Prevalence of sun exposure and its associated factors in southern Brazil: a population-based study^*

Prevalência e fatores associados à exposição solar no sul do Brasil: um estudo de base populacional

Abstracts

FUNDAMENTOS:

A exposição solar é responsável por um grande número de doenças.

OBJETIVOS:

Nós estimamos a prevalência e fatores associados à exposição solar em adultos do sul do Brasil em um estudo transversal de base populacional.

MÉTODOS:

Uma amostra representativa de indivíduos com idade ≥ 20 anos (n=3,136). A exposição solar foi avaliada no lazer e durante o trabalho. O período de investigação foi de dezembro de 2004 a março de 2005, compreendendo os 120 dias de maior intensidade solar. Os participantes foram questionados sobre exposição solar por pelo menos 20 minutos entre as 10 as 16 hs. A análise foi estraificada por sexo e a exposição solar foi agrupada em 5 categorias.

RESULTADOS:

Entre os 3,136 participantes, a prevalência de exposição solar na praia foi de 32.8% (IC95% 30.3 - 35.2) e 26.3% (IC95% 24.2 - 28.3) entre homens e mulheres, respectivamente. A prevalência de exposição no trabalho foi de 39.8% (IC95% 37.2 - 42.4) entre homens e 10.5% (IC95% 9.1 - 12.0) entre mulheres. A idade esteve inversamente associada à exposição solar. Renda familiar e escolaridade estiveram positivamente associadas à exposição solar durante o lazer e inversamente associada durante o trabalho. A cor de pele auto referida não esteve associada. O conhecimento de qualquer amigo ou parente que tenha sido acometido por um câncer de pele esteve positivamente associado à exposição solar apenas entre os homens durante o trabalho.

CONCLUSÕES:

Apesar das campanhas advertindo sobre os perigos do sol, nós encontramos uma alta prevalência desse desfecho nos períodos de maior intensidade solar.

Banho de sol; Lesões pré-cancerosas; Meio ambiente e saúde pública; Neoplasias cutâneas; Prática de saúde pública

INTRODUCTION

Sunlight exposure is responsible for a large number of dermatological diseases.¹In recent decades, there has been an increasing occurrence of cutaneous neoplasms, which is consistent with the changing pattern of exposure to the sun described in many populations.^2-4Currently, a large body of evidence demonstrates that efforts to delay skin aging and to decrease skin cancer incidence around the world primarily depend on the reduction of sunlight exposure.^4,5

Until the end of the 19^th century, the elite's aesthetic ideal was characterized by lighter skin, since it was a marker of higher social status. After the Industrial Revolution, individuals from lower social strata were more likely to perform their labor activities indoors and, consequently, lighter skin was no longer regarded as an important indicator of higher social status.³The discovery, at the same time period, of the beneficial effect of ultraviolet radiation on the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin was followed by a period of enormous popularity of sunlight exposure.^6,7Gradually, tanned skin became recognized as a synonym of good health and affluence, since it was a privilege of only those who had enough free time to practice outdoor activities and to attend summer vacation sites.

In Brazil, such a change in the patterns of sunlight exposure occurred in the early 1920's, when sport activities gained popularity. From this time on, sunlight exposure became socially desirable, and cycling as well as bathing in the sea became frequent. After the 1930's, tanned skin turned into the new aesthetic ideal in Brazil, and there was an increase in the frequency of time spent on bathing in the sea and swimming pools. During that decade, the first tanning oils were developed, and it became fashionable for individuals to expose larger areas of their bodies, such as legs, arms, chest, and the back.^8,9

Dermatologists and other physicians today are confronting the effects of changes in the social behavior related to sunlight exposure that took place in the last century. This change in social behavior hinders the effective control of the increasing worldwide incidence of skin cancer.

The present study aimed at estimating the prevalence of sunlight exposure and its associated factors between December 2004 and March 2005, the period of highest ultraviolet index in southern Brazil, in two distinct situations: at leisure time (including at the beach) and at work.

METHODS

Between October and December 2005, a crosssectional, population-based study was carried out in Pelotas, a 320,000-inhabitant city in the far South of Brazil. Pelotas is located at 31 degrees South latitude and is characterized by subtropical weather and four definite seasons. All individuals aged³more than 20 years living in the urban area of the city (93.2% of the whole population) comprised the target population of this study.¹⁰

In order to estimate a prevalence of sunlight exposure at leisure time and at work of 20% with a sample error of ± 3 percentage points, at least 682 individuals would have to be interviewed. Both sample size calculations used the following parameters: 95% confidence interval, 80% power, and an additional 10% to cover refusals and 15% for multivariable analyses.

Because this study was part of a larger investigation on the general health of the population, which included other outcomes requiring larger sample sizes, the eligible sample comprised 3,353 individuals.

The sampling process was undertaken in two main stages. Initially, all 404 census tracts from Pelotas, as defined by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, were listed according to the average income level of the family's breadwinner. Then, 120 census tracts were sampled with probability proportional to size. Within the census tracts, approximately 13 households were systematically selected so that all households in each of them had the same probability to be included in the study. This resulted in 1,597 households to be visited and 3,353 eligible adults to take part in the study.¹⁰

Interviewers collected information regarding sunlight exposure during the last summer (from December 2004 to March 2005) at leisure time (including at the beach) and at work from all adults in each of the visited households. Those who reported to be exposed to sunlight for at least one day at leisure time or at work without the aid of sun-protection devices during the observed period (120 days) were asked to report how many days they were exposed to sunlight for at least 20 minutes between 10 A.M. and 4 P.M. from December 2004 to March 2005 (the outcome of interest).

For analytical purposes, the outcome was divided into five ordered categories of sunlight exposure: (a) no exposure at all; (b) 1-7 days; (c) 8-14 days; (d) 1530 days; and (e) > 30 days of sunlight exposure out of the 120 days.

Information on the following independent variables was collected: age (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and ≥ 60 years old), self-reported skin color (black, brown and white), achieved schooling (0-4, 5-8, 9-11 and ≥ 12 years of successfully completed formal education), monthly family income (in quartiles), and knowledge of any relative or friend who has been affected by skin cancer (yes/no).

Female interviewers blinded to the study hypothesis performed all data collection using standardized and pre-coded questionnaires. Sunlight exposure was investigated in two different situations: at leisure time (including sunbathing at the beach, at a swimming pool or anywhere else), and at work.

The questionnaire was tested twice in pilot studies carried out in census tracts not included in the final sample. Fieldwork supervisors repeated the interviews in 10% of the sample, selected at random, asking questions contained in a shortened version of the questionnaire in order to test the reproducibility of some questions and to assess quality of data collection. The Kappa value for achieved schooling was 0.72.

Data were entered twice in Epi Info 6.04 for automatic checks of consistency and range. Stata version 9.0 was used in the data analysis. Since the dependent variable was divided into five ordered categories, ordinal logistic regression was used in multivariable analysis. Backward elimination procedure was adopted, and all variables with a p-value < 0.20 remained in the model to control for confounding. Ordinal logistic regression produces estimates that can be interpreted as the odds ratio of being in a higher category of the outcome for a one-unit change in the independent variable. The assumption of parallel regression was assessed using Brant's test. Since differences between men and women with regard to sunlight exposure and associated factors are found in the literature, the analyses were stratified by sex.

The Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Pelotas approved the study protocol, and written consent was obtained from every participant.

RESULTS

From a total of 3,353 eligible adults, 93.5% were interviewed (Figure 1). Among the 3,136 adults interviewed, prevalence of sunlight exposure at the beach for at least 20 minutes on at least one day between 10 A.M. and 4 P.M in the observed period was 32.8% (95% CI, 30.3-35.2) and 26.3% (95% CI, 24.2-28.3) among men and women, respectively. The prevalence of sunlight exposure at work was 39.8% (95% CI, 37.242.4) among men and 10.5% (95% CI, 9.1-12.0) among women (Figure 1). Considering only those exposed to sunlight for at least one day in the studied period, the median number of days of sunlight exposure at leisure time was 10 among men and 7 among women. At work, this value was 80 for men and 50 for women. Sunlight exposure intra-class correlation coefficient at the beach and at work was 0.05. The corresponding design effects at leisure time and at work were 2.2 and 2.4, respectively.

FIGURE 1
Sample distribution according to each studied situation

Table 1 displays the sample distribution and the prevalence of sunlight exposure (1 day of sunlight exposure between 10 A.M. and 4 P.M. from December 2004 to March 2005) according to the independent variables. The average age was 44.1 years (SD=16.4). The higher the age, the lower the prevalence of sunlight exposure at leisure time and at work. Whites and browns were less likely to be exposed to sunlight at work. At leisure time, whites and browns were more likely to be exposed to sunlight; however, due to the limited number of individuals in the remaining skin color category, this result was not statistically significant. In respect to achieved schooling and per capita monthly family income, the pattern of sunlight exposure depended on whether it was at leisure time or at work. At leisure time, achieved schooling and per capita family income were positively associated with sunlight exposure. At work, this association was the opposite. Knowledge of any relative or friend who has been affected by skin cancer was not associated with sunlight exposure (Table 1).

TABLE 1
Sample distribution according to the independent variables and prevalence of sunlight exposure at leisure time (beach) and at work. Adults from Pelotas, Brazil

Variables	Whole sample	LEISURE TIME			WORK
		Exposed‡		P value	Exposed‡		P value
		N	(%)		N	(%)
Total	3136	911	29.0		732	23.3
Age (years)				<0.001*			<0.001*
20 - 29	747	361	48.5		175	23.4
30 - 39	611	196	32.1		186	30.4
40 - 49	661	179	27.1		199	30.1
50 - 59	520	100	19.2		110	21.2
≥ 60	597	75	12.6		62	10.4
Sex				<0.001†			<0.001†
Male	1378	450	32.8		547	39.8
Female	1758	461	26.3		185	10.3
Self-reported skin color				0.07*			0.02*
Black	338	82	24.3		97	28.7
Brown (pardo)	227	63	27.8		57	25.1
White	2571	766	29.8		578	22.5
Achieved schooling (years)				<0.001*			<0.001*
0 - 4	783	99	12.6		208	26.6
5 - 8	1005	250	24.9		295	29.4
9 - 11	824	306	37.1		161	19.5
≥ 12	522	256	49.0		68	13.0
Per capita monthly family income in quartiles (U$)		<0.001*		<0.001*
1st (0 to 70)	780	165	21.2	244	31.3
2nd (70.1 to 133)	804	205	25.5	223	27.7
3rd (133.1 to 267)	786	247	31.4	157	20.0
4th (267.1 to 8889)	745	286	38.4	101	13.6
Knowledge of any friend or relative with skin cancer				0.06†			0.06†
No	2602	737	28.3		626	24.1
Yes	534	174	32.6		106	19.9

• ^*
  Wald test for linear trend.
• ^†
  Wald global association test.
• ^‡
  The denominator for exposed individuals included the whole sample

Table 2 shows the crude and adjusted odds ratio of sunlight exposure among men according to the independent variables. It is clear from this table that sunlight exposure was statistically and inversely associated with age in both situations, at leisure time and at work. On the other hand, self-reported skin color was not associated in the adjusted analysis.

TABLE 2
Ordinal logistic regression for sunlight exposure among men; crude and adjusted analysis. Pelotas, Brazil, 2005

Variables	Crude sunlight		Adjusted sunlight		Crude sunlight		Adjusted sunlight exposure
	Leisure time		Leisure time		Work		Work
	Odds ratio	P value	Odds ratio	P value	Odds ratio	P value	Odds ratio	P value
	95% CI a		95% CI a		95% CI a		95% CI a
Age (years)		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
20 - 29	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
30 - 39	0.58 (0.42 - 0.81)		0.66 (0.47 - 0.94)		1.97 (1.47 - 2.63)		1.70 (1.24 - 2.33)
40 - 49	0.52 (0.37 - 0.74)		0.57 (0.39 - 0.81)		1.75 (1.28 - 2.39)		1.56 (1.13 - 2.15)
50 - 59	0.35 (0.24 - 0.51)		0.36 (0.25 - 0.54)		0.97 (0.68 - 1.37)		0.89 (0.62 - 1.28)
≥ 60	0.21 (0.14 - 0.32)		0.24 (0.15 - 0.39)		0.43 (0.28 - 0.65)		0.33 (0.21 - 0.52)
Self-reported skin color		0.04*		0.3*		0.08*		0.5*
Black	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Brown (pardo)	1.53 (0.93 - 2.50)		1.81 (1.02 - 3.19)		1.01 (0.55 - 1.85)		1.18 (0.63 - 2.18)
White	1.47 (1.05 - 2.06)		1.32 (0.92 - 1.88)		0.77 (0.54 - 1.08)		1.16 (0.79 - 1.70)
Achieved schooling (years)		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
0 - 4	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
5 - 8	2.41 (1.68 - 3.45)		1.76 (1.21 - 2.5)		1.06 (0.78 - 1.42)		0.83 (0.59 - 1.16)
9 - 11	3.00 (2.05 - 4.39)		1.77 (1.17 - 2.66)		0.55 (0.39 - 0.79)		0.51 (0.34 - 0.76)
≥ 12	4.90 (3.26 - 7.36)		2.81 (1.76 - 4.50)		0.28 (0.17 - 0.46)		0.30 (0.18 - 0.50)
Per capita monthly family income in quartiles (U$)		<0.001*		0.007*		<0.001*		<0.001*
1st (0 to 70)	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
2nd (70.1 to 133)	1.29 (0.94 - 1.77)		1.23 (0.88 - 1.71)		0.81 (0.60 - 1.09)		0.92 (0.66 - 1.28)
3rd (133.1 to 267)	1.70 (1.25 - 2.33)		1.62 (1.16 - 2.26)		0.52 (0.38 - 0.71)		0.76 (0.56 - 1.04)
4th (267.1 to 8889)	1.98 (1.36 - 2.87)		1.67 (1.09 - 2.57)		0.26 (0.18 - 0.37)		0.47 (0.32 - 0.68)
Knowledge of any friend or relative with skin cancer		0.4†		0.7†		0.9†		0.02†
No	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Yes	1.13 (0.83 - 1.55)		1.07 (0.78 - 1.48)		1.02 (0.73 - 1.43)		1.52 (1.08 - 2.13)

• ^a
  95% CI = 95% confidence interval
• ^†
  Wald global association test
• ^*
  Wald test for linear trend

At leisure time, men with higher achieved schooling and higher per capita monthly family income were more likely to be exposed to sunlight. At work, higher achieved schooling and income were inversely associated with sunlight exposure. After adjustment for confounding factors, the variable "knowledge of any relative or friend who has been affected by skin cancer" was associated with sunlight exposure at work. Men reporting knowledge of any relative or friend affected by skin cancer were 1.52 (95% CI, 1.08-2.13) times more likely to be in a higher category of sunlight exposure at work than those who had no friends or relatives with skin cancer.

Table 3 displays the crude and adjusted odds ratio of sunlight exposure among women according to the independent variables. Age was also inversely associated with sunlight exposure in women, whereas self-reported skin color was not.

TABLE 3
Ordinal logistic regression for sunlight exposure among women; crude and adjusted analysis. Pelotas, Brazil, 2005

Variables	Crude sunlight		Adjusted sunlight		Crude sunlight		Adjusted sunlight exposure
	Leisure time		Leisure time		Work		Work
	Odds ratio	P value	Odds ratio	P value	Odds ratio	P value	Odds ratio	P value
	95% CI a		95% CI a		95% CI a		95% CI a
Age (years)		<0.001*		<0.001*		0.006*		0.02*
20 - 29	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
30 - 39	0.50 (0.37 - 0.67)		0.57 (0.41 - 0.81)		0.93 (0.54 - 1.59)		0.89 (0.52 - 1.53)
40 - 49	0.37 (0.27 - 0.51)		0.46 (0.33 - 0.63)		1.43 (0.88 - 2.31)		1.35 (0.83 - 2.17)
50 - 59	0.24 (0.16 - 0.35)		0.25 (0.17 - 0.38)		0.98 (0.57 - 1.66)		0.98 (0.58 - 1.65)
≥ 60	0.14 (0.10 - 0.21)		0.21 (0.13 - 0.32)		0.35 (0.19 - 0.62)		0.33 (0.18 - 0.61)
Self-reported skin color		0.08*		0.7*		0.02*		0.7*
Black	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Brown (pardo)	1.12 (0.72 - 1.74)		1.08 (0.67 - 1.74)		0.77 (0.42 - 1.44)		0.84 (0.45 - 1.59)
White	1.37 (0.94 - 2.00)		0.95 (0.63 - 1.44)		0.70 (0.44 - 1.12)		0.90 (0.55 - 1.46)
Achieved schooling (years)		<0.001*		<0.001*		0.06*		0.1*
0 - 4	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
5 - 8	2.06 (1.40 - 3.02)		1.42 (0.97 - 2.08)		0.97 (0.60 - 1.56)		0.76 (0.47 - 1.25)
9 - 11	5.35 (3.59 - 7.96)		2.74 (1.80 - 4.16)		0.76 (0.46 - 1.26)		0.67 (0.40 - 1.13)
≥ 12	10.86 (7.30 - 16.15		4.93 (3.10 - 7.87)		0.61 (0.34 - 1.08)		0.66 (0.36 - 1.23)
Per capita monthly family income in quartiles (U$)		<0.001*		0.002*		<0.001*		0.006*
1st (0 to 70)	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
2nd (70.1 to 133)	1.23 (0.87 - 1.75)		1.10 (0.75 - 1.59)		0.90 (0.60 - 1.35)		0.99 (0.66 - 1.46)
3rd (133.1 to 267)	1.65 (1.14 - 2.39)		1.40 (0.91 - 2.16)		0.47 (0.30 - 0.72)		0.58 (0.37 - 0.91)
4th (267.1 to 8889)	3.15 (2.21 - 4.48)		2.02 (1.27 - 3.21)		0.40 (0.24 - 0.67)		0.52 (0.30 - 0.90)
Knowledge of any friend or relative with skin cancer		0.02†		0.3†		0.4†		0.7†
No	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Yes	1.39 (1.07 - 1.81)		1.15 (0.87 - 1.51)		0.82 (0.54 - 1.25)		0.93 (0.61 - 1.42)

• ^†
  Wald global association test
• ^*
  Wald test for linear trend

Among women, achieved schooling and per capita monthly family income showed patterns of association with sunlight exposure similar to the ones observed among men in both situations. At leisure time, the adjusted odds ratio for women with³12 years of achieved schooling or a per capita monthly family income³of U$267.10 were 4.93 (95% CI, 3.107.87) and 2.02 (95% CI, 1.27-3.21), respectively. At work, women with higher family income were protected from being in a higher category of sunlight exposure (odds ratio: 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30-0.90). There was no association between sunlight exposure and knowledge of any relative or friend who has been affected by skin cancer among women.

DISCUSSION

Sunburn and excessive sunlight exposure are positively related to the development of some neoplasms, such as those of the eye and skin.^11,12Furthermore, sunlight exposure plays an important role in the development of sunburns, accelerates cutaneous aging, and is also associated with the appearance of cataracts, pterygium and solar keratoses.^1,13,14The acute response of human skin to excessive solar radiation is characterized by sunburns and local immunosupression, while the development of skin cancers, cutaneous aging and some eye tumors are the result of chronic solar radiation exposure.^1,13,14Skin cancer typically occurs in the photo-aged skin, and its incidence is recently increasing in many countries.^2,15

Since the 1980's, many mass media campaigns have drawn attention to the dangers of sun exposure and the benefits of sun protection.¹⁶Moreover, health authorities have stimulated preventive measures to reduce sun exposure among population groups all over the world. In a study carried out between 1986 and 1996 to measure changes in behaviors that affect skin cancer risk, the authors noted that knowledge of the perceived harmful effects of the sun significantly broadened, but, simultaneously, the ultraviolet exposure behavior as measured by sun burning and regular use of a tanning booth also increased.¹⁶

With regard to achieved schooling and per capita monthly family income, the effect of these variables depended on the situation considered, as seen in tables 2 and 3. For example, men and women with higher achieved schooling and higher monthly family income were more likely to be exposed to sunlight at leisure time. This finding may be the result of an unconscious aspiration to some aesthetic ideal in our society, since individuals with tanned skin are regarded as healthier. In a study conducted by Robinson et al in the United States, higher-income individuals considered tanned skin healthy and, consequently, were more likely to expose themselves to sunlight than lower-income individuals.¹⁶

With respect to sunlight exposure at work, the effect of higher achieved schooling and per capita monthly family income were the opposite of that observed at leisure time. This result is possible due to the fact that individuals with higher social status tend to perform their labor activities indoors.

In a study conducted in the United States with 156,354 participants between 18 and 29 years old, those with higher family income were more likely to have sunburns.¹⁷

However, a multicenter study including 15 major cities in Brazil showed that the prevalence of sunlight exposure was positively associated with achieved schooling, especially in the more developed regions. Sunlight exposure among individuals with higher schooling was more frequent during leisure-time activities. On the other hand, those with lower schooling were more likely to be exposed to sunlight at work, but also during leisure-time activities.¹⁸

With reference to age, independently of sex, younger individuals were more likely to be exposed to sunlight at the beach than at work. This finding corroborates those of previous national and international studies, which found that sunlight exposure was more frequent among younger individuals.^18,19As described in other studies, younger individuals tend to adopt risky behaviors, including exposure to sunlight.^16,20,21Furthermore, younger individuals are more likely to be influenced by the current aesthetic ideal and, therefore, may have a stronger desire for tanned skin.

Self-reported skin color was not associated with sunlight exposure in the adjusted analysis. Contrary to our expectations, browns and whites were similarly exposed to sunlight when compared with blacks.

Knowledge of any friend or relative who had skin cancer was positively associated with sunlight exposure only among men at work. This was an unexpected finding and may be the result of a spurious association, since it is not supported by the literature reviewed.

Undoubtedly, the most effective way to decrease the incidence of cutaneous neoplasms and other sunsensitive diseases is through reducing the frequency of sunlight exposure. The amount of available information on the dangers of sun exposure is increasing in Brazil; however, the incidence of skin cancer is also increasing in the country.¹⁵As shown in this study, sociodemographic determinants were associated with sunlight exposure at leisure time and at work.

CONCLUSION

Exposure to sunlight at leisure time seems to be associated with the valorization of tanned skin. Sunlight exposure at work was higher among lower income individuals. These individuals are more likely to fill low-paying unskilled job positions and, as a result, they may have to live in disadvantaged conditions that may endanger their health and impose greater barriers to ascending to higher social levels. These findings should be of deep concern to health authorities and health professionals.

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  Melia J, Bulman A. Sunburn and tanning in a British population. J Public Health Med. 1995;17:223-9.
• ²¹
  Rhainds M, De Guire L, Claveau J. A population-based survey on the use of artificial tanning devices in the Province of Quebec, Canada. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:572-6.

• *
  Work performed at Federal University of Pelotas - Pelotas (RS), Brazil.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Aug 2013

History

• Received
  11 Sept 2012
• Accepted
  04 Oct 2012