Aids e a Aids das ciências

Camargo Jr., Kenneth R. de

doi:10.1590/S0104-59701994000100005

Resumos

Este trabalho visa apresentar parte dos desenvolvimentos de uma pesquisa sobre a construção das doenças no discurso biomédico, partindo de uma abordagem ligada à sociologia do conhecimento, aqui definida como antiessencialista. Com o intuito de demonstrar algumas das questões teórico-metodológicas apontadas, os dados da pesquisa referentes ao estabelecimento do HIV como agente etiológico da Aids, obtidos a partir da revisão de textos médicos, são analisados através do recurso a categorias de análise propostas originalmente por Foucault (formação discursiva), Latour (caixa-preta) e Kuhn (paradigma). Este estudo pretende apontar como as construções teóricas passam a ser percebidas pelos médicos como objetos naturais; como conseqüência, perde-se de vista todo o seu processo de elaboração, o que dificulta acentuadamente o exercício da crítica dos médicos sobre seu próprio saber.

Aids; formação de discurso; caixa-preta; paradigmas

The purpose of this work is to present part of the results of a study on the construction of diseases uithin biomedical discourse, where the point of departure is an approach akin to the sociology of knowledge, one which I refer to here as anti-essentialist. The research data presented, describing how the etiological theory of HIV as a causative agent of Aids was settled, intends to demonstrate some of the theoretical and methodological issues raised in the first part of the paper. These data, obtained from a review of medical texts, are examined with the help of analytical categories originally proposed try Foucault (discoursive formation), Latour (black boxes), and Kuhn (paradigm). This study is intended to show how theoretical constructions become natural objects as perceived by medical doctors; as a result, the process of construction is obscured, thus severely limiting the degree of criticism physicians are able to apply to their own knowledge.

Aids; discourse formation; black boxes; paradigms

ANÁLISE

Aids e a Aids das ciências

Aids and aids according to the sciences

Kenneth R. de Camargo Jr.

Doutor em saúde coletiva e pesquisador associado do Instituto de Medicina Social da UERJ

RESUMO

Este trabalho visa apresentar parte dos desenvolvimentos de uma pesquisa sobre a construção das doenças no discurso biomédico, partindo de uma abordagem ligada à sociologia do conhecimento, aqui definida como antiessencialista. Com o intuito de demonstrar algumas das questões teórico-metodológicas apontadas, os dados da pesquisa referentes ao estabelecimento do HIV como agente etiológico da Aids, obtidos a partir da revisão de textos médicos, são analisados através do recurso a categorias de análise propostas originalmente por Foucault (formação discursiva), Latour (caixa-preta) e Kuhn (paradigma). Este estudo pretende apontar como as construções teóricas passam a ser percebidas pelos médicos como objetos naturais; como conseqüência, perde-se de vista todo o seu processo de elaboração, o que dificulta acentuadamente o exercício da crítica dos médicos sobre seu próprio saber.

Palavras-chave: Aids; formação de discurso; caixa-preta; paradigmas.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this work is to present part of the results of a study on the construction of diseases uithin biomedical discourse, where the point of departure is an approach akin to the sociology of knowledge, one which I refer to here as anti-essentialist. The research data presented, describing how the etiological theory of HIV as a causative agent of Aids was settled, intends to demonstrate some of the theoretical and methodological issues raised in the first part of the paper. These data, obtained from a review of medical texts, are examined with the help of analytical categories originally proposed try Foucault (discoursive formation), Latour (black boxes), and Kuhn (paradigm). This study is intended to show how theoretical constructions become natural objects as perceived by medical doctors; as a result, the process of construction is obscured, thus severely limiting the degree of criticism physicians are able to apply to their own knowledge.

Keywords: Aids; discourse formation; black boxes; paradigms.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

A. Referências sobre a Aids

B. Referências gerais

Alter, H. J.; Eichberg, J. W. Masur, H. et al. 1984 Transmission of HTLV-III infection from human plasma to chimpanzees: an animal model for Aids'. Science, 226: 549-52
Andreani, T.; Modigliani, Modigliani, R.; 1983 'Acquired immunodeficiency with intestinal cryptosporidiosis: possible transmission by haitian whole blood'. Lancet, 28 de maio, p. 1187-91.
Arya, S. K.; Gallo, R. C; Hahn, B. H. et al. 1984 'Homology of genome of Aids-associated virus with genomes of human T-cell leukemia viruses'. Science, 225: 927-30.
Barré-Sinoussi, F.; Chermann, J. C; Rey F. et al. 1983 'Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Aids)'. Science, 220: 868-71.
Bartlett, J. G. 1992 'Chronic management and counseling for persons with HIV infection'. Em Wyngaarden, J. B.; Smith Jr., L. H. e Bennet, J. C. Cecil textbook of medicine. Parte XXI: HIV and associated disorders. 19Ş ed., Filadélfia, W. B. Saunders Co.
Brun-Vézinet, F.; Rouzioux, C; Barré-Sinoussi, F. et al. 1984 'Detection of IgG antibodies to lymphadenopathy-associated virus in patients with Aids or lymphadenopathy syndrome'. Lancet, 9 de junho, 1253-6.
Camargo Jr., K. 1993, b 'A construçăo da Aids: racionalidade médica e estruturaçăo das doenças'. Tese de doutoramento, Rio de Janeiro, IMS/UERJ.
CDC 1981, a 'Pneumocystis pneumonia Los Angeles'. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 30(21): 250-2.
CDC 1981, b 'Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men New York City and California'. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 30(25): 305-8.
CDC 1981, c 'Follow-up on Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia'. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 30(33): 409-10.
CDC 1984, a 'Antibodies to a retrovirus etiologically associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Aids) in populations with increased incidences of the syndrome'. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 33(27): 377-9.
CDC 1984, b 'Update: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Aids) in persons with hemophilia'. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 33(42): 589-91.
Cheingsong-Popov, R.; Weiss, R. A.; Dalgleish, A. et al. 1984 'Prevalence of antibody to human T-lymphotropic virus type III in Aids and Aids-risk patients in Britain'. Lancet, 1ş de setembro, pp. 477-80.
Culliton, B. J. 1984 'Crash development of Aids test nears goal'. Science, 225: 1128-31.
Daniel, M.D.; King, N. W.; Letvin, N. L. et al. 1984 'A new type D retrovirus isolated from macacques with an immunodeficiency syndrome'. Science, 223: 602-5
Editorial 1984, a 'The cause of Aids?' Lancet, 12 de maio, pp. 1053-4.
Editorial 1984, b 'Blood transfusion, haemophilia, and Aids'. Lancet, 22-29 de dezembro, pp. 1433-5.
Ellrodt, A.; Barré-Sinoussi; F. Le Bras, P. et al. 1984 'Isolation of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus (LAV) from zairian married couple, one with Aids, one with prodromes'. Lancet, 23 de junho, pp. 1383-5.
Essex, M.; McLane, M. F.; Lee, T. H. et al. 1983, a 'Antibodies to cell membrane antigens associated with human T-cell leukemia virus in patients with Aids'. Science, 220: 859-62.
Essex, M.; McLane, M. F.; 1983, b 'Antibodies to human T-cell leukemia virus membrane antigens (HTLV-MA) in hemophiliacs'. Science, 221: 1061-64.
Feorino, P. M.; Kalyanaraman, V. S.; Haverkos, H. W. et al. 1984 'Lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection of a blood donor-recipient pair with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome'. Science, 225: 69-72.
Gallo, R. C.; Sarin, P. S.; Gelmann, E. P. et al. 1983 'Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Aids)'. Science, 220: 865-7.
Gallo, R. C. e Montagnier, L. 1989 'The Aids epidemic'. Em The science of Aids, Nova York, W. H. Freeman & Co.
Gallo, R. C.; Salahuddin, S. Z.; Popovic, M. et al. 1984 'Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retrovirus (HTLV-III) from patients with Aids and at risk for Aids'. Science, 224: 500-3.
Gelmann, E. P.; Popovic, M.; Blayney, D. et al. 1983 'Proviral DNA of a retrovirus, human T-cell leukemia virus, in two patients with Aids'. Science, 220: 862-5.
Gravell, M.; London, W. T.; Houff, S. A. et al. 1984 'Transmission of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Saids) with blood or filtered plasma'. Science, 223: 74-6.
Jaffe, H.W.; Francis, D.P.; McLane, M. F. et al. 1984 'Transfusion-associated Aids: Serologic evidence of human T-cell leukemia virus infection of donors'. Science, 223: 1309-12.
Kalyanaraman, V. S.; Cabradilla, C. D.; Getchell, J. P. et al. 1984 'Antibodies to the core protein of lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) in patients with Aids'. Science, 225: 321-3.
Lancet, 1983 'HTLV and Aids'. 28 de maio, p. 1200.
Letvin, N. L.; Aldrich, W.R.; King, N.W. et al. 1983 'Experimental transmission of macaque Aids by means of innoculation of macaque lymphoma tissue'. Lancet, 10 de setembro, pp. 599-602.
Marx, J. L. 1984 'Strong new candidate for Aids agent'. Science, 224: 475-7
Marx, P.A.; Maul, D.H.; Osborn, K. G. et al. 1984 'Simian Aids: isolation of a type D retrovirus and transmission of the disease'. Science, 223: 1083-86.
Palmer, E.L.; Ramsey, R.B.; Feorino, P.F. et al. 1984 'Human T-cell leukemia vims in lymphocytes of two hemophilics with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome'. Annals of Internal Medicine, 101(3): 293-7.
Popovic, M.; Sarngadharan, M. G.; Read, E. e Gallo, R. 1984 'Detection, isolation and continuous production of cytopathic retro viruses (HTLV-III) from patients with Aids and pre-Aids'. Science, 224: 497-500.
Redfield, R. R.; Burke, D. S. 1989 'HIV infection: the clinical picture'. Em The science of Aids, Nova York, W. H. Freeman & Co.
Robert-Guroff, M. Blayney, D. W.; Safai, B. et al 1984 'HTLV-I-specific antibody in Aids patients and others at risk'. Lancet, 21 de julho, pp. 128-31.
Safai, B.; Sarngadharan, M. G.; Groopman, J. E. et al. 1984 'Seroepidemiological studies of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome'. Lancet, 30 de junho, pp. 1438-40.
Sarngadharan, M. G.; Popovic, M.; Bruch, L. et al. 1984 'Antibodies reactive with human T-lymphotropic retro viruses (HTLV-III) in the serum of patients with Aids'. Science, 224: 506-8.
Schüpbach, J.; Popovic, M.; Gilden, R. V. et al. 1984 'Serological analysis of human T-lymphotropic reto viruses associated with Aids'. Science, 224: 503-5.
Schüpbach, J.; Sarngadharan, M. G. e Gallo, R. C. 1984 'Antigens on HTLV-infected cels recognized by leukemia and Aids sera are related to HTLV viral glycoprotein'. Science, 224: 607-10.
Shaw, G. M.; Hahn, B. H.; Arya, S. K. et al. 1984 'Molecular characterization of human T-cell leukemia (lymphotropic) virus type III in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome'. Science, 226: 1165-71.
Stromberg, K.; Benveniste, R. E.; Arthur, L. O. et al. 1984 'Characterization of exogenous type D retrovirus from a fibroma of a macaque with simian Aids and fibromatosis'. Science, 224: 289-92.
Trainin, Z.; Wernicke, D.; Ungar-Waron, H. 1983 Suppression of the humoral response in natural retrovirus infections'. Science, 220: 858-9.
Treichler, P. 1991 'How to have theory in an epidemic: the evolution of Aids treatment activism'. Em C. Penley, e A. Ross, (orgs.). Technoculture (Cultural Politics, vol. 3). Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.
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Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
24 Jul 2006
Data do Fascículo
Out 1994

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] Alter, H. J.; Eichberg, J. W. Masur, H. et al. 1984 Transmission of HTLV-III infection from human plasma to chimpanzees: an animal model for Aids'. Science, 226: 549-52

[2] Andreani, T.; Modigliani, Modigliani, R.; 1983 'Acquired immunodeficiency with intestinal cryptosporidiosis: possible transmission by haitian whole blood'. Lancet, 28 de maio, p. 1187-91.

[3] Arya, S. K.; Gallo, R. C; Hahn, B. H. et al. 1984 'Homology of genome of Aids-associated virus with genomes of human T-cell leukemia viruses'. Science, 225: 927-30.

[4] Barré-Sinoussi, F.; Chermann, J. C; Rey F. et al. 1983 'Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Aids)'. Science, 220: 868-71.

[5] Bartlett, J. G. 1992 'Chronic management and counseling for persons with HIV infection'. Em Wyngaarden, J. B.; Smith Jr., L. H. e Bennet, J. C. Cecil textbook of medicine. Parte XXI: HIV and associated disorders. 19Ş ed., Filadélfia, W. B. Saunders Co.

[6] Brun-Vézinet, F.; Rouzioux, C; Barré-Sinoussi, F. et al. 1984 'Detection of IgG antibodies to lymphadenopathy-associated virus in patients with Aids or lymphadenopathy syndrome'. Lancet, 9 de junho, 1253-6.

[7] Camargo Jr., K. 1993, b 'A construçăo da Aids: racionalidade médica e estruturaçăo das doenças'. Tese de doutoramento, Rio de Janeiro, IMS/UERJ.

[8] CDC 1981, a 'Pneumocystis pneumonia Los Angeles'. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 30(21): 250-2.

[9] CDC 1981, b 'Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men New York City and California'. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 30(25): 305-8.

[10] CDC 1981, c 'Follow-up on Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia'. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 30(33): 409-10.

[11] CDC 1984, a 'Antibodies to a retrovirus etiologically associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Aids) in populations with increased incidences of the syndrome'. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 33(27): 377-9.

[12] CDC 1984, b 'Update: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Aids) in persons with hemophilia'. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 33(42): 589-91.

[13] Cheingsong-Popov, R.; Weiss, R. A.; Dalgleish, A. et al. 1984 'Prevalence of antibody to human T-lymphotropic virus type III in Aids and Aids-risk patients in Britain'. Lancet, 1ş de setembro, pp. 477-80.

[14] Culliton, B. J. 1984 'Crash development of Aids test nears goal'. Science, 225: 1128-31.

[15] Daniel, M.D.; King, N. W.; Letvin, N. L. et al. 1984 'A new type D retrovirus isolated from macacques with an immunodeficiency syndrome'. Science, 223: 602-5

[16] Editorial 1984, a 'The cause of Aids?' Lancet, 12 de maio, pp. 1053-4.

[17] Editorial 1984, b 'Blood transfusion, haemophilia, and Aids'. Lancet, 22-29 de dezembro, pp. 1433-5.

[18] Ellrodt, A.; Barré-Sinoussi; F. Le Bras, P. et al. 1984 'Isolation of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus (LAV) from zairian married couple, one with Aids, one with prodromes'. Lancet, 23 de junho, pp. 1383-5.

[19] Essex, M.; McLane, M. F.; Lee, T. H. et al. 1983, a 'Antibodies to cell membrane antigens associated with human T-cell leukemia virus in patients with Aids'. Science, 220: 859-62.

[20] Essex, M.; McLane, M. F.; 1983, b 'Antibodies to human T-cell leukemia virus membrane antigens (HTLV-MA) in hemophiliacs'. Science, 221: 1061-64.

[21] Feorino, P. M.; Kalyanaraman, V. S.; Haverkos, H. W. et al. 1984 'Lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection of a blood donor-recipient pair with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome'. Science, 225: 69-72.

[22] Gallo, R. C.; Sarin, P. S.; Gelmann, E. P. et al. 1983 'Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Aids)'. Science, 220: 865-7.

[23] Gallo, R. C. e Montagnier, L. 1989 'The Aids epidemic'. Em The science of Aids, Nova York, W. H. Freeman & Co.

[24] Gallo, R. C.; Salahuddin, S. Z.; Popovic, M. et al. 1984 'Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retrovirus (HTLV-III) from patients with Aids and at risk for Aids'. Science, 224: 500-3.

[25] Gelmann, E. P.; Popovic, M.; Blayney, D. et al. 1983 'Proviral DNA of a retrovirus, human T-cell leukemia virus, in two patients with Aids'. Science, 220: 862-5.

[26] Gravell, M.; London, W. T.; Houff, S. A. et al. 1984 'Transmission of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Saids) with blood or filtered plasma'. Science, 223: 74-6.

[27] Jaffe, H.W.; Francis, D.P.; McLane, M. F. et al. 1984 'Transfusion-associated Aids: Serologic evidence of human T-cell leukemia virus infection of donors'. Science, 223: 1309-12.

[28] Kalyanaraman, V. S.; Cabradilla, C. D.; Getchell, J. P. et al. 1984 'Antibodies to the core protein of lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) in patients with Aids'. Science, 225: 321-3.

[29] Lancet, 1983 'HTLV and Aids'. 28 de maio, p. 1200.

[30] Letvin, N. L.; Aldrich, W.R.; King, N.W. et al. 1983 'Experimental transmission of macaque Aids by means of innoculation of macaque lymphoma tissue'. Lancet, 10 de setembro, pp. 599-602.

[31] Marx, J. L. 1984 'Strong new candidate for Aids agent'. Science, 224: 475-7

[32] Marx, P.A.; Maul, D.H.; Osborn, K. G. et al. 1984 'Simian Aids: isolation of a type D retrovirus and transmission of the disease'. Science, 223: 1083-86.

[33] Palmer, E.L.; Ramsey, R.B.; Feorino, P.F. et al. 1984 'Human T-cell leukemia vims in lymphocytes of two hemophilics with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome'. Annals of Internal Medicine, 101(3): 293-7.

[34] Popovic, M.; Sarngadharan, M. G.; Read, E. e Gallo, R. 1984 'Detection, isolation and continuous production of cytopathic retro viruses (HTLV-III) from patients with Aids and pre-Aids'. Science, 224: 497-500.

[35] Redfield, R. R.; Burke, D. S. 1989 'HIV infection: the clinical picture'. Em The science of Aids, Nova York, W. H. Freeman & Co.

[36] Robert-Guroff, M. Blayney, D. W.; Safai, B. et al 1984 'HTLV-I-specific antibody in Aids patients and others at risk'. Lancet, 21 de julho, pp. 128-31.

[37] Safai, B.; Sarngadharan, M. G.; Groopman, J. E. et al. 1984 'Seroepidemiological studies of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome'. Lancet, 30 de junho, pp. 1438-40.

[38] Sarngadharan, M. G.; Popovic, M.; Bruch, L. et al. 1984 'Antibodies reactive with human T-lymphotropic retro viruses (HTLV-III) in the serum of patients with Aids'. Science, 224: 506-8.

[39] Schüpbach, J.; Popovic, M.; Gilden, R. V. et al. 1984 'Serological analysis of human T-lymphotropic reto viruses associated with Aids'. Science, 224: 503-5.

[40] Schüpbach, J.; Sarngadharan, M. G. e Gallo, R. C. 1984 'Antigens on HTLV-infected cels recognized by leukemia and Aids sera are related to HTLV viral glycoprotein'. Science, 224: 607-10.

[41] Shaw, G. M.; Hahn, B. H.; Arya, S. K. et al. 1984 'Molecular characterization of human T-cell leukemia (lymphotropic) virus type III in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome'. Science, 226: 1165-71.

[42] Stromberg, K.; Benveniste, R. E.; Arthur, L. O. et al. 1984 'Characterization of exogenous type D retrovirus from a fibroma of a macaque with simian Aids and fibromatosis'. Science, 224: 289-92.

[43] Trainin, Z.; Wernicke, D.; Ungar-Waron, H. 1983 Suppression of the humoral response in natural retrovirus infections'. Science, 220: 858-9.

[44] Treichler, P. 1991 'How to have theory in an epidemic: the evolution of Aids treatment activism'. Em C. Penley, e A. Ross, (orgs.). Technoculture (Cultural Politics, vol. 3). Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.

[45] Treichler, P. 1992, a 'Aids, HIV, and the cultural construction of reality'. Em G. Herd, e S. Lindenbaum. The time of Aids: social analysis, theory and method. Beverly Hills, Califórnia, Sage Publications, pp. 77-84.

[46] Treichler, P 1992, b 'Aids and HIV infection in the third world: a first world chronicle'. Em E. Fee, e D. M. Fox. Aids: the making of a chronic disease. Berkeley, University of California Press.

[47] Vilmer, E.;Barré-Sinoussi, F.; Rouzioux, C. et al 1984 'Isolation of new lymphotropic retrovirus from two siblings with haemophilia B, one with Aids'. Lancet, 7 de abril, pp. 753-7.

[48] Bastos, C. 1991 'Cięncias sociais e epidemiologia'. Semana 'Médicos contra Aids', SinMed/RJ e Grupo Pela Vidda (mimeo.).

[49] Bastos, C. 1992 'Exploraçőes em antropologia dos processos globais: o caso da comunidade científica e a Aids'. XVIII Reuniăo da Sociedade Brasileira de Antropologia.

[50] Boltanski, L. 1984 As classes sociais e o corpo. Rio de Janeiro, Graal.

[51] Bourdieu, P. 1983 'O campo científico'. Em Bourdieu (R. Ortiz, org.) Săo Paulo, Ática.

[52] Bourdieu, P. 1989 O poder simbólico. Lisboa, Difel.

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[64] Foucault, M. 1981, b 'O nascimento do hospital'. Ibid.

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[69] Kneller, G. 1978 A cięncia como atividade humana. Rio de Janeiro, Zahar

[70] Kuhn, T. 1970, a 'Logic of discovery or psychology of research?' Em I. Lakatos, e A. Musgrave, (orgs.). Criticism and the growth of knowledge. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

[71] Kuhn, T. 1970, b 'Reflections on my critics'. Ibid.

[72] Kuhn, T. 1977, a 'Prefácio'. Em A tensăo essencial. Lisboa, Ediçőes 70.

[73] Kuhn, T. 1977, b 'As relaçőes entre história e filosofia da cięncia'. Ibid

[74] Kuhn, T. 1977, c 'A história da cięncia'. Ibid.

[75] Kuhn, T. 1977, d 'Relaçőes entre história e história da cięncia'. Ibid.

[76] Kuhn, T. 1977, e 'A estrutura histórica da descoberta científica'. Ibid.

[77] Kuhn, T. 1977, f 'A tensăo essencial: tradiçăo e inovaçăo na investigaçăo científica'. Ibid.

[78] Kuhn, T. 1977, g 'Reconsideraçőes acerca dos paradigmas'. Ibid.

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[86] Quine, W. V. 1975, b 'De um ponto de vista lógico'. Ibid.

[87] Rorty, R. 1982 'Consequences of pragmatism'. Brighton, Sussex, The Harvester Press.

[88] Rorty, R. 1988 A filosofia e o espelho da natureza. Lisboa, Publicaçőes Dom Quixote.

[89] Wittgenstein, L. 1990 Da certeza. Lisboa, Ediçőes 70.

[90] Wittgenstein, L. 1991 Investigaçőes filosóficas. Săo Paulo, Nova Cultural.

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Aids e a Aids das ciências

Aids and aids according to the sciences

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