Análise de riscos tecnológicos na perspectiva das ciências sociais

Freitas, Carlos Machado de; Gomez, Carlos Minayo

doi:10.1590/S0104-59701996000300006

Resumos

A tecnologia, seus riscos e as formas científicas de analisá-los surgem com o próprio desenvolvimento das sociedades contemporâneas e cada vez mais fazem parte do nosso cotidiano. O objetivo deste artigo é, numa perspectiva histórica e crítica, demonstrar que tanto os riscos de origem tecnológica, como suas análises, resultam de processos sociais, não podendo ser reduzidos a dimensões físicas, químicas e biológicas. Estas características dos riscos tecnológicos e suas análises tornam necessária a incorporação das ciências sociais em suas várias disciplinas (história, antropologia, sociologia, ciência política, entre outras) não só para o desenvolvimento de análises de riscos mais abrangentes em termos de escopo e de impactos nos gerenciamentos de riscos, mas também para maior compreensão cie nossa sociedade tecnológica e de intervenção na mesma. Conclui-se que no atual momento as ciências sociais devem participar das análises de riscos, colocando-se alguns desafios para seu efetivo processo de incorporação.

riscos tecnológicos; análises de riscos; ciências sociais

Technology, technological risks, and the scientific methods for analyzing these have emerged as part of the development of contemporary societies and are increasingly apart of our everyday lives. From a historical and critical perspective, this article shows that both technological risks as well as their analysis derive from social processes and cannot be reduced to physical, chemical, and biological dimensions alone. These characteristics of technological risks and risk analysis make it necessary to link the field into the social sciences (e.g., history, anthropology, sociology, political science, and others) not only so that risk analyses may become broader in scope and have greater impact on risk management but also so that they can afford a better understanding of our technological society and how to intervene in it. It is concluded that the social sciences must take part in risk analysis, albeit this process of incorporation will entail certain challenges.

technological risks; risk analysis; social sciences

ANÁLISE

Análise de riscos tecnológicos na perspectiva das ciências sociais

Technological risk analysis from the perspective of the social sciences

Carlos Machado de Freitas^I Carlos Minayo Gomez^II

^IPesquisador associado do Centro de Estudos da Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana (Cesteh/ENSP/Fiocruz). Av. Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, & RJ. E-mail: carlosmf@manguinhos.ensp.fiocruz.br

^IIPesquisador titular da Fiocruz e coordenador cio Centro de Estudos de Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana (Cesteh/ENSP/Fiocruz). Av. Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro RJ

RESUMO

A tecnologia, seus riscos e as formas científicas de analisá-los surgem com o próprio desenvolvimento das sociedades contemporâneas e cada vez mais fazem parte do nosso cotidiano. O objetivo deste artigo é, numa perspectiva histórica e crítica, demonstrar que tanto os riscos de origem tecnológica, como suas análises, resultam de processos sociais, não podendo ser reduzidos a dimensões físicas, químicas e biológicas. Estas características dos riscos tecnológicos e suas análises tornam necessária a incorporação das ciências sociais em suas várias disciplinas (história, antropologia, sociologia, ciência política, entre outras) não só para o desenvolvimento de análises de riscos mais abrangentes em termos de escopo e de impactos nos gerenciamentos de riscos, mas também para maior compreensão cie nossa sociedade tecnológica e de intervenção na mesma. Conclui-se que no atual momento as ciências sociais devem participar das análises de riscos, colocando-se alguns desafios para seu efetivo processo de incorporação.

Palavras-chave: riscos tecnológicos, análises de riscos, ciências sociais.

ABSTRACT

Technology, technological risks, and the scientific methods for analyzing these have emerged as part of the development of contemporary societies and are increasingly apart of our everyday lives. From a historical and critical perspective, this article shows that both technological risks as well as their analysis derive from social processes and cannot be reduced to physical, chemical, and biological dimensions alone. These characteristics of technological risks and risk analysis make it necessary to link the field into the social sciences (e.g., history, anthropology, sociology, political science, and others) not only so that risk analyses may become broader in scope and have greater impact on risk management but also so that they can afford a better understanding of our technological society and how to intervene in it. It is concluded that the social sciences must take part in risk analysis, albeit this process of incorporation will entail certain challenges.

Keywords: technological risks, risk analysis, social sciences.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Recebido para publicação em setembro de 1996.

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Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
18 Ago 2006
Data do Fascículo
Nov 1996

Histórico

Recebido
Set 1996

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[1] Abraham, J. 1993 'Scientific standards and institutional interests: carcinogenic risk assessment of benoxaprofen in the UK and US'. Social Studies of Science, 23, pp. 387-444.

[2] Alexander, J. C. 1987 'O novo movimento teórico'. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 2, pp. 5-28.

[3] Backström, T. e Döös, M. 1995 'The riv method: a participative risk analysis: method and its application'. Workshop Undeerstanding the work environment. Estocolmo, Swedish Institute for Work Life Research, 21-24 de maio.

[4] Baram, M. S. 1986 'Chemical industry accidents, liability, and community right to know'. American Journal of Public Health, 76, pp. 568-72.

[5] Boehmer-Christiansen, S. 1992 'Environmental threat perception: scientific or cultural'. Symposium Current Developments in Environmental Sociology. Woudschoten, Zeist, The Netherlands, 17-21 de junho.

[6] Brown, M. S. 1985 'Disputed knowledge; worker access to hazard information'. Em D. Nelkin (org.), The language of risk. Beverly Hills, Sage Publications, pp. 67-95.

[7] Brown, P. 1995 'Race, class, and environmental health: A review and systematization of the literature'. Environmental Research, 69, pp. 15-30.

[8] Brown, P. 1987 'Popular epidemiology: community response to toxic waste-induced disease in Woburn, Massachusetts'. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 12, pp. 78-85.

[9] Covello, V. T. e Mumpower, J. 1985 'Risk analysis and risk management: an historical perspective'. Risk Analysis, 5, pp. 103-20.

[10] Davis, S. H. 1982 'Emergence of community Doubts at Plymouth, Massachusetts'. Em D. L. Sills, C. P. Wolf e V. B. Shelansky (orgs.), Accident at Three Mile Island: The human dimensions. Colorado, Westview Press, pp. 83-92.

[11] De Marchi, B. 1995 'Social and cultural factors influencing environmental Policy'. Em S. Fachetti e D. Pitea (orgs.) Chemistry and environment legislation, methodologies and applications. Amsterdam, Dluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 35-44.

[12] De Marchi, B. 1991 'The seveso directive: An Italian pilot study in enabling communication'. Risk Analysis, 11, pp. 207-15.

[13] Douglas, M. 1987 'Les etudes de perception du risque: Un état de l'art'. Em J.-L. Fabiani e J. Theys (orgs.), La société vulnérable: évaluer et maîtriser les risques. Paris, Presses de L'École Normale Supérieure, pp. 55-60.

[14] Douglas, M. e Wildavisky, A. 1981 Risk and culture: an essay on selection of technological and environmental dangers. Berkeley, University of California Press.

[15] Duclos, D. 1987 'La construction sociale des risques majeurs'. Em J.-L. Fabiani e J. Theys(orgs.), La société vulnérable: évaluer et maîtriser les risques. Paris, Presses de L'École Normale Supérieure, pp. 37-54.

[16] Dwyer, T. 1991 Life and death at work: industrial accidents as a case of socially produced error. Nova York, Plenum.

[17] Epstein, S. S. 1990 'Corporate crime: why we cannot trust industry-derived safety studies'. International Journal of Health Services, 20, pp. 443-58.

[18] Fiorino, D. J. 1989 'Technical and democratic values in risk analysis'. Risk Analysis, 9, pp. 293-99.

[19] Fitchen, J. M.; Heath, J. S. e Fessende-Raden, J. 1987 'Risk perception in community context: a case study'. Em B. B. Johnson e V. T. Covello (orgs.), The social and cultural construction of risk: essays on risk selection and perception. Boston, D. Reidel Publishing Company, pp. 31-50.

[20] Fowlkes, M. R. e Miller, P. Y. 1987 'Chemicals and community at love canal'. Em B. B. Johnson e V. T. Covello(orgs), The social and cultural construction of risk: essays on risk selection and perception. Boston, D. Reidel Publishing Company, pp 55-78.

[21] Freitas, C. M. 1996 Acidentes químicos ampliados: incorporando a dimensão social nas análises de riscos. Tese de doutoramento, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, (mimeo.)

[22] Freitas, C. M. 1992 A social construção de análises de riscos tecnológicos à saúde e ao meio ambiente: estudo de uma controvérsia na arena pública. Dissertação de mestrado, Coordenação dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, (mimeo.)

[23] Freudenburg, W. R. e 1992 'Public responses to technological risks: toward a sociological perspective'. Pastor, S. K. The Sociological Quarterly, 33, pp. 389-412.

[24] Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV) 1987 Dicionário de ciências sociais. Rio de Janeiro, FGV, 2 vols.

[25] Funtowicz, S. O. e Ravetz, J. R. 1993 'Science for the post-normal Age', Futures, 25, pp. 739-55.

[26] Gabe, J. (org.) 1995 Medicine, health and risk: sociological approaches. Oxford, Blakwell Publishers. Sociology of Health and Illness Monographs.

[27] Gerlach, L. P. 1987 'Protest movements and the construction of risk'. Em B. B. Johnson e V. T. Covello (orgs.), The social and cultural construction of risk: essays on risk selection and perception. Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company, pp. 103-45.

[28] Gillespie, B.; Eva, D. e Johnston, R. 1979 'Carcinogenic risk assessment in the United States and Great Britains: the case of Aldrin/Dieldrin'. Social Studies of Science, 9, pp. 265-301.

[29] Harvey, P. 1987 Dicionário Oxford de Literatura Clássica Grega e Latina. Rio de Janeiro, Jorge Zahar Editor.

[30] Horlick-Jones, T. 1993 'Patterns of risk and patterns of vulnerability'. Em A. Amendola e B. De Marchi (orgs.), Workshop on emergency management. Ispra, Joint Research Centre, pp. 113-25.

[31] Jasanoff, S. 1993 'Bridging the two cultures of risk analysis'. Risk Analysis, 13, pp. 123-9.

[32] Jasanoff, S. 1987 'Contested boudaries in policy-relevant science'. Social Studies of Science, 17: 195-230.

[33] Kasperson, R. E. 1992 'The social amplification of risk: progress in developing an integrative framework'. Em S. Krimsky e D. Golding (orgs.), Social theories of risk. Londres, Praeger, pp. 153-78.

[34] Kasperson, R. E. e Pijawka, K. D. 1985 'Societal response to hazards and major hazard events: comparing natural and technological hazards'. Public Administration Review, 45, pp. 7-19.

[35] Krimsky, S. 1992 'The role of theory in risk studies'. Em S. Krimsky e D. Golding (orgs), Social theories of risk. Londres, Praeger, pp. 3-22.

[36] Krimsky, S. e Plough, A. 1988 Environmental hazards: communicating risks as a social process. Londres, Auburn House.

[37] Lagadec, P. 1981 La civilisation du risque: catastrophes technologiques et responsabilité sociale. Paris, Seuil.

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[39] Linstone, H. A. 1985 'The delphi technique'. Em V. T. Covello; J. L. Mumpower; P. J. M. Stallen et al. (orgs.), Environmental impact assessment, technology assessment, and risk analysis: contributions from the psychological and decision sciences. Berlim, Springer-Verlag, pp. 621-50.

[40] Machado, J. M. H. 1996 A heterogeneidade da intervenção: alternativas e processos de vigilância em saúde do trabalhador. Tese de doutoramento, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, (mimeo.)

[41] Masterson-Allen, S. e Brown, P. 1990 'Public reaction to toxic waste contamination: analysis of a Social Movement', International Journal of Health Services, 20, pp. 485-500.

[42] Menkes, J. 1985 'Limits of rationality'. Em V. T. Covello; J. L. Mumpower; P. J. M. Stallen et al. (orgs.), Environmental impact assessment, technology assessment and risk analysis: contributions from the psychological and decision sciences. Berlim, Springer-Verlag, pp. 811-29.

[43] Moatti, J.-P. e Lefaure, C. 1983 'Les ambiguités de l'acceptable: perception des risques et controverses sur les technologies'. Culture Technique, 11.

[44] Nelkin, D. 1995 'Science controversies: the dynamics of public disputes in the United States'. Em S. Jasanoff; G. E. Markle; J. C. Petersen e T. Pinch (orgs.), Handbook of science and technologie studies. Londres, Sage Publications, pp. 444-56.

[45] Nelkin, D. 1977 Technological decisions and democracy: European experiments in public participation. Londres, Sage Publications.

[46] O'Riordan, T. 1991 'Towards a vernacular science of environmental change'. Em R. Lewis e A. Weale (orgs.), Innovation and environmental risk. Londres, Belhaven Press, pp. 149-62.

[47] Otway, H. J. 1992 'Public wisdom, expert fallibility: toward a contextual theory of risk'. Em S. Krimsky e D. Golding (orgs.), Social theories of risk. Londres, Praeger, pp. 216-28.

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Brasil

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Análise de riscos tecnológicos na perspectiva das ciências sociais

Technological risk analysis from the perspective of the social sciences

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