A fixação da narrativa: do mito para a poética de literatura oral

Langdon, Ester Jean

doi:10.1590/S0104-71831999000300002

Resumos

O trabalho visa refletir sobre os problemas específicos ligados à tradução de literatura oral à luz das teorias de análise centrada no discurso, performance e tradução poética. Até os últimos trinta anos, textos orais, incluindo tais gêneros como mito, folclore, lenda, e conto de fada, foram analisados como textos fixos, sem considerar os mecanismos poéticos que marcam a narração oral. Este trabalho explora estas teorias e debates atuais sobre a perspectiva dos textos orais como emergente através de performances culturais específicas e com elementos estéticos que devem ser incluídos na transcrição e tradução de tais narrativas. Esta discussão sobre a tradução das narrativas orais é paralela às discussões gerais na antropologia sobre a escrita antropológica e a fixação da interação social.

narrativa; oralidade; performance; poética; tradução

The work pretends to review specific problems linked with the translation of oral literature in view of the theories of discourse centered analysis, performance and poetic translation. Up until the last 30 years, oral texts, including such genres of mythology, folklore, legends, were treated as fixed texts, without consideration of the poetic mechanisms that mark the oral narration. The work reviews the current theories and problems under debate, which view texts as emerging through specific cultural performances and with specific aesthetic markers that must be included in transcribing and translating such texts. The problem of translation of narrative parallels the general discussions in anthropology about anthropological writing and the fixation of social interaction.

narrative; orality; performance; poetics; translation

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¹
BAKHTIN, M. M. Rabelais and his world Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968.
²
BASCOM, W. The forms of folklore: prose narratives. In: DUNDES, A. (Org.). Sacred narrative Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. p. 5-30.
³
BASSO, E. B. Introduction: discourse as an integrating concept in anthropology and folklore research. In: BASSO, E. B. (Ed.) Native Latin American cultures through their discourse Indiana: Folklore Institute, Indiana University, 1990. p. 1-10.
⁴
BATESON, G. Steps to an ecology of mind New York: Ballantine, 1972. p. 177-193.
⁵
BAUMAN, R. The ethnography of speaking. Annual Reviews of Anthropology, Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, v. 4, 1976.
⁶
BAUMAN, R. Verbal art as performance Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers, 1977.
⁷
BAUMAN, R. Story, performance and event New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
⁸
BAUMAN, R. (Org.). Folklore, cultural performances, and popular entertainments Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
⁹
BAUMAN, R.; BRIGGS, C. L. Poetics and performance as critical perspectives on language and social life. Annual Review of Anthropology 1990, v. 19, p. 59-88, 1990.
¹⁰
BIBEAU, G.; CORIN, E. E. From submission to the text to interpretive violence. In: BIBEAU, G.; CORIN, E. E. (Org.). Beyond textuality: asceticism and violence in anthropological interpretation. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1995.
¹¹
BOAS, F. Tsimshian mythology. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, n. 31, 1916.
¹²
BRIGHT, W. Karok Myth and Measured Verse. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, n. 1, p. 117-123, 1979.
¹³
BRIGGS, C. L. Diversidad metapragmatica en el arte verbal: poesia, imaginación e interaccíón en los estilos narrativos Warao. In: BASSO, E.; SHERZER, J. (Org.). Las culturas nativas latinoamericanas a traves de su discurso Quito: Abya-Yala, 1990. p. 135-174.
¹⁴
BURKE, K. Literature as equipment for living. In: BURKE, K. The philosophy of literary form New York: Vintage Books, 1957. p. 253-262.
¹⁵
COLBY, B.; PEACOCK, J. L. Narrative. In: HONIGMAN, J. J. (Org.). Handbook of social and cultural anthropology Chicago: Rand McNally, 1973. p. 613-635.
¹⁶
DOUGLAS, M. The meaning of myth. In: DOUGLAS, M. Implicit meanings London: Routledge and Kagan Paul, 1975. p. 153-172.
¹⁷
FINE, E. Aesthetic patterning of verbal art and the performance-centered text. Sociolinguistic Working Paper, Austin, Texas: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, University of Texas, n. 74, September 1980.
¹⁸
GEERTZ, C. A religião como sistema cultural. In: GEERTZ, C. A interpretação das culturas Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1978a. p. 101-142.
¹⁹
GEERTZ, C. Um jogo absorvente: notas sobre a briga de gaios balinesa. In: GEERTZ, C. A interpretação das culturas Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1978b. p. 278-321.
²⁰
GEERTZ, C. Uma descrição densa: por uma teoria interpretativa da cultura. In: GEERTZ, C. A interpretação das culturas Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1978c. p. 13-44.
²¹
GEERTZ, C. Blurred genders. In: GEERTZ, C. Local knowledge: further essays in interpretative anthropology. New York: Basic Books, 1983. p. 19-36.
²²
GOFFMAN, E. The interaction order. American Sociological Review, n. 48, p. 1-17, 1983.
²³
HYMES, D. Discovering oral performance and measured verse in American Indian narrative. In: HYMES, D. In vain I tried to tell you Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981. p. 309-341.
²⁴
JACOBS, M. The content and style of an oral literature Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959.
²⁵
JAKOBSON, R. Closing statement: linguistics and poetics. In: JAKOBSON, R. Style in language Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1960. p. 350-377.
²⁶
KERSELBOON, S. Word, sound, image: the life of a Tamil text. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1995.
²⁷
KRUPAT, A. On the translation of Native American song and story: a theorized history. In: SWANN, B. (Org.). On the translation of Native American literatures Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992. p. 3-32.
²⁸
LANGDON, E. J. Shamanism, narratives and the structuring of illness. Horizontes Antropológicos, Porto Alegre, n. 6, p. 187-215, 1997.
²⁹
LANGER, S. Filosofia em nova chave: um estudo do simbolismo de razão, rito, e arte. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 1971.
³⁰
LEACH, E. Political systems of Highland Burma London: G. Bell & Son Ltd, 1954.
³¹
LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. The effectiveness of symbols. In: LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. Structural anthropology New York: Doubleday and Co., 1967. p. 181-201.
³²
LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. The Story of Asdiwal. In: LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. Structural anthropology II Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976. p. 146-198.
³³
LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. Myth and meaning New York: Schocken Books, 1979.
³⁴
MALINOWSKI, B. Myth in primitive psychology. In: MALINOWSKI, B. Magic, science and religion New York: The Free Press: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1948. p. 93-148.
³⁵
OHNUKI-TIERNEY, E. Monkey performances: a multiple structure of meaning and reflexivity in Japanese culture. In: BRUNER, E. M. (Org.). Text, play and story: the construction and reconstruction of self and society. Illinois: Waveland Press, 1988. p. 278-315.
³⁶
RAPPAPORT, R. Ritual. In: BAUMAN, R. (Org.). Folklore, cultural performances, and popular entertainments New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 249-260.
³⁷
SCHECHNER, R. Victor Turner’s last adventure. In: TURNER, V. The anthropology of performance New York: PAJ Publications, 1987. p. 7-20.
³⁸
SHERZER, J.; URBAN, G. (Org.). Native South American discourse Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, 1986.
³⁹
SINGER, M. When a great tradition modernizes Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.
⁴⁰
SULLIVAN, L. E. Sound and senses: toward a hermeneutics of performance. History of Religions, Chicago, v. 26, n. 1, p. 1-33, 1986.
⁴¹
TEDLOCK, D. Oral history as poetry. Boundary, v. 2, n. 3, p. 707-26, 1975.
⁴²
TEDLOCK, D. Toward an oral poetics. New Literary History, n. 8, p. 507-519, 1977.
⁴³
TEDLOCK, D. On the translation of style in oral narrative. In: SWANN, B. (Ed.). Smoothing the ground, essays on Native American oral literature Berkeley: University of California Press; Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983a.
⁴⁴
TEDLOCK, D. The spoken word and the work of interpretation Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1983b.
⁴⁵
TEDLOCK, D. Popol Vuh: the Mayan book of the dawn of life. New York: A Touchstone Book, 1985.
⁴⁶
TEDLOCK, D. A tradição analógica e o surgimento de uma antropologia dialógica. Anuário Antropológico 85, Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, p. 183-202, 1986.
⁴⁷
TURNER, V. The forest of symbols Ithaca, New York:, Cornell University Press, 1967.
⁴⁸
TURNER, V. O processo ritual Petropólis: Vozes, 1974.
⁴⁹
TURNER, V. Social dramas and stories about them. In: MITCHELL, W. J. T. (Org.). On narrative Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. p. 137-164.
⁵⁰
TURNER, V. From ritual to theater New York: PAJ Press, 1982.
⁵¹
TURNER, V. The anthropology of performance. In: TURNER, V. The anthropology ofperformance New York: PAJ Publications, 1987. p. 72-98.
⁵²
URBAN, G. A discourse-centered approach to culture Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991.
⁵³
URBAN, G.; SHERZER, J. The linguistic anthropology of native South America. Annual Review of Anthropology, Palo Alto, v. 17, p. 283-307, 1988.
⁵⁴
WHITE, H. Tropics of discourse Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
⁵⁵
WHITE, H. The value of narrativity in the representation of reality. In: MITCHELL, W. J. T. (Org.) On narrative Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. p. 1-24.
⁵⁶
WHITE, H. The history and religion of the Baniwa peoples of the Upper Rio Negro Valley Tese (Doutorado em Antropologia)–Standford University, EUA, 1981.
⁵⁷
WHITE, H. Os guardiões do cosmos: pajés e profetas entre os Baniwa. In: LANGDON, E. J. M. (Org.). Xamanismo no Brasil: novas perspectivas. Florianópolis: Editora da UFSC, 1996. p. 75-116.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
Dez 1999

Este trabalho está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição-NãoComercial 3.0 Não Adaptada.

[1] ¹
BAKHTIN, M. M. Rabelais and his world Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968.

[2] ²
BASCOM, W. The forms of folklore: prose narratives. In: DUNDES, A. (Org.). Sacred narrative Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. p. 5-30.

[3] ³
BASSO, E. B. Introduction: discourse as an integrating concept in anthropology and folklore research. In: BASSO, E. B. (Ed.) Native Latin American cultures through their discourse Indiana: Folklore Institute, Indiana University, 1990. p. 1-10.

[4] ⁴
BATESON, G. Steps to an ecology of mind New York: Ballantine, 1972. p. 177-193.

[5] ⁵
BAUMAN, R. The ethnography of speaking. Annual Reviews of Anthropology, Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, v. 4, 1976.

[6] ⁶
BAUMAN, R. Verbal art as performance Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers, 1977.

[7] ⁷
BAUMAN, R. Story, performance and event New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

[8] ⁸
BAUMAN, R. (Org.). Folklore, cultural performances, and popular entertainments Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

[9] ⁹
BAUMAN, R.; BRIGGS, C. L. Poetics and performance as critical perspectives on language and social life. Annual Review of Anthropology 1990, v. 19, p. 59-88, 1990.

[10] ¹⁰
BIBEAU, G.; CORIN, E. E. From submission to the text to interpretive violence. In: BIBEAU, G.; CORIN, E. E. (Org.). Beyond textuality: asceticism and violence in anthropological interpretation. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1995.

[11] ¹¹
BOAS, F. Tsimshian mythology. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, n. 31, 1916.

[12] ¹²
BRIGHT, W. Karok Myth and Measured Verse. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, n. 1, p. 117-123, 1979.

[13] ¹³
BRIGGS, C. L. Diversidad metapragmatica en el arte verbal: poesia, imaginación e interaccíón en los estilos narrativos Warao. In: BASSO, E.; SHERZER, J. (Org.). Las culturas nativas latinoamericanas a traves de su discurso Quito: Abya-Yala, 1990. p. 135-174.

[14] ¹⁴
BURKE, K. Literature as equipment for living. In: BURKE, K. The philosophy of literary form New York: Vintage Books, 1957. p. 253-262.

[15] ¹⁵
COLBY, B.; PEACOCK, J. L. Narrative. In: HONIGMAN, J. J. (Org.). Handbook of social and cultural anthropology Chicago: Rand McNally, 1973. p. 613-635.

[16] ¹⁶
DOUGLAS, M. The meaning of myth. In: DOUGLAS, M. Implicit meanings London: Routledge and Kagan Paul, 1975. p. 153-172.

[17] ¹⁷
FINE, E. Aesthetic patterning of verbal art and the performance-centered text. Sociolinguistic Working Paper, Austin, Texas: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, University of Texas, n. 74, September 1980.

[18] ¹⁸
GEERTZ, C. A religião como sistema cultural. In: GEERTZ, C. A interpretação das culturas Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1978a. p. 101-142.

[19] ¹⁹
GEERTZ, C. Um jogo absorvente: notas sobre a briga de gaios balinesa. In: GEERTZ, C. A interpretação das culturas Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1978b. p. 278-321.

[20] ²⁰
GEERTZ, C. Uma descrição densa: por uma teoria interpretativa da cultura. In: GEERTZ, C. A interpretação das culturas Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1978c. p. 13-44.

[21] ²¹
GEERTZ, C. Blurred genders. In: GEERTZ, C. Local knowledge: further essays in interpretative anthropology. New York: Basic Books, 1983. p. 19-36.

[22] ²²
GOFFMAN, E. The interaction order. American Sociological Review, n. 48, p. 1-17, 1983.

[23] ²³
HYMES, D. Discovering oral performance and measured verse in American Indian narrative. In: HYMES, D. In vain I tried to tell you Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981. p. 309-341.

[24] ²⁴
JACOBS, M. The content and style of an oral literature Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959.

[25] ²⁵
JAKOBSON, R. Closing statement: linguistics and poetics. In: JAKOBSON, R. Style in language Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1960. p. 350-377.

[26] ²⁶
KERSELBOON, S. Word, sound, image: the life of a Tamil text. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1995.

[27] ²⁷
KRUPAT, A. On the translation of Native American song and story: a theorized history. In: SWANN, B. (Org.). On the translation of Native American literatures Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992. p. 3-32.

[28] ²⁸
LANGDON, E. J. Shamanism, narratives and the structuring of illness. Horizontes Antropológicos, Porto Alegre, n. 6, p. 187-215, 1997.

[29] ²⁹
LANGER, S. Filosofia em nova chave: um estudo do simbolismo de razão, rito, e arte. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 1971.

[30] ³⁰
LEACH, E. Political systems of Highland Burma London: G. Bell & Son Ltd, 1954.

[31] ³¹
LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. The effectiveness of symbols. In: LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. Structural anthropology New York: Doubleday and Co., 1967. p. 181-201.

[32] ³²
LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. The Story of Asdiwal. In: LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. Structural anthropology II Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976. p. 146-198.

[33] ³³
LÉVI-STRAUSS, C. Myth and meaning New York: Schocken Books, 1979.

[34] ³⁴
MALINOWSKI, B. Myth in primitive psychology. In: MALINOWSKI, B. Magic, science and religion New York: The Free Press: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1948. p. 93-148.

[35] ³⁵
OHNUKI-TIERNEY, E. Monkey performances: a multiple structure of meaning and reflexivity in Japanese culture. In: BRUNER, E. M. (Org.). Text, play and story: the construction and reconstruction of self and society. Illinois: Waveland Press, 1988. p. 278-315.

[36] ³⁶
RAPPAPORT, R. Ritual. In: BAUMAN, R. (Org.). Folklore, cultural performances, and popular entertainments New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 249-260.

[37] ³⁷
SCHECHNER, R. Victor Turner’s last adventure. In: TURNER, V. The anthropology of performance New York: PAJ Publications, 1987. p. 7-20.

[38] ³⁸
SHERZER, J.; URBAN, G. (Org.). Native South American discourse Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, 1986.

[39] ³⁹
SINGER, M. When a great tradition modernizes Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

[40] ⁴⁰
SULLIVAN, L. E. Sound and senses: toward a hermeneutics of performance. History of Religions, Chicago, v. 26, n. 1, p. 1-33, 1986.

[41] ⁴¹
TEDLOCK, D. Oral history as poetry. Boundary, v. 2, n. 3, p. 707-26, 1975.

[42] ⁴²
TEDLOCK, D. Toward an oral poetics. New Literary History, n. 8, p. 507-519, 1977.

[43] ⁴³
TEDLOCK, D. On the translation of style in oral narrative. In: SWANN, B. (Ed.). Smoothing the ground, essays on Native American oral literature Berkeley: University of California Press; Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983a.

[44] ⁴⁴
TEDLOCK, D. The spoken word and the work of interpretation Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1983b.

[45] ⁴⁵
TEDLOCK, D. Popol Vuh: the Mayan book of the dawn of life. New York: A Touchstone Book, 1985.

[46] ⁴⁶
TEDLOCK, D. A tradição analógica e o surgimento de uma antropologia dialógica. Anuário Antropológico 85, Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro, p. 183-202, 1986.

[47] ⁴⁷
TURNER, V. The forest of symbols Ithaca, New York:, Cornell University Press, 1967.

[48] ⁴⁸
TURNER, V. O processo ritual Petropólis: Vozes, 1974.

[49] ⁴⁹
TURNER, V. Social dramas and stories about them. In: MITCHELL, W. J. T. (Org.). On narrative Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. p. 137-164.

[50] ⁵⁰
TURNER, V. From ritual to theater New York: PAJ Press, 1982.

[51] ⁵¹
TURNER, V. The anthropology of performance. In: TURNER, V. The anthropology ofperformance New York: PAJ Publications, 1987. p. 72-98.

[52] ⁵²
URBAN, G. A discourse-centered approach to culture Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991.

[53] ⁵³
URBAN, G.; SHERZER, J. The linguistic anthropology of native South America. Annual Review of Anthropology, Palo Alto, v. 17, p. 283-307, 1988.

[54] ⁵⁴
WHITE, H. Tropics of discourse Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.

[55] ⁵⁵
WHITE, H. The value of narrativity in the representation of reality. In: MITCHELL, W. J. T. (Org.) On narrative Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. p. 1-24.

[56] ⁵⁶
WHITE, H. The history and religion of the Baniwa peoples of the Upper Rio Negro Valley Tese (Doutorado em Antropologia)–Standford University, EUA, 1981.

[57] ⁵⁷
WHITE, H. Os guardiões do cosmos: pajés e profetas entre os Baniwa. In: LANGDON, E. J. M. (Org.). Xamanismo no Brasil: novas perspectivas. Florianópolis: Editora da UFSC, 1996. p. 75-116.

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A fixação da narrativa: do mito para a poética de literatura oral

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Datas de Publicação