Citizenship and community

Shirley, Robert W.

doi:10.1590/S0104-71831999000100008

Abstract

“Citizenship” is a complex concept. It is usually considered as an individual’s relationship to a nation-state, the duties, obligations and rights that come with residence in a given polity. However, historically, “citizenship” was concerned with the community or city state, the word (from civis) implies this. This paper argues that this local vision of the concept is still vitally important and one’s emotional links to larger institution are usually stronger with the local community than with the nation, especially in countries such as Brazil where national feelings were never strong.

Keywords
citizenship; community; identity; police

Resumo

Cidadania é um conceito complexo. E normalmente considerada em termos da relação entre um indivíduo e a nação-estado, os deveres e obrigações que acompanham a residência numa determinada unidade política. Historicamente, no entanto, a cidadania dizia respeito à comunidade ou à cidade-nação. A própria palavra (oriunda de civis) tem estas implicações. Neste artigo sugerimos que esta visão local do conceito ainda é de suma importância e que os vínculos de um indivíduo com sua comunidade local são em geral mais fortes do que seus vínculos com a nação, especialmente em países como o Brasil onde o sentimento nacional nunca foi forte.

Palavras-chave
cidadania; comunidade; identidade; polícia

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Full text available only in PDF format.

References

¹
ALVAREZ, S. E.; ESCOBAR, A. Conclusion: theoretical and political, horizons of change in Latin American social movements. In: ESCOBAR, A.; ALVAREZ, S. E. (Ed.). The making of social movements in Latin America: identity, strategy, and democracy. London: Westview Press, 1992. p. 317-330.
²
ANDERSON, B. Imagined communities: reflection on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso, 1991.
³
ANDRESKI, S. Military organization and society Los Angeles: The University of California Press, 1968.
⁴
APTEKAR, L. Street children of Cali London: Duke University Press, 1988.
⁵
BANTON, M. The policeman in the community London: Tavestock Publications, 1964.
⁶
BAYLEY, D. H. Forces of order: police behavior in Japan and the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
⁷
BAYLEY, D. H. Social control and political change Princeton: Princeton University Center of International Studies, 1985a. (Research Monograph, n. 49).
⁸
BAYLEY, D. H. Patterns of policing New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1985b.
⁹
BAYLEY, D. H. Police for the future Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
¹⁰
BERRY, J. W.; LAPONCE, J. A. (Ed.). Ethnicity and culture in Canada: the research landscape. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1994.
¹¹
BITTNER, E. Aspects of police work Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990.
¹²
BROGDEN, M.; SHEARING, C. Policing for a New South Africa London: Routledge, 1993.
¹³
CARRIERE, K. D.; ERICSON, R. V. Crimes stoppers: a study in the organization of community policing. Toronto: The University of Toronto Centre of Criminology, 1989.
¹⁴
CLAUSEWITZ, C. von. On war Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
¹⁵
COLLEN, P. Mais que a realidade São Paulo: Cortez, 1987.
¹⁶
DAMATTA, R. Carnivals, rogues, and heroes: an interpretation of the Brazilian dilemma. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991.
¹⁷
DEPRESSED? Blame the Net. The Toronto Star, Toronto, p. A3, Aug. 31, 1998.
¹⁸
DUARTE, L. F. D. et al. Projeto Urubus e Papagaios: uma revisão da ideologia e práticas dos projetos de promoção social. Rio de Janeiro: IDAC, 1990. Unpublished partial report.
¹⁹
ELLICKSON, R. C. Order without law: how neighbors settle disputes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991.
²⁰
ERICSON, R. V. Making crime: a study of detective work. Toronto: Buttersworth, 1981.
²¹
ERICSON, R. V. Reproducing order: a study of police patrol work. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1982.
²²
ERICSON, R. V.; HAGGERTY, D. D. Policing the risk society Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1997.
²³
FIELDING, N. Community policing Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.
²⁴
FINLEY, I. M. Politics in the Ancient World Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
²⁵
FONSECA, C. La violence et la rumeur: le code d’honneur dans un bidonville bresilien. Les Temps Modernes, Paris, p. 2193-2235, 1985.
²⁶
FONSECA, C. Cavalo amarrado tembem pasta: honra e humor em um grupo popular brasileiro. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, Porto Alegre, ano 6, n. 15, p. 27-39, fev. 1991.
²⁷
GOLDSTEIN, H. Policing a free society Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1977.
²⁸
GOLDSTEIN, H. Problem oriented policing New York: MacGraw Hill, 1990.
²⁹
GRANT, M. A social history of Greece and Rome New York: Michael Grant Publications, 1992.
³⁰
HARNEY, N. D. Eh, paesani: being Italian in Toronto. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1998.
³¹
HENRY, S. Private Justice: toward an integrated theorising in the Sociology of Law. London: Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1983.
³²
HIRSCHMAN, A. O. Getting ahead collectively: grassroots experiences in Latin America. New York: Pergamon Press, 1984.
³³
JOHNSTON, L. The rebirth of private policing London: Routledge, 1992.
³⁴
KEEGAN, J. The face of battle: a study of Agincourt. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.
³⁵
KELLY, W.; KELLY, N. Policing in Canada Toronto: MacLean-Hunter Press, 1976.
³⁶
KIDS on the Curb. The Toronto Star, Toronto, p. F1-F4, Aug. 2, 1998.
³⁷
KITTO, H. D. F. The Greeks London: Penguin Books, 1991.
³⁸
KYMLICKA, W. Multicultural citizenship Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
³⁹
LEEDS, A. Cities, classes, and the social order Edited by Roger Sanjek. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994.
⁴⁰
LIMA, R. K. de. A polícia da cidade do Rio de Janerio: seus dilemas e paradoxos. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca de Polícia Militar, 1994.
⁴¹
LLOYD, P. Slums of hope: Shanty Towns in the Third World. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1979.
⁴²
LLOYD, P. The ‘young towns’ of Lima: aspects of urbanization in Peru. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
⁴³
MACHIAVELLI, N. The portable Machiavelli New York: Penguin Books, 1979.
⁴⁴
MANNING, P. K. Police work: the social organization of policing. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1977.
⁴⁵
MARIZ, C. Coping with poverty: Pentecostals and Christian Base Communities in Brazil. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994.
⁴⁶
MAWBY, R. I. Comparative policing issues: the British and American experience in international perspectives. London: Unwin Hyman, 1990.
⁴⁷
McNEILL, W. H. The pursuit of power Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1982.
⁴⁸
MERTON, R. K.; BROOM, L.; COTTRELL JR., L. (Ed.). Sociology today: problems and prospects. New York: Basic Books, 1959.
⁴⁹
MINGARDI, G. Tiras, gansos e trutas: cotidiano e reforma na polícia civil. São Paulo: Página Aberta, 1992.
⁵⁰
MOLHO, A.; RAAFLAUB, K.; EMLEN, J. (Ed.). City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991.
⁵¹
MONKKONEN, E. H. History of the urban police. In: TONRY, M.; MORRIS, N. Modem policing Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. p. 547-580.
⁵²
NADER, L. No access to law: alternatives to the American judicial system. New York: The Academic Press, 1980.
⁵³
NAVA, C. Lessons in patriotism and good citizenship: national identity and nationalism in public schools during the Vargas administration, 1937- 1945. Luso-Brazilian Review, v. 35, n. 1, p. 39-64, 1998.
⁵⁴
NINA, D. Re-thinking popular justice: self-regulation and civil society in South Africa. Cape Town: Community Peace Foundation, 1995.
⁵⁵
NORRIS, W. P. Household survival in the face of poverty in Salvador Brazil: toward an integrated model of household activities. Urban Anthropology, v. 17, n. 4, p. 299-321, 1989.
⁵⁶
NUNES, G. Rio, metrópole de 300 favelas Petropólis: Vozes, 1976.
⁵⁷
OSBORNE, R. Classical landscape with figures: the ancient Greek city and its countryside. London: George Philip, 1987.
⁵⁸
PARET, P. Clausewitz and the State Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
⁵⁹
PERLMAN, J. The myth of marginality: urban poverty and politics in Rio de Janeiro. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1976.
⁶⁰
PETERS, T. J.; WATERMAN JR., R. H. In search of excellence: lessons from America’s best-run companies. New York: Warner Books, 1982.
⁶¹
PUTNAM, R. D. Making democracy work: civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
⁶²
REDFIELD, R. The little community: peasant society and culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1960.
⁶³
REINER, R. The politics of the police Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1992.
⁶⁴
SAHLINS, M. The segmentary lineage: an organization of predatory expansion. American Anthropologist, n. 63, p. 322-343, 1961.
⁶⁵
SAHLINS, M. Stone Age economics Chicago: Aldine Atherton, 1972.
⁶⁶
SANTOS, B. de S. The law of the oppressed: the construction and reproduction of legality in Pasargada. Law and Society Review, v. 12, n. 1, p. 5-126, 1977.
⁶⁷
SEWELL, J. Police: urban policing in Canada. Toronto: James Lorimer & Co., 1985.
⁶⁸
SHARER, R. J. The ancient Maya Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.
⁶⁹
SHEARING, C.; STENNING, P. C. (Ed.). Private policing Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1987.
⁷⁰
SHIRLEY, R. W. Recreating communities: the formation of community in a 1990 Brazilian Shantytown. Urban Anthropology, v. 19, n. 3, p. 255-276, Fall 1990.
⁷¹
SHORT, J. R. The urban order: an introduction to cities, culture, and power. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher, 1996.
⁷²
SKOLNICK, J. H. Justice without trial New York: John Wiley and Son, 1975.
⁷³
SKOLNICK, J. H.; BAYLEY, D. H. The new blue line: police innovation in six American cities. New York: The Free Press, 1986.
⁷⁴
STACK, C. B. All our kin: strategies for survival in a black community. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.
⁷⁵
STRAUD, C. The blue wall: street cops in Canada. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1983.
⁷⁶
TAYLOR, M. Community, anarchy and liberty Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
⁷⁷
TEPPER, E. L. Immigration policy and multiculturalism. In: BERRY, J. W.; LAPONCE, J. A. (Ed.). Ethnicity and culture in Canada: the research landscape. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1994. p. 95-123.
⁷⁸
TÖNNIES, F. Community & society: Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1957.
⁷⁹
TONRY, M.; MORRIS, N. (Ed.). Modem policing Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992.
⁸⁰
WEBER, M. Economy and society New York: The Bedminster Press, 1968.
⁸¹
WELLS, C. The Roman Empire Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984.
⁸²
WIRTH, L. Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology, n. 44, p. 1-24, 1938.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
May 1999

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ¹
ALVAREZ, S. E.; ESCOBAR, A. Conclusion: theoretical and political, horizons of change in Latin American social movements. In: ESCOBAR, A.; ALVAREZ, S. E. (Ed.). The making of social movements in Latin America: identity, strategy, and democracy. London: Westview Press, 1992. p. 317-330.

[2] ²
ANDERSON, B. Imagined communities: reflection on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso, 1991.

[3] ³
ANDRESKI, S. Military organization and society Los Angeles: The University of California Press, 1968.

[4] ⁴
APTEKAR, L. Street children of Cali London: Duke University Press, 1988.

[5] ⁵
BANTON, M. The policeman in the community London: Tavestock Publications, 1964.

[6] ⁶
BAYLEY, D. H. Forces of order: police behavior in Japan and the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.

[7] ⁷
BAYLEY, D. H. Social control and political change Princeton: Princeton University Center of International Studies, 1985a. (Research Monograph, n. 49).

[8] ⁸
BAYLEY, D. H. Patterns of policing New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1985b.

[9] ⁹
BAYLEY, D. H. Police for the future Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.

[10] ¹⁰
BERRY, J. W.; LAPONCE, J. A. (Ed.). Ethnicity and culture in Canada: the research landscape. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1994.

[11] ¹¹
BITTNER, E. Aspects of police work Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990.

[12] ¹²
BROGDEN, M.; SHEARING, C. Policing for a New South Africa London: Routledge, 1993.

[13] ¹³
CARRIERE, K. D.; ERICSON, R. V. Crimes stoppers: a study in the organization of community policing. Toronto: The University of Toronto Centre of Criminology, 1989.

[14] ¹⁴
CLAUSEWITZ, C. von. On war Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.

[15] ¹⁵
COLLEN, P. Mais que a realidade São Paulo: Cortez, 1987.

[16] ¹⁶
DAMATTA, R. Carnivals, rogues, and heroes: an interpretation of the Brazilian dilemma. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991.

[17] ¹⁷
DEPRESSED? Blame the Net. The Toronto Star, Toronto, p. A3, Aug. 31, 1998.

[18] ¹⁸
DUARTE, L. F. D. et al. Projeto Urubus e Papagaios: uma revisão da ideologia e práticas dos projetos de promoção social. Rio de Janeiro: IDAC, 1990. Unpublished partial report.

[19] ¹⁹
ELLICKSON, R. C. Order without law: how neighbors settle disputes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991.

[20] ²⁰
ERICSON, R. V. Making crime: a study of detective work. Toronto: Buttersworth, 1981.

[21] ²¹
ERICSON, R. V. Reproducing order: a study of police patrol work. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1982.

[22] ²²
ERICSON, R. V.; HAGGERTY, D. D. Policing the risk society Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1997.

[23] ²³
FIELDING, N. Community policing Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.

[24] ²⁴
FINLEY, I. M. Politics in the Ancient World Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

[25] ²⁵
FONSECA, C. La violence et la rumeur: le code d’honneur dans un bidonville bresilien. Les Temps Modernes, Paris, p. 2193-2235, 1985.

[26] ²⁶
FONSECA, C. Cavalo amarrado tembem pasta: honra e humor em um grupo popular brasileiro. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, Porto Alegre, ano 6, n. 15, p. 27-39, fev. 1991.

[27] ²⁷
GOLDSTEIN, H. Policing a free society Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1977.

[28] ²⁸
GOLDSTEIN, H. Problem oriented policing New York: MacGraw Hill, 1990.

[29] ²⁹
GRANT, M. A social history of Greece and Rome New York: Michael Grant Publications, 1992.

[30] ³⁰
HARNEY, N. D. Eh, paesani: being Italian in Toronto. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1998.

[31] ³¹
HENRY, S. Private Justice: toward an integrated theorising in the Sociology of Law. London: Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1983.

[32] ³²
HIRSCHMAN, A. O. Getting ahead collectively: grassroots experiences in Latin America. New York: Pergamon Press, 1984.

[33] ³³
JOHNSTON, L. The rebirth of private policing London: Routledge, 1992.

[34] ³⁴
KEEGAN, J. The face of battle: a study of Agincourt. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.

[35] ³⁵
KELLY, W.; KELLY, N. Policing in Canada Toronto: MacLean-Hunter Press, 1976.

[36] ³⁶
KIDS on the Curb. The Toronto Star, Toronto, p. F1-F4, Aug. 2, 1998.

[37] ³⁷
KITTO, H. D. F. The Greeks London: Penguin Books, 1991.

[38] ³⁸
KYMLICKA, W. Multicultural citizenship Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

[39] ³⁹
LEEDS, A. Cities, classes, and the social order Edited by Roger Sanjek. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994.

[40] ⁴⁰
LIMA, R. K. de. A polícia da cidade do Rio de Janerio: seus dilemas e paradoxos. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca de Polícia Militar, 1994.

[41] ⁴¹
LLOYD, P. Slums of hope: Shanty Towns in the Third World. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1979.

[42] ⁴²
LLOYD, P. The ‘young towns’ of Lima: aspects of urbanization in Peru. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.

[43] ⁴³
MACHIAVELLI, N. The portable Machiavelli New York: Penguin Books, 1979.

[44] ⁴⁴
MANNING, P. K. Police work: the social organization of policing. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1977.

[45] ⁴⁵
MARIZ, C. Coping with poverty: Pentecostals and Christian Base Communities in Brazil. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994.

[46] ⁴⁶
MAWBY, R. I. Comparative policing issues: the British and American experience in international perspectives. London: Unwin Hyman, 1990.

[47] ⁴⁷
McNEILL, W. H. The pursuit of power Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1982.

[48] ⁴⁸
MERTON, R. K.; BROOM, L.; COTTRELL JR., L. (Ed.). Sociology today: problems and prospects. New York: Basic Books, 1959.

[49] ⁴⁹
MINGARDI, G. Tiras, gansos e trutas: cotidiano e reforma na polícia civil. São Paulo: Página Aberta, 1992.

[50] ⁵⁰
MOLHO, A.; RAAFLAUB, K.; EMLEN, J. (Ed.). City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991.

[51] ⁵¹
MONKKONEN, E. H. History of the urban police. In: TONRY, M.; MORRIS, N. Modem policing Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. p. 547-580.

[52] ⁵²
NADER, L. No access to law: alternatives to the American judicial system. New York: The Academic Press, 1980.

[53] ⁵³
NAVA, C. Lessons in patriotism and good citizenship: national identity and nationalism in public schools during the Vargas administration, 1937- 1945. Luso-Brazilian Review, v. 35, n. 1, p. 39-64, 1998.

[54] ⁵⁴
NINA, D. Re-thinking popular justice: self-regulation and civil society in South Africa. Cape Town: Community Peace Foundation, 1995.

[55] ⁵⁵
NORRIS, W. P. Household survival in the face of poverty in Salvador Brazil: toward an integrated model of household activities. Urban Anthropology, v. 17, n. 4, p. 299-321, 1989.

[56] ⁵⁶
NUNES, G. Rio, metrópole de 300 favelas Petropólis: Vozes, 1976.

[57] ⁵⁷
OSBORNE, R. Classical landscape with figures: the ancient Greek city and its countryside. London: George Philip, 1987.

[58] ⁵⁸
PARET, P. Clausewitz and the State Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.

[59] ⁵⁹
PERLMAN, J. The myth of marginality: urban poverty and politics in Rio de Janeiro. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1976.

[60] ⁶⁰
PETERS, T. J.; WATERMAN JR., R. H. In search of excellence: lessons from America’s best-run companies. New York: Warner Books, 1982.

[61] ⁶¹
PUTNAM, R. D. Making democracy work: civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.

[62] ⁶²
REDFIELD, R. The little community: peasant society and culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1960.

[63] ⁶³
REINER, R. The politics of the police Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1992.

[64] ⁶⁴
SAHLINS, M. The segmentary lineage: an organization of predatory expansion. American Anthropologist, n. 63, p. 322-343, 1961.

[65] ⁶⁵
SAHLINS, M. Stone Age economics Chicago: Aldine Atherton, 1972.

[66] ⁶⁶
SANTOS, B. de S. The law of the oppressed: the construction and reproduction of legality in Pasargada. Law and Society Review, v. 12, n. 1, p. 5-126, 1977.

[67] ⁶⁷
SEWELL, J. Police: urban policing in Canada. Toronto: James Lorimer & Co., 1985.

[68] ⁶⁸
SHARER, R. J. The ancient Maya Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.

[69] ⁶⁹
SHEARING, C.; STENNING, P. C. (Ed.). Private policing Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1987.

[70] ⁷⁰
SHIRLEY, R. W. Recreating communities: the formation of community in a 1990 Brazilian Shantytown. Urban Anthropology, v. 19, n. 3, p. 255-276, Fall 1990.

[71] ⁷¹
SHORT, J. R. The urban order: an introduction to cities, culture, and power. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher, 1996.

[72] ⁷²
SKOLNICK, J. H. Justice without trial New York: John Wiley and Son, 1975.

[73] ⁷³
SKOLNICK, J. H.; BAYLEY, D. H. The new blue line: police innovation in six American cities. New York: The Free Press, 1986.

[74] ⁷⁴
STACK, C. B. All our kin: strategies for survival in a black community. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

[75] ⁷⁵
STRAUD, C. The blue wall: street cops in Canada. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1983.

[76] ⁷⁶
TAYLOR, M. Community, anarchy and liberty Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

[77] ⁷⁷
TEPPER, E. L. Immigration policy and multiculturalism. In: BERRY, J. W.; LAPONCE, J. A. (Ed.). Ethnicity and culture in Canada: the research landscape. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press, 1994. p. 95-123.

[78] ⁷⁸
TÖNNIES, F. Community & society: Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1957.

[79] ⁷⁹
TONRY, M.; MORRIS, N. (Ed.). Modem policing Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992.

[80] ⁸⁰
WEBER, M. Economy and society New York: The Bedminster Press, 1968.

[81] ⁸¹
WELLS, C. The Roman Empire Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984.

[82] ⁸²
WIRTH, L. Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology, n. 44, p. 1-24, 1938.