
	Etanercept	7	87.5	1	12.5
	Infliximab	4	100.0	0	0.0
	Golimumab	3	50.0	3	50.0
	Certolizumab	7	87.5	1	12.5
Comorbidity	HT	6	66.7	3	33.3	0.109
	DM	1	33.3	2	66.7	0.013
	Asthma	2	66.7	1	33.3	0.393
	CAD	37	84.1	7	15.9	0.001
TST	Negative	7	87.5	1	12.5	0.841 0.317
	Positive	3	100.0	0	0.0
Additional treatment	Mesalazine	1	100	0	0	0.317
	Leflunomide	1	100	0	0
	MTX	4	80	1	20
	CS	0	0	1	100
	Sulfasalazine	19	82.6	4	17.4
Age (years)		42	12	52	14	0.072
CRP (mg/dl)		1.5	2.96	1.36	1.42	0.466
Number of leukocytes (×103/mL)		7858	1696	7841	2005	0.895
Number of neutrophils (×103/mL)		4642	1408	5117	1343	0.426
Number of lymphocytes (×103/mL)		2508	716	2060	1019	0.287
N/L ratio		2.01	0.81	3.31	2.49	0.114
Number of eosinophils (×103/mL)		176	107	145	167	0.145
E/L ratio		0.07	0.054	0.275	0.46	0.644
Eosinophil (%)		2.19	1.37	1.29	2.22	0.020
Anti-TNF-alpha treatmentduration (months)		59	31	67	25	0.312

• SD: standard deviation; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; AS: ankylosing spondylitis; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease; TST: tuberculin skin test; MTX: methotrexate; CS: corticosteroid; CRP: C-reactive protein; TNF: tumor necrosis factor. Bold values indicate significance at p<0.05.

DISCUSSION

The frequency of COVID-19 in cases treated with anti-TNF-alpha treatment was 13.6%. This was more than the frequency in the general population in our country reported by the Turkish Ministry of Health, which was 3.31%. It was revealed previously that COVID-19 was more frequent in RA patients compared to the general population³. According to the result of previous studies that anti-TNF-alpha treatment might increase the risk for infections⁸, it was speculated that anti-TNF-alpha treatment might also increase the risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and result in poor prognosis. In contrast, later, it has been reported that patients being treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents had a lower risk of hospitalization related to COVID-19 and a better prognosis compared with those treated with other anti-rheumatoid agents, especially CS¹-⁵. This observation was explained with the hypothesis that the TNF-alpha is a cytokine related to the “cytokine storm” and the poor prognosis and mortality, so the blockade of this cytokine might favor the better prognosis in COVID-19.

The TST result did not differ between COVID-19 (-) and (+) groups and patients with and without a history of pneumonia or hospitalization. We evaluated the TST result to indicate immunity against tuberculosis. It was speculated that the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine might have a cross-protective immunity on COVID-19 due to the observation that the prevalence and mortality related to COVID-19 were lower among the countries with routine BCG vaccination⁹. Several studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 infection and BCG vaccination¹⁰-¹². Weng et al. reported that patients who were vaccinated with BCG required less hospital admission for COVID-19¹¹. But, Aksu et al.¹² reported that older age and low income were the risk factors for developing severe COVID-19 pneumonia while BCG vaccination was not associated with disease severity. The result of our study was compatible with this study, and the patients who suffered from COVID-19 pneumonia were older.

Notably, 25% of patients suffered from pneumonia, 15.9% were hospitalized, 2.3% were followed up in ICU, and 6.8% needed oxygen treatment. In a multicenter study, the hospitalization rate for COVID-19 among rheumatic patients was reported as 85.5%, while the need for oxygen treatment was 30%, the need for the ICU follow-up was 13%, and the mortality rate was 10%¹³. In our study, there was no mortality, none of the patients was intubated, and the rate of hospitalization, the need for oxygen treatment, and the ICU follow-up were also lower.

HT and CAD were more frequent among patients with pneumonia, and DM was more frequent among inpatients compatible with the literature, while asthma and COPD were not related to pneumonia and hospitalization. Several studies reported the relationship with the negative effect of comorbidities except for asthma on the course of COVID-19¹⁴,¹⁵. The small sample size and presence of few cases with COPD probably caused us to fail to show the relationship between COPD and the prognosis of COVID-19. Wang et al.¹⁶ and Serling-Boyd¹⁷ reported that patients with RD had similar risks of poor COVID-19 outcomes with the control group. HT and lung diseases were significantly associated with the increased risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization while the use of anti-TNF-alpha drugs lowered the hospitalization risk in RA patients with COVID-19¹⁶.

In this study, the percentage of eosinophils in routine control visits was significantly lower in patients with a history of pneumonia and hospitalization. It was reported that eosinophils have important pro-inflammatory and inflammatory functions in the antiviral response. They can recognize respiratory viruses, respond via releasing cytokines, and lead T-cell activation¹⁸-²¹. Several studies demonstrated that leukocytosis, increased number of neutrophils and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and decreased number of lymphocytes and eosinophils at time of admission and follow-up of patients with COVID-19 were related to severe disease and poor prognosis. The mechanisms for eosinopenia in COVID-19 are probably multifactorial, including the decreased synthesis and inhibited migration of eosinophil from the bone marrow and direct eosinophil apoptosis²²-²⁴. It was suggested that eosinophils might have a protective role during SARS-CoV-2 infection. These observations depend on the blood counts of the patients following SARS-Cov-2 infection, but there was no study about the “basal” blood counts of patients before the infection, so the results of this study may be important in case supported with the results of future studies with more number of cases.

There were few limitations of the study. First, as the sample size of the COVID-19 (+) group was small, we could not determine the odds ratio for the risk factors related to clinical course and outcome of the disease because a specific group of patients was selected, so the results of this study have to be supported with multicentral clinical studies with more cases included. Second, the data about smoking status and BMI were lacking in most of the patients, so we could not discuss these factors in detail.

CONCLUSIONS

We concluded that the COVID-19 patients treated with anti-TNF-alpha agents might have a mild clinical course and a better prognosis. Older age and comorbidities such as HT and CAD may be related to developing pneumonia. The underlying RD, the anti-TNF-alpha agent used, and the duration of the treatment might not have an effect on the outcome of COVID-19.

• Funding: none.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  19 Nov 2021
• Date of issue
  Sept 2021

History

• Received
  27 July 2021
• Accepted
  01 Aug 2021