New records of Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Tomo River, Vichada, Colombia

Abstract

Five species of cladocerans are reported from the Tomo River, Vichada, Colombia. Zooplankton samples were collected from the littoral zone with vegetation (Campsiandra comosa Benth). Three of them, namely Streblocerus pygmaeus Sars, 1901, Disparalona cf. hamata (Birge, 1879) and Alona isabellae Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro and Santos, 2016 are new to the Colombian cladoceran fauna. Descriptive notes, comparative comments on morphology and variability and illustrations are also provided for some remarkable taxa. This is the first report on the cladoceran fauna in the Tomo River.

Key words:
Cladocera; taxonomy; new records; Neotropical region; geographic distribution

INTRODUCTION

Cladocera is one of the main zooplankton groups which inhabits fresh, brackish and marine water (Alonso, 1996; Fuentes-Reinés et al., 2012); most of them occur in freshwater and associated with vegetation (macrophytes), but some taxa can be found in open water (Fuentes-Reinés et al., 2012).

Knowledge about the Cladocera of Colombia has accumulated considerably in recent years (Fuentes-Reinés and Elmoor-Loureiro, 2011; 2015a; 2015b; Fuentes-Reinés et al., 2012; Fuentes-Reinés and Zoppi de Roa, 2013; Fuentes-Reinés 2014a; 2014b; 2014c; 2015; Kotov and Fuentes-Reinés, 2014; 2015a; 2015b; Sinev and Fuentes-Reinés, 2016). Kotov and Fuentes-Reinés (2015b) reported 101 valid species of Cladocera for Colombia; nevertheless, this number could increase because only 19 departments among 31 have records of this group.

During the scientific expedition “Vichada BIO” in 2017, some zooplankton samples were taken in the lower part of the Tomo River, located in the Orinoco region. The Tomo River is a tributary of the Orinoco River; the head of the river is located in the Meta department and crosses the Vichada department. Hitherto, there have been no single records of cladocerans in this system.

Based on samples collected from littoral habitats, we found several interesting taxa of Cladocera dwelling in the Tomo River. Descriptive notes, comparative comments on morphology and variability, and illustrations are also provided for some remarkable taxa. This work contributes to increasing the knowledge of this group in Colombia and the Neotropical region.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Four samples were collected in the littoral zone among the roots of Campsiandra comosa Benth in the lower part of the Tomo River (05°48’02.5”N 68°13’19.8”W), in April 2017. Water pH and temperature were measured with a multiparameter WTW 350i. Two hundred and eighty-eight (288) liters of water were taken using a 25-L bucket, then filtered through a zooplankton net (45 μm) and preserved in 70% ethanol. Samples were stained with bengal rose. The filtered samples were concentrated to 50 ml and, with a Bogorov counting chamber, cladocerans were sorted and the obtained specimens were measured in lateral position from the anterior-most extremity of the rostral area to the posterior margin of the valve. Cladocerans were dissected and their appendages were mounted on slides with glycerin and sealed with Canada balsam; then, appendages were photographed using a Kodak Easy Share C140 digital camera adapted to a compound microscope. The specimens examined were deposited at the Museo de Colecciones Biológicas de la Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla-Atlántico, Colombia (Universidad del Atlántico Región Caribe - UARC), where they are available for consultation and/or further examination. The identification of the species followed Smirnov (1992; 1996), Fuentes-Reinés et al. (2012), and Sousa et al. (2016).

RESULTS

The taxonomic analysis of the cladoceran specimens collected yielded the identification of five species belonging to two families and five genera. The family Chydoridae showed the highest species richness (3) (Tab. 1). These are all new records for the Tomo River. Brief remarks, descriptions and illustrations about the relevant species are given below.

Table 1
Species of Cladocera from the Tomo River (Colombia) and their distribution. Geographic category: NT (Neotropical), C (Cosmopolitan), NA (Nearctic), OR (Oriental), PAN (Pantropical). Departments: At (Atlántico), Co (Córdoba), Gu (La Guajira), Sa (Santander), Mg (Magdalena), Vi (Vichada). * New record for the Vichada department; ** New record for Colombia.

Family	Taxon	World distribution	Distribution in Colombia	References to Colombia
Macrothricidae	Macrothrix spinosa*	PAN	At, Co, Mg, Gu, Vi	Álvarez (2010); Fuentes-Reines et al. (2012); Fuentes-Reines (2014a); present paper
	Streblocerus pygmaeus**	NT, NA, OR	Vi	Present paper
Chydoridae: Aloninae	Alona isabellae**	NT	Vi	Present paper
Chydoridae: Chidorinae	Alonella dadayi*	NT, NA	Sa, Co, Mg, Vi	Barón-Rodríguez et al. (2006); Álvarez (2010); Fuentes-Reinés et al. (2012); present paper
	Disparalona cf. hamata**	C	Vi	Present paper

Family Macrothricidae Norman & Brady, 1867 emend. Dumont & Silva-Briano, 1998

Genus Macrothrix Baird, 1843

Macrothrix spinosa ( King, 1853 )

Synonymy. Macrothrix goeldiRichard, 1897; Macrothrix squamosaSars, 1901; Macrothrix affinisBrady, 1904 in Fuentes-Reinés et al. (2012): 130.

Material examined. 2 adult females, UARC327M.

Remarks. Macrothrix spinosa was the least abundant species among Macrothricidae in the samples and was originally described from Australia by King (1853). It is similar to its Neotropical congener M. squamosa; therefore, the latter species was accepted as a synonym of M. spinosa. This synonymy is based on the similarity of general characteristics, for example the general aspect of the valve, antennule, and postabdomen (Elmoor-Loureiro, 2007). Taking into consideration the concept of non-cosmopolitanism in cladocerans given by Frey (1982), it is possible that M. spinosa and M. squamosa constitute separate species; nevertheless, an exhaustive revision is required.

Machrotrix spinosa is easily identifiable by its oval body, antennule dilating distally, and the serrations along the dorsal part of the valve (see Fuentes-Reinés and Elmoor-Loureiro, 2015b).

Distribution. It occurs in the tropical and subtropical territories of the world (Smirnov, 1992); it seems to have a broad distribution in Colombia, and is recorded in the Caribbean region ( Kotov and Fuentes-Reinés, 2015 b ). This is the first record from the Orinoco region.

Genus Streblocerus Sars, 1862

Streblocerus pygmaeus Sars, 1901

Material examined. 5 adult females, UARC326M.

Remarks. It was one of the most abundant species in the samples. Its body is globular in lateral view, with convolute intestine (Fig. 1A) and divergent antennules (Fig. 1B). It can be differentiated from its congeners by the postabdomen, which bears setae in the preanal marginal portion (Fig. 1C) instead of spines; these setae form distinct groups (Fig. 1D), as observed also in populations from Mexico, the U.S.A. and Brazil (Smirnov, 1992; Garfia-Espejo and Elías-Gutierrez, 2003), although they are not grouped in the population from the Nhamundá River (Smirnov, 1992). Body length is between 0.21 and 22 mm, average: 0.22 mm (n = 5).

Figure 1
Stroblocerus pygmaeusSars, 1901, adult female from the Tomo River, Colombia. A, Adult; B, antennule; C, D, postabdomen. Alona isabellaeSousa, Elmoor-Loureiro and Santos, 2016, adult female. E, Adult, F, head pores.

Distribution. It has been recorded in the Neotropical, Nearctic and Oriental regions (Kotov et al., 2013); nevertheless, the population from China recorded by Chian and Du (1979) is considered to be a doubtful identification (Smirnov, 1992). This is the first record from the Orinoco region and Colombia.

Family Chydoridae Dybowski et Grochowski, 1894 emend. Frey 1967

Subfamily Aloninae Dybowsky & Grochowski, 1894 emend. Frey, 1967

Genus Alona Baird, 1843

Alona isabellae Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro and Santos, 2016

Synonymy. See Sousa et al. (2016): 23.

Material examined. 2 adult females, UARC316M-UARC320M.

Remarks. Alona isabellae was originally described by Sousa et al. (2016) based on specimens previously identified as Alona intermediaSars, 1862 in Brazil (see Sousa et al., 2016). Its body is oval (Fig. 1E), maximum height at middle of body, body height/length ratio about 0.63 µm, body length = 0.27 mm, average: 0.27 mm (n = 2), head with two major pores connected (Fig. 1F), postabdomen about 2.6 times as long as wide (Fig. 2A), with nine lateral fascicles and ten postanal marginal denticles. IDL and ODL of limb I with three and one setae respectively. Limb II with inner portion armed with eight scrapers, first and second ones different in size.

Figure 2
Alona isabellaeSousa, Elmoor-Loureiro and Santos, 2016, adult female from the Tomo River. A, Postabdomen; B, distal portion of postabdomen; C, labrum; D, limb II. Alonella dadayiBirge, 1910, adult female. E, Adult; F, head pores.

Alona isabellae can be easily separated from other members of the Alona intermedia-group by the peculiarities of the spinule of distalmost fascicles, which is thicker than the others and goes beyond the postabdomen margin and the marginal denticles (arrowed in Fig. 2A, B). Another important diagnostic feature is the labrum with two short and fine spinules on the anterior margin and a cluster of setules on the posterior margin (Fig. 2C). These two distinctive characters are present in the Colombian specimens.

The specimens from Colombia have diagnostic features of A. isabellae as described by Sousa et al. (2016). There are, however, some small differences in our specimens: (1) proximal and distal denticles of the postabdomen with fine spinules in the populations from Brazil (Sousa et al., 2016, fig. 7O), while in Colombian populations this structure is only absent in distal denticles (Fig. 2B, present data); (2) scraper 4 and 5 of limb II different in length in specimens from Colombia (Fig. 2D), while they are of the same size in Brazilian populations (Sousa et al., 2016, fig. 8F). Overall, these differences are deemed to be intraspecific variations and thus expand the knowledge on the morphometric variability of this species.

Distribution. Alona isabellae is so far known only from Brazil (Sousa et al., 2016) and Colombia (present study). Some records of A. intermedia have been recorded from Venezuela, Peru, and Paraguay (Daday, 1905; Stingelin, 1906; Delachaux, 1918; Rey and Vazquez, 1986), and these reports could correspond to A. isabellae or to a new species; nevertheless, an exhaustive review of these records is required.

Subfamily Chydorinae Dybowski & Grochowski, 1894 emend. Frey, 1967

Genus Alonella Sars, 1862

Alonella dadayi Birge, 1910

Synonymy. See Smirnov (1996): 88.

Material examined. 5 adult females, UARC328M.

Remarks. The specimens from Colombia share the diagnostic features of A. dadayi previously reported from the Magdalena department (Fuentes-Reinés et al., 2012). Oval body (Fig. 2E), with two major head pores of equal size (Fig. 2F), rostrum long and curved (Fig. 3A) valve with three denticles on the posterior ventral angle (Fig. 3C). Body length = 0.19-0.23 mm, average: 0.22 mm (n = 5). It can be easily distinguished from its congeners by (1) the long and downwards-pointing rostrum (Fig. 3A); (2) wavy anterior margin of labral keel (Fig. 3B); (3) the reticulation patterns of valve which are regular polygons at the posteral ventral angle (Fig. 3C); (4) short postabdomen with 8-9 sharp teeth along its margin; (5) prominent preanal angle of postabdomen (Fig. 3D).

Figure 3
Alonella dadayiBirge, 1910, adult female from the Tomo River. A, Rostrum; B, labrum; C, valve; D, postabdomen. Disparalona cf. hamata (Birge, 1879), adult female. E, Adult; F, rostrum.

Distribution. This species has been recorded from the North to South America (Smirnov, 1996; Van Damme and Dumont, 2010). In Colombia, A. dadayi has been reported in Caribbean and Andean regions (Kotov and Fuentes-Reinés, 2015b). This is the first record for the Orinoco region.

Genus Disparalona Fryer, 1968

Disparalona cf. hamata ( Birge, 1879 )

Material examined. 1 adult female, catalog number: UARC321M-UARC325M.

Remarks. Eight valid species of the genus Disparolona have been described worldwide: Disparolona rostrata (Koch, 1841), Disparolona acutirostris (Birge, 1879); D. hamata; Disparolona leei (Chien Shing-ming, 1970); Disparolona caudataSmirnov, 1996; Disparolona leptorhynchaSmirnov, 1996; Disparolona ikarus Kotov and Sinev, 2011 and Disparolona smirnovi Klimovsky et al., 2015. Of these, D. leptorhyncha and D. hamata have been recorded in the Neotropics, and the latter was originally described as Pleuroxus hamatus by Birge (1879) from North America; however, Smirnov (1996) allocated the species to the genus Disparalona.

The specimen from Colombia has an elongated body, and the posterior portion of body is remarkable lower than the anterior (Fig. 3E), short rostrum (Fig. 3F), and valve with fine striae (arrowed in Fig. 4A). Antenna of moderate size (Fig. 4B), the proximal segments of each branch are twice as long as and more massive than the other two, antennal formula: setae 0-0-3/0-1-3, first endopodal segment with a small spine (arrowed in Fig. 4B). Keel not prominent, distal portion short and rounded. Postabdomen about 3.4 times as long as wide, with preanal angle not prominent (Fig. 4C); postabdominal claw with two basal spines, the distal about 0.25 the length of the claw and the proximal two times shorter than the proximal one (Fig. 4D). IDL of limb I with three setae, the seta 3 is hook-like (Fig. 4E, F), ODL with one long and one short accessory seta, the outer one very short (Fig. 4E) which was variable in size (arrowed in Fig. 4F). Limb II with eight scrapers, the seta of exopodite is longer than scrapers 8, 7, 6 and 4 (Fig. 5A). Exopodite of limb III is rectangular, with two lateral setae (5-6) and four distal setae (1-4) (Fig. 5B); seta 7 was not observed and, taking into account that only one specimen was examined, it is probable that it could be due to variability or it could have been broken. Nevertheless, more specimens should be examined and observed to confirm it. The exopodite of limb IV is oval with seven setae (1-7) (Fig. 5C). Epipodite of limb V ovoid; exopodite with two hillocks densely setulated near the inner limb portion (arrowed in Fig. 5E) and a single distal (1) and three lateral (2-4) setae (Fig. 5D, E); inner limb portion elongated (Fig. 5F), with setulated inner margin, with two setae of equal size; filter comb with three setae.

Figure 4
Disparalona cf. hamata (Birge, 1879), adult female from the Tomo River. A, Valves; B, antenna; C, postabdomen; D, postabdominal claw; E, F, IDL of limb I.

Figure 5
Disparalona cf. hamata (Birge, 1879), adult female from the Tomo River. A, Limb II; B, exopodite of limb III; C, exopodite of limb IV; D, E, limb V; F, limb V, inner portion.

The specimen from Colombia bears the diagnostic features of D. hamata reported by the authors based on the study of material from Venezuela, Brazil, Sudan and Mali (Rey and Vásquez, 1986; Zoppi de Roa and Vásquez, 1991; Smirnov, 1996; Elmoor-Loureiro, 1997). However, some subtle differences can be observed in our specimen: (1) the outer small seta of the ODL of limb I is absent in figures of specimens from Venezuela (Rey and Vásquez, 1986, pl. V, fig. 14; Zoppi de Roa and Vásquez, 1991, fig. 10B), whereas it is present in populations from Colombia (present data, Fig. 4D, E); (2) the exopodite of limb IV bears seven setae in specimens from Colombia (present data, Fig. 5B), whereas populations from Venezuela have six (Zoppi de Roa and Vásquez, 1991, fig. 10I), and probably these two structures were overlooked in specimens from Venezuela owing to their size. Unfortunately, Smirnov (1996) and Elmoor-Loureiro (1997) did not illustrate these structures, making comparisons impossible.

Disparalona hamata has been poorly described (Birge, 1879; Rey and Vásquez, 1986; Zoppi de Roa and Vásquez, 1991; Smirnov, 1996; Elmoor-Loureiro, 1997; Kotov et al., 2012), and a detailed redescription is required. Bearing in mind the non-cosmopolitanism concept (Frey, 1982) and the type locality of D. hamata in North America, specimens from South America may be a new taxon.

In the Neotropical region, D. hamata can be easily separated from D. leptorhyncha by the following characteristics: (1) the rostrum is longer in D. leptorhyncha (see Smirnov, 1996, figs. 309, 310; Van Damme and Dumont, 2010, fig. 9A) than in D. hamata (see Birge, 1879, fig. 13; Smirnov, 1996, fig. 296; Flössner, 2000, as Alonella hamulata (Birge, 1910), fig. 106A; present data, Fig. 3F); (2) seta III on the IDL of limb I is thicker in D. hamata (see Smirnov, 1996, fig. 300; Flössner, 2000, as Alonella hamulata, fig. 106G; present data, Fig. 4D, E) than in D. leptorhyncha (see Smirnov, 1996, fig. 319; Van Damme and Dumont, 2010, fig. 9f).

Distribution. It has a wide distribution and is a complex of species with, probably, local endemism. D. hamata has been reported in Afrotropical, Nearctic, Neotropical, Palaearctic, and Oriental regions (Kotov et al., 2013). Nevertheless, the Oriental population could be a new species (Sinev and Sanoamuang, 2011); therefore, further analysis of D. hamata is required.

Ecology. The surveyed area was dominated by Campsiandra comosa, which is one of the typical plants of the zone. Cladocerans were most numerous in habitats associated with the roots of plants. The water temperature during sampling was 30.2°C, conductivity 6.7 μS.cm^-1 value, pH 6.6, and dissolved oxygen 8.2 mg/L.

DISCUSSION

Following Kotov and Fuentes-Reinés (2015b, Sinev and Fuentes-Reinés (2016) and the information presented in this study, the total number of cladocerans for Colombia has increased to 105 valid species. Keeping in mind these new records, the number of species belonging to the genera Alona and Stroblocerus increased to eight and two, respectively, whereas the genus Disparalona is recorded for the first time from Colombia. In Colombia, the records of cladocerans in rivers are non-existent, which is probably due to insufficient efforts in cladoceran research, sampling difficulties, and taxonomical problems. This is in contrast to Brazil and Argentina, where some studies on cladoceran fauna have been carried out in a riverine environment (Paggi, 1992; Serafim Jr.et al., 2003; Serafim-Júnior et al., 2006; Sousa and Elmoor-Loureiro, 2012). Hitherto, we recorded five new species from the Vichada Department and three from Colombia (see Tab. 1). The richness and abundance of microcrustacean taxa were lower than expected, probably because the samples were taken only from a small part of the river and did not reach rare species. In Chydoridae and Macrothricidae, the richness is always influenced by rare species, but on the other hand only one substrate (roots of Campsiandra comosa) was sampled. Most cladocerans, especially the family Chydoridae, are associated with macrophytes (Fuentes-Reinés et al., 2012). We expect that this manuscript will motivate an increase in the studies on riverine cladoceran fauna, supported by a strong taxonomic base, leading to new records and, consequently, to a better comprehension of the Colombian diversity of freshwater microcrustaceans.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are very grateful to Dr. Carlos A. Lasso Alcalá (Programa Ciencias Básicas de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt) for his help in field work. We also thank to Ms. Susan Casament for reviewing the final English manuscript. This study was financially supported by the Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt and COLCIENCIAS.

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• Zoobank:

  http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:02BA492E-AC28-464E-A721-C8A10D0E85AE

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2018

History

• Received
  01 July 2017
• Accepted
  18 Nov 2017