Supercritical extraction of pupunha (Guilielma speciosa) oil in a fixed bed using carbon dioxide

SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION OF PUPUNHA (Guilielma speciosa) OIL IN A FIXED BED USING CARBON DIOXIDE

M.E.Araújo1,^*, N.T.Machado¹, L.F.França¹ and M.A.A.Meireles2

1Laboratório de Operações de Separação (LAOS), Departamento de Engenharia Química,

UFPA, Cx. P. 8612, CEP 66050-970, Fax: (55) [phone], Belém - PA, Brazil;

E-mail:[e-mail], E-mail:[e-mail], E-mail:[e-mail];

²LASEFI, Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Faculdade Engenharia de

Alimentos, UNICAMP, Cx.P. 6121, CEP 13083-970,

Fax: (55) [phone], Campinas - SP, Brazil

E-mail: [e-mail];

(Received: March 29, 2000 ; Accepted: April 23, 2000)

Abstract - The pupunha (Guilielma speciosa) is the fruit of a palm tree typical of the Brazilian Northern region, whose stem is used as a source of heart of palm. The fruit, which is about 65% pulp, is a source of oil and carotenes. In the present work, an analysis of the kinetics of supercritical extraction of oil from the pupunha pulp is presented. Carbon dioxide was used as solvent. The extractions were carried out at 25 MPa and 323 K and 30 MPa and 318 K. The chemical composition of the extracts in terms of fatty acids was determined by gas chromatography. The amount of oleic acid, a saturated fatty acid, in the CO₂ extracts was larger than that in the extract obtained with hexane. The overall extraction curves were modeled using the single-parameter model proposed in the literature to describe the desorption of toluene from activated coal.

Keywords: Supercritical extraction, Guilielma speciosa, pupunha, lipids, carotenes, extraction, extraction curve modeling.

INTRODUCTION

The increasing concerns of consumers with the use of synthetic substances in the food industry, interest in research in the field of biomaterials processing, and the restrictive policies of pollution control adopted by governments worldwide have enormously contributed to the development of the so-called clean technologies. One of the most widespread clean technologies is supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE). Potential applications of SCFE to the field of natural products have being intensively investigated during the last two decades. Besides being harmless to the environment, the use of CO₂ as a supercritical solvent permits the processing of thermosensitive material.

The nineties has been the decade of SCFE. Numerous technical and scientific papers were published in the area. Applications run from SCFE of lipid material from several vegetable materials to extraction of essential oils, oleoresins, and other odoriferous materials. For instance, SCFE was used to obtain vegetable oils from canola seeds (Lee et al., 1986), tucumã (Astrocaryum vulgare) (França et al., 1991), passion fruit seeds (Passiflora edulis) (Corrêa, 1994; Corrêa et al., 1994), bacuri (Platonia insignis) (Araújo, 1997), Theobroma grandiflorum (Araújo, 1997; Magno et al., 1999), palm (Elaes guineensis) (Corrêa et al., 1999), and ucuuba (Virola surinamensis) (Moraes et al., 1999). In all of these studies emphasis was given to the kinetics of extraction and to the elucidation of the chemical composition of the extracts. Other studies were devoted to the recuperation of precious substances from different substrata, such as the extraction of fatty acids from the shells of the bacuri fruit (Monteiro et al., 1997), the recovery of carotenes from the residual fibers of the palm (Elaes guineensis) industry (França, 1999; França and Meireles, 2000), and the extraction of lipids and vitamins from the shells and pulp of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) (Ruster, 1997; França et al., 1999) and from the tucumã pulp (Christensen, 1997; Christensen et al., 1999; Christensen et al., 2000). All these studies reported the modeling of the mass transfer process and/or the chemical composition of the extracts.

The pupunha is the fruit of a palm tree from the Northern region of Brazil. The local population consumes the cooked fruit. The pupunha tree conceivably has a great economic potential since every part of the plant has its own specific application. For example, the roots are used as vermifuge, the trunk as wood for house construction, and the flowers as a spice. The heart of palm is obtained from the secondary stems and the fruit is a source of carotenes, vegetable oil, and fatty acids (Serruya et al., 1980; Bentes et al., 1981; Clement, 1991).

The objectives of this work were to study the SCFE of oil from the pupunha (Guilielma speciosa) pulp. The influences of process temperature and pressure on the yield and quality of the extracts were investigated. The overall extraction curves were modeled using the single parameter model proposed by Tan and Liou (1989). The constant for the extraction rate was modified to include the effects of extract solubility on the supercritical solvent. The appropriateness of the model was tested using data from the literature for the extraction of oil from tucumã seeds (França and Meireles, 1998).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The pupunha fruit (Figure 1), from Ilha das Onças (Pará, Brazil) and Santa Maria (Pará, Brazil), was purchased at local stores in Belém (Pará, Brazil). The fruit had an average pulp content of 65%, with approximately 50% humidity, 30% seed, and 5% shell. Both the pulp and shells were used in the experiments. Carbon dioxide, 99.99% pure, was provided by GASPARÁ (Belém, Brazil).

Pretreatment and Characterization of the Raw Material

The fruit was separated into shells, pulp, and seeds. These parts were dried in an oven at 60^oC during 36 hours. Thern the dried material was triturated in a rotor mill (TE090, Tecnal, Brazil). The ground material was packed in plastic bags and stored in a domestic refrigerator at approximately 5^oC.

The size distribution of the triturated shells and pulp was determined with the aid of a Rot-up shaker and sieves of the Tyler series. Density was determined using the sand pycnometry technique (Buczek and Geldart, 1986). The raw material was characterized with respect to total lipids (method AOCS 920.39), total nitrogen (method AOCS 320.176), ash content, and humidity.

The dried shells and pulp were subjected to conventional (Soxhlet) extraction with hexane. SCFE was performed at 25MPa and 323 K and 30 MPa and 318 K. The assay at 25MPa was performed 6 month prior to that at 30MPa.

The SCFE Unit

The experiments were carried out in the supercritical extraction unit available in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Federal University of Pará (Brazil). A detailed description of the unit can be found in Chassagnez-Méndez (1998) and França et al. (1999).

The separation unit has been modified and simplified, as illustrated in Figure 2, in order to meet the extraction requirements (extraction using small amounts of raw material) suggested by Reber (1997) and used by Rüster (1997) and França et al. (1999).

Experimental Procedure

The dried and triturated pupunha particles (0.020 kg) were packed inside the extraction cell (made of Stainless Steel with a height of 4.4.10^-2m and a diameter of 2.9.10^-2 m). The extraction cell was adapted to the SCFE unit. Carbon dioxide was delivered at the required pressure by the membrane compressor and passed through a porous plate in order to assure a homogeneous flow through the fixed bed. After passing through the micrometering valve (control valve), the supercritical carbon dioxide containing the solubilized oil was expanded in the small stainless steel tube and the precipitated extract was collected in a glass tube placed inside the separator. The expanded carbon dioxide passed through a flow meter and was released into the atmosphere.

Chemical Analysis of the Extract

The extracts were saponified with a 0.5 N solution of sodium hydroxide in methanol, followed by esterification using solutions of ammonium chloride, sulfuric acid, and methanol in the proportion 1:1.5:30 (vol./vol.), according to the procedure described by Maia (1992). The composition of the extracts was determined using a gas chromatographer (Hewlett Packard, model 5890, series II) and an integrator (Hewlett Packard, model 3396, series II). The system was equipped with a fused silica capillary column (CP-Sil-8 CB). The carrier gas was helium and 1 m L of the sample was injected. The temperature was raised to 100^oC at 6^oC/min and from 100^oC to 300^oC at 5^oC/min. A mixture of pure fatty acids was used as an external standard (Merck, Darmstad). The retention times for both the samples and the standards were converted to retention times relative to the palmitic acid due to analytical difficulties. The identification of the fatty acids was based on: (i) a comparison of the relative retention times for the sample with those for the standard and (ii) a comparison of the relative retention times for the sample with the graph for the fatty acids homologous series, as described by Araújo (1997). This procedure assumes that there is a linear relationship between the relative retention times for substances of a homologous series.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING

The extraction from solid substrata at low as well as at high pressures involves at least two phases, the solid and the fluid. The content of solute in each phase is expressed in terms of phase volume and/or phase solvent. Thus, to model the rate of interfacial mass transfer a partition coefficient is required. In general, the simplest way to deal with the problem is to model the phases separately (Brunner, 1994). Thus, the expression for the rate of interfacial mass transfer will contain the required partition coefficient.

The predominant mass transfer mechanisms can vary from system to system. For some substrata the resistance can be located in the solid phase, while for others in the fluid phase. It may also be possible that the resistance in both phases must be considered. One of the most frequently used approaches employs the overall mass balance for an element of the fixed bed.

Several models describing the mass transfer for SCFE from solid substrata have been cited in the literature (Brunner, 1994; Reverchon, 1997). Of these, the single-parameter model proposed by Tan and Liou (1989) was selected to describe SCFE for the pupunha-CO₂ system. This model represents the rate of interfacial mass transfer by a first-order kinetic model. The mass balance for an element of the bed is given by

Fluid phase:

(1)

Solid phase:

(2)

with the following initial and boundary conditions:

(3)

(4)

(5)

The dynamic behavior of the mass ratio of solute in the fluid phase at the bed outlet can be obtained by solving Eqs. 1 and 2 with the boundary conditions given by Eqs. 4 to 6, resulting in

(6)

Integration of Eq. 6 from the beginning of extraction to time t gives the overall extraction curve:

(7)

with

(8)

(9)

where Y is the mass ratio of solute in the fluid phase (kg/kg-CO₂) and X is the mass of solute in the solid phase (kg/kg-inert solid), U is the superficial velocity (m/s), H is the bed length (m), k is the extraction constant (s^-1), S is the cross-sectional area (m²) of the bed, is the solvent flow rate (kg/s), r_s is the solid phase density (kg/m³), r is the fluid phase density (kg/m³), and e is the fixed bed porosity.

The extraction constant is given by (Tan and Liou, 1989)

(10)

where k₀ is a function of pressure and activation energy E is characteristic of the system.

To model the overall extraction curves, the extraction constant must be known. The results of Tan and Liou (1989) show that the desorption rate increased as temperature increased. For the SCFE of lipid from vegetable seeds, the extraction rate increased with the increase in pressure up to 30 MPa. The extraction rate also increased with the decrease in temperature for temperatures within the interval of 313 and 343 K (França et al., 1999; Corrêa et al., 1999). A similar behavior has been observed for solubility. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect the extraction constant to be a function of the solubility. Thus,

(11)

where k_r is the proportionality constant for the extraction constant. Chrastill (1982) published a model that took into account the possibility of a chemical reaction between the solute and the solvent. The model was proposed to describe the solubility of lipid material in carbon dioxide and is given by

(12)

a = DH/R is the heat of reaction and it has a physical meaning similar to the activation energy given in Eq. 10. b is a model constant and n is the association number for the solvent. The Chrastill (1989) model was used by del Valle and Aguilera (1988) to correlate the solubility of vegetable oils in supercritical CO₂. The authors used data for soybean, sunflower, and cottonseed oils at pressures of 15 to 68 MPa, 23 to 67, and 75 to 102 MPa, respectively. They also used data for corn oil obtained at 26.4 MPa. To improve the fit of the data, del Valle and Aguilera (1988) introduced a new parameter into the Chrastill model. The new parameter accounted for the variation in heat of vaporization as temperature varied. Their final equation was

(13)

where r is in g/cm³ and c in g/L.

Using Eqs. 7, 11, and 13 and data for the overall extraction curves obtained at different temperatures, it is possible to estimate the value of the extraction constant.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows the characteristics of the raw material. The particle size distribution of the fixed bed had the following distribution: 49% of the particles had an average diameter of 0.354.10^-3 m, 32% of the particles had an average diameter of 0.596.10^-3 m, and 19% of the particles had an average diameter of 0.210.10^-3 m. The fixed bed porosity was 0.293.

The experimental conditions and yields are shown in Table 2. Table 3 shows the composition of the hexanic and SCF overall extracts. Oleic acid (C-18:1) is the most abundant constituent in both extracts.

Table 4 shows the fatty acids profile for the assay carried out at 25 MPa and 323 K. The amount of fatty acids varies during the extraction process. The composition of the extracts varies considerably during extraction. An increase in the content of caproic and capric acids always coincides with a decrease in the amount of myristic acid. In the same manner, the observed decrease in stearic acid content was accompanied by an increase in the amount of oleic acid. These observations can be explained by two factors. First, due to the nature of the pupunha pulp it is possible that the fixed bed was not entirely homogeneous. The second and most probable explanation is that at the extraction temperature the medium had become reactive. Thus, it may be possible that the oleic acid was converted into stearic acid and myristic acid into caproic acid. Nevertheless, another series of experiments would need to be performed to confirm this hypothesis.

The Overall Extraction Curves

The data of França and Meireles (1998) for SCFE of oil from tucumã seeds obtained at 30 MPa and temperatures of 313, 328, and 343 K were used to estimate the extraction constant. The least square fit of their data gave k_r = 7.10^-5 m³/kg.s. The tucumã overall extraction curves were described well by the Tan and Liou (1989) single parameter model, as can be observed in Figure 3. Using the same value of k_r, the overall extraction curve for the SCFE from pupunha pulp was evaluated. As can be seen in Figure 4, the model underestimated the experimental data. This suggests that parameter k_r also depends on the properties of the solid substrata. The data on tucumã extraction were selected because the characteristics of the solid matrices are similar. Nevertheless, tucumã pulp has a larger fiber content than pupunha pulp. In addition, the length and the diameter of the bed used by França and Meireles (1998) were different from those used for pupunha pulp extraction. The alternative to investigating the appropriateness of the model used to describe the overall extraction curves for SCFE from pupunha pulp was to treat the extraction constant of Eq. 7 and 11 as an empirical parameter. Thus, fitting the experimental data for the overall extraction curves for SCFE from pupunha pulp to the model gave k_r = 10^-4 m³/kg.s. Table 5 shows the estimated model parameters and Figure 4 compares experimental and calculated overall extraction curves. The results were much better than the previous ones. This corroborates the idea put forward that parameter k_r is a function of the properties of the solid substrata, as anticipated.

CONCLUSIONS

The difference in yield between the two overall extraction curves is possibly a result of the modifications suffered by the solid substrata during storage. It is well known that even at low temperatures solid matrices with high lipid contents are subject to oxidation reaction. Nonetheless, the two overall extraction curves have the expected behavior for SCFE from oily material. The mathematical model used was capable of describing the overall extraction curves for both tucumã and pupunha pulp. Comparison of the results showed that the extraction constant depends not only on solubility and/or temperature but also on the characteristics of the solid substrata.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors thank the Adolfo Ducke Laboratory of the Department of Botany, of the Emilio Goeldi Museum (Belém, Pará) for chromatographic analysis of the extracts.

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• Araújo, M.E. Estudo do Equilíbrio de Fases para Sistemas Óleo Vegetal / Dióxido de Carbono Empregando a Equaçăo de Peng-Robinson. Ph.D. diss., Universidade Estadual de Campinas (1997).
• Bentes, M.H.S.; Arruda, A.C.; Serruya, H.; Rocha, F.G.N. Determinaçăo do Teor de Beta-Caroteno em Óleos de Palmáceas da Amazônia. Anais do II Encontro de Profissionais da Química da Amazônia, 327-335, Săo Luis (1981).
• Brunner, G. Gas Extraction: An Introduction to Fundamentals of Supercritical Fluids and the Application to Separation Processes. Springer, New York (1994).
• Buczek, B.; Geldart, D. Determination of the Density of Porous Particles using Very Fine Dense Powders. Powder Technology 45, 173 (1986).
• Chassagnez-Méndez, A. Extraçăo de Produtos de Cúrcuma (Curcuma longa L) com CO₂ Supercrítico. M.Sc. thesis, Universidade Federal do Pará (1998).
• Chrastill, J. Solubility of Solids and Liquids in Supercritical Gas. The Journal of Physics and Chemistry, 86, 3016-3021 (1982).
• Christensen, T. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of the Pulp of Astrocarium vulgare, Mart. (Tucumă) and the Peel of Fruits of Mauritia Flexuosa (Buriti) with Carbon Dioxide. M.Sc. thesis, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg/Universidade Federal do Pará (1997).
• Christensen, T.; França, L.F.; Brunner, G. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of the Oil from the Tucumă Pulp (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) Using Carbon Dioxide. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, in press (2000).
• Christensen, T.; França, L.F.; Brunner, G. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of the Oil from the Tucumă Pulp (Astrocaryum vulgare, Mart.) Using Carbon Dioxide. International Meeting of The GVC-Fachausschuss "Hochdruckverfahrenstechnik"on High Pressure Chemical Engineering, Karlsruhe (1999).
• Clement, C.R. Pupunha Uma Árvore Domesticada. In: Amazônia, Cięncia Hoje, 66-73 (1991).
• Corręa, N.C.F. Estudo da Cinética de Extraçăo de Óleo da Semente de Maracujá com CO₂ Supercrítico. M.Sc. thesis, Universidade Federal do Pará (1994).
• Corręa, N.C.F.; Araújo, M.E.; Machado, N.T.; França, L.F. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Palm Kernel Oil from the Seeds of Dendę (Elaeis Guineensis) with CO₂ Proceedings of the II EMPROMER, p. 734, Florianópolis (1999).
• Corręa, N.C.F.; Meireles, M.A.A.; Araújo, M.E.; França, L.F. Extraçăo de Óleo de Semente de Maracujá (Passiflora edulis) com CO₂ Supercrítico. Cięncia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 14 (Supl.), 29-37 (1994).
• Del Valle, J.M.; Aguilera, J.M. An Improved Equation for Predicting the Solubility of Vegetable Oils in Supercritical CO₂ Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 27(8), 1551-1553 (1988).
• França, L.F. Estudo do Aproveitamento dos Carotenos das Fibras Resultantes da Prensagem na Indústria de Óleo de Palma, pela Extraçăo com CO₂ Supercrítico. Ph.D. diss., Universidade Estadual de Campinas (1999).
• França, L.F.; Araújo, M.E.; Corręa, N.C.F. Determinaçăo Experimental de Curvas de Extraçăo de Triglicerídeos da Amęndoa do Tucumă (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) com CO₂ Supercrítico. Proceedings of International Meeting on Fats & Oils Technology. Symposium and Exhibition, p.162, Campinas (1991).
• França, L.F.; Meireles, M.A.A. Cinética da Extraçăo de Óleo da Polpa do Tucumă (Astrocaryum vulgare, Mart.) com CO2 supercrítico. II Congreso Iberoamericano de Ingenieria de Alimentos, In CROM: iv 29, Bahía Blanca (1998).
• França, L.F.; Meireles, M.A.A. Modeling the Extraction of Carotene and Lipids from Pressed Palm Oil (Elaes guineensis) Fibers Using Supercritical CO₂ The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, in press (SUPFLU 208).
• Lee, A.K.K, Bulley, N.R., Fattori, M. and Meisen, A. Modeling of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Canola Oil Seed in Fixed Beds. Journal American Oil Chem. Society, 63 (6), 921 (1986).
• Magno, R.N.O.; Corręa, N.C.F.; Araújo, M.E.; Machado, N.T.; França, L.F. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Lipids from the Seeds of Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandflorum) with CO₂ Proceedings of the II EMPROMER, p. 558, Florianópolis (1999).
• Maia, E.L. Otimizaçăo da Metodologia para Caracterizaçăo de Constituintes Lipídicos e Determinaçăo da Composiçăo em Ácidos Graxos e Aminoácidos de Peixes de Água Doce. Ph.D. diss., Universidade Estadual de Campinas (1992).
• Moraes, J.L. C.; Machado, N.T.; Bayma, J.C. Extraction of Trimirystin from Ucuúba (Virola surinamensis, Miristicaceae) in Fixed Bed With Supercritical CO₂ Proceedings of the II EMPROMER, Florianópolis (1999).
• Monteiro, A.R.; Meireles, M.A.A.; Marques, M.O.M.; Petenate, A.J. Extraction of the Soluble Material from the Shells of the Bacuri Fruit (Platonia insignis, Mart.) with Pressurized CO₂ and Others Solvents. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 11(1-2), 91 (1997).
• Reber, G. Extraction of Oil Out of the Palm Fruit "Dendę"(Elaes Guineensis) and Out of the Pulp of "Buriti" (Mauritia Flexuosa) Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. M.Sc. thesis, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg/Universidade Federal do Pará (1997).
• Reverchon, E. Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Fractionation of Essential Oils and Related Products. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 10(1), 1 (1997).
• Rüster, J. Extraction of Natural Substances from Plant Materials of Mauritia Flexuosa (Buriti) by Means of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. M.Sc. thesis, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg/ Universidade Federal do Pará (1997).
• Serruya, H.; Bentes, M.H.S.; Rocha, F.G.N. Análise dos Óleos dos Frutos de Duas Palmáceas Bacaba (Oenocarpus disticus Mart.) e Pupunha (Guilielma Speciosa). Anais do I Encontro de Profissionais da Química da Amazônia, 205-212, Belém (1980).

^*

To whom correspondence should be addressed

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  18 Oct 2000
• Date of issue
  Sept 2000

History

• Accepted
  23 Apr 2000
• Received
  29 Mar 2000