Abstract
The pemphigus group comprises the autoimmune intraepidermal blistering diseases classically divided into two major types: pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceous. Pemphigus herpetiformis, IgA pemphigus, paraneoplastic pemphigus and IgG/IgA pemphigus are rarer forms that present some clinical, histological and immunopathological characteristics that are different from the classical types. These are reviewed in this article. Future research may help definitively to locate the position of these forms in the pemphigus group, especially with regard to pemphigus herpetiformis and the IgG/ IgA pemphigus.
Pathology; Pemphigus; Skin; Diseases, Vesiculobullous
INTRODUCTION
Pemphigus is a group of life-threatening autoimmune intraepidermal blistering diseases
caused by immunoglobulins directed against keratinocyte cell surface components and
histologically characterized by acantholysis. Classically there are two major types of
pemphigus: vulgaris (PV) and foliaceous (PF), in which IgG autoantibodies recognize
desmossomal components desmoglein-3 (Dsg-3) and desmoglein-1 (Dsg-1) respectively.11. Patrício P, Ferreira C, Gomes MM, Filipe P. Autoimmune bullous
dermatoses: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Sep;1173:203-10.
2. Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Green KJ, Shimizu N, Nishikawa T.
Antigen-specific immunoadsorption of pathogenic autoantibodies in pemphigus
foliaceus. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;104:895-901.-33. Amagai M, Klaus-Kovtun V, Stanley JR. Autoantibodies against a novel
epithelial cadherin in pemphigus vulgaris, a disease of cell adhesion. Cell.
1991;67:869-77.
Since 1975 rare forms of pemphigus have however been described, presenting clinical, histological and immunopathological aspects that differentiate them from the classical vulgaris and foliaceus variants.44. Robinson ND, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Chan LS. The new pemphigus variants. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:649-71
This article reviews the current knowledge about these non-classical variants of pemphigus.
PEMPHIGUS HERPETIFORMIS
Since 1955, before immunological studies were available, there were a number of reports
that clinically resembled dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) in patients, but which showed
histological features of pemphigus with acantholysis.55. Floden CH, Centale H. A case of clinically typical dermatitis
herpetiformis (M. Duhring) presenting acantholysis. Acta Derm Venereol.
1955;35:128-31.
6. Sneddon I, Church R. Pemphigus foliaceous presenting as dermatitis
herpetiformis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1967;47:440-6.-77. Emmerson RW, Wilson-Jones E. Eosinophilic spongiosis in pemphigus. A
report of unusual histological change in pemphigus. Arch Dermatol.
1968;97:252-7. Other cases were later
described, which showed circulating and in vivo bound pemphigus antibodies.88. DeMento FJ, Grover RW. Acantholytic herpetiform dermatitis. Arch
Dermatol. 1973;107:883-7.
9. Seah PP, Fry L, Cairns RJ, Feiwel M. Pemphigus controlled by
sulphapyridine. Br J Dermatol. 1973;89:77-81.-1010. Barrance VP. Mixed bullous disease. Arch Dermatol.
1974;110:221-4. In 1975, Jablonska et al.1111. Jablonska S, Chorzelski TP, Beutner EH, Chorzelska J. Herpetiform
pemphigus, a variable pattern of pemphigus. Int J Dermatol.
1975;14:353-9.
described a similar case and proposed the name pemphigus herpetiformis (PH). These
authors believed that it was a variant of pemphigus having a long course, with early
atypical clinical and histological features, that could evolve into typical pemphigus if
the patient did not receive appropriate treatment. In 1987, a review of 205 cases of
pemphigus found 15 (7.3%) cases that were classified as PH, five of which also presented
features of PF.1212. Maciejowska E, Jablonska S, Chorzelski T. Is pemphigus herpetiformis
an entity? Int J Dermatol. 1987;26:571-7. In 1996 Santi et al. described
seven cases of PH that showed features of PF, or had disease that evolved into classic
PF (five), fogo selvagem (FS) (one) and PV (two), and all of them
presented antiepidermal autoantibodies that recognized Dsg-1.1313. Santi CG, Maruta CW, Aoki V, Sotto MN, Rivitti EA, Diaz LA.
Pemphigus herpetiformis is a rare clinical expression of nonendemic pemphigus
foliaceus, fogo selvagem, and pemphigus vulgaris. Cooperative Group on Fogo Selvagem
Research. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:40-6. This was the first recognized PH antigen.1313. Santi CG, Maruta CW, Aoki V, Sotto MN, Rivitti EA, Diaz LA.
Pemphigus herpetiformis is a rare clinical expression of nonendemic pemphigus
foliaceus, fogo selvagem, and pemphigus vulgaris. Cooperative Group on Fogo Selvagem
Research. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:40-6.
14. Verdier-Sevrain S, Joly P, Thomine E, Belanyi P, Gilbert D, Tron F,
et al.Thiopronineinduced herpetiform pemphigus: report of a case studied by
immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblot analysis. Br J Dermatol.
1994;130:238-40.-1515. Ishii K, Amagai M, Komai A, Ebihara T, Chorzelski TP, Jablonska S,
et al. Desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 are the target autoantigens in herpetiform
pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:943-7. Later, some
reports also found antibodies against Dsg-3 or both DSg-1 and 3 and, more recently,
desmocollin-1(Dsc-1) desmocollin-3 (Dsc-3) and an unknown 178-kDa protein.1616. Kubo A, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Doi T, Higashiyama M, Hashimoto K, et
al. Herpetiform pemphigus showing reactivity with pemphigus vulgaris antigen
(desmoglein 3). Br J Dermatol. 1997;137:109-13.
17. Miyagawa S, Amagai M, Iida T, Yamamoto Y, Nishikawa T, Shirai T.
Late development of antidesmoglein 1 antibodies in pemphigus vulgaris: correlation
with disease progression. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:1084-7.
18. Tateishi C, Tsuruta D, Nakanishi T, Uehara S, Kobayashi H, Ishii M,,
et al. Antidesmocollin-1 antibody-positive, antidesmoglein antibody-negative
pemphigus herpetiformis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:e8-10.
19. Ohata C, Koga H, Teye K, Ishii N, Hamada T, Dainichi T, et al.
Concurrence of bullous pemphigoid and herpetiform pemphigus with IgG antibodies to
desmogleins 1/3 and desmocollins 1-3. Br J Dermatol.
2013;168:879-81.-2020. Prado R, Brice SL, Fukuda S, Hashimoto T, Fujita M. Paraneoplastic
pemphigus herpetiformis with IgG antibodies to desmoglein 3 and without mucosal
lesions. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:67-71.
At present there seems to be some consensus on whether PH is a distinct entity, and most
authors consider it to be different from the classic pemphigus variants because of its
clinical peculiarity and benign course.44. Robinson ND, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Chan LS. The new pemphigus
variants. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:649-71,1818. Tateishi C, Tsuruta D, Nakanishi T, Uehara S, Kobayashi H, Ishii M,,
et al. Antidesmocollin-1 antibody-positive, antidesmoglein antibody-negative
pemphigus herpetiformis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:e8-10.
19. Ohata C, Koga H, Teye K, Ishii N, Hamada T, Dainichi T, et al.
Concurrence of bullous pemphigoid and herpetiform pemphigus with IgG antibodies to
desmogleins 1/3 and desmocollins 1-3. Br J Dermatol.
2013;168:879-81.
20. Prado R, Brice SL, Fukuda S, Hashimoto T, Fujita M. Paraneoplastic
pemphigus herpetiformis with IgG antibodies to desmoglein 3 and without mucosal
lesions. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:67-71.
21. Kitajima Y, Aoyama Y. A perspective of pemphigus from bedside and
laboratorybench. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007;33:57-66.
22. Marzano AV, Tourlaki A, Cozzani E, Gianotti R, Caputo R. Pemphigus
herpetiformis associated with prostate cancer. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.
2007;21:696-8.
23. Lu Y, Zhang M. Pemphigus herpetiformis in a patient with
well-differentiated cutaneous angiosarcoma: case report and review of the published
work. J Dermatol. 2012;39:89-91.
24. Durham A, Carlos CA, Gudjonsson JE, Lowe L, Hristov AC. Pemphigus
herpetiformis: Report of a rare case. J Am Acad Dermatol.
2012;67:e231-3.
25. Ohyama B, Nishifuji K, Chan PT, Kawaguchi A, Yamashita T, Ishii N,
et al. Epitope spreading is rarely found in pemphigus vulgaris by large-scale
longitudinal study using desmoglein 2-based swapped molecules. J Invest Dermatol.
2012;132:1158-68.
26. Miura T, Kawakami Y, Oyama N, Ohtsuka M, Suzuki Y, Ohyama B, et al.
A case of pemphigus herpetiformis with absence of antibodies to desmogleins 1 and 3.
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:101-3.-2727. Hashimoto T. Recent advances in the study of the pathophysiology of
pemphigus. Arch Dermatol Res. 2003;295:S2-11. However, others have described it as a variant of
PF or PV, given the fact that several patients with PH show features of or may evolve
into having PF or PV, besides frequently presenting the same target cell surface
antigens.1313. Santi CG, Maruta CW, Aoki V, Sotto MN, Rivitti EA, Diaz LA.
Pemphigus herpetiformis is a rare clinical expression of nonendemic pemphigus
foliaceus, fogo selvagem, and pemphigus vulgaris. Cooperative Group on Fogo Selvagem
Research. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:40-6.,1515. Ishii K, Amagai M, Komai A, Ebihara T, Chorzelski TP, Jablonska S,
et al. Desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 are the target autoantigens in herpetiform
pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:943-7. A recent study that has analyzed the Dsg-1 and Dsg-3 epitopes
recognized by serum samples from cases of mucosal dominant-type PV and
mucocutaneous-type PV over the disease course, also studied sera from 19 PH patients and
14 PNP cases, finding that PNP and PH show broader epitope distribution compared with
the classical pemphigus.2525. Ohyama B, Nishifuji K, Chan PT, Kawaguchi A, Yamashita T, Ishii N,
et al. Epitope spreading is rarely found in pemphigus vulgaris by large-scale
longitudinal study using desmoglein 2-based swapped molecules. J Invest Dermatol.
2012;132:1158-68. This study concluded
that the different autoantibody profiles between these diseases and PV may contribute to
their unique clinic and histopathological characteristics.
DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
PH is characterized by clinical features that resemble DH and immunological and
histological findings consistent with pemphigus. It is a rare pemphigus type, accounting
for 6-7% of cases in some studies, that equally affects men and women, aged 31 to 83
years, with rare case reports during childhood.2121. Kitajima Y, Aoyama Y. A perspective of pemphigus from bedside and
laboratorybench. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007;33:57-66.,2828. Micali G, Musumeci ML, Nasca MR. Epidemiologic analysis and clinical
course of 84 consecutive cases of pemphigus in eastern Sicily. Int J Dermatol.
1998;37:197-200.
29. Leithauser LA, Mutasim DF. A Case of Pemphigus Herpetiformis
Occurring in a 9Year-Old Boy. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012 [Epub ahead of
print]
30. Moutran R, Maatouk I, Stephan F, Halaby E, Abadjian G, Tomb R.
Letter: Pemphigus herpetiformis of age of onset at 6 years. Dermatol Online J.
2011;17:10.-3131. Duarte IB, Bastazini I Jr, Barreto JA, Carvalho CV, Nunes AJ.
Pemphigus herpetiformis in childhood. Pediatr Dermatol.
2010;27:488-91.
CLINICAL FEATURES
Patients with PH are rarely thought to have this diagnosis when they first seek medical care. Clinical presentation is usually atypical, and other diagnoses can be hypothesized, such as DH, bullous pemphigoid and linear IgA bullous dermatosis.1212. Maciejowska E, Jablonska S, Chorzelski T. Is pemphigus herpetiformis an entity? Int J Dermatol. 1987;26:571-7. Patients usually show erythematous, gyrate, annular and edematous lesions, with clusters of small or abortive vesicles and/ or pustules, frequently in herpetiform pattern (Figure 1).1111. Jablonska S, Chorzelski TP, Beutner EH, Chorzelska J. Herpetiform pemphigus, a variable pattern of pemphigus. Int J Dermatol. 1975;14:353-9. These features are not generally seen in PF and PV.2121. Kitajima Y, Aoyama Y. A perspective of pemphigus from bedside and laboratorybench. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007;33:57-66. Mucous lesions are not a frequent issue, but can be present in some patients. Pruritus is frequently associated and might be severe.44. Robinson ND, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Chan LS. The new pemphigus variants. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:649-71,1111. Jablonska S, Chorzelski TP, Beutner EH, Chorzelska J. Herpetiform pemphigus, a variable pattern of pemphigus. Int J Dermatol. 1975;14:353-9. Some patients can show eosinophilia in the blood.1212. Maciejowska E, Jablonska S, Chorzelski T. Is pemphigus herpetiformis an entity? Int J Dermatol. 1987;26:571-7.,3232. Ingber A, Feuerman EJ. Pemphigus with characteristics of dermatitis herpetiformis. A long-term follow-up of five patients. Int J Dermatol. 1986;25:575-9. PH can sometimes evolve into the classical forms of pemphigus (PV and PF).44. Robinson ND, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Chan LS. The new pemphigus variants. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:649-71 The opposite has also been described in the literature.1111. Jablonska S, Chorzelski TP, Beutner EH, Chorzelska J. Herpetiform pemphigus, a variable pattern of pemphigus. Int J Dermatol. 1975;14:353-9.,3333. Cunha PR, Jiao D, Bystryn JC. Simultaneous occurrence of herpetiform pemphigus and endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem). Int J Dermatol. 1997;36:850-4. Other cases can be initially misdiagnosed as other immunobullous diseases or as the classic variants of pemphigus, such as in one of the four PH patients of our outpatient clinic, who was initially thought to have PF due to the histopathologic and DIF results (Maehara L de S, et al. unpublished data). This female patient evolved years later with pruritic edematous plaques, with grouped vesicles and tense blisters. The histological exam and DIF revealed interstitial edema, vascular ecstasy and epidermal exocytosis of neutrophils and eosinophils, with intercellular deposits of IgG and C3.
Pemphigus herpetiformis: (A) patient presenting grouped vesicles, blisters, erosions and crusts onto an erythematous skin in a herpetiform pattern on her forearms; (B) similar lesions on her buttocks and back; (C) the same patient 10 days after pulse therapy with methylprednisolone (1 g/day for 3 days), showing a good clinical response; (D) histopathological exam of a forearm lesion showing suprabasal blister containing some acantholytic cels, neutrophils and eosinophils, besides focal eosinophilic spongiosis (HE 400x); (E) DIF of perilesional skin showing intercellular distribution of IgG and C3 throughout the entire epidermis
HISTOPATHOLOGY
The histological findings can vary among patients and one patient can present different histological features at different times or biopsies. More than one biopsy may therefore be necessary for diagnosis of PH.1111. Jablonska S, Chorzelski TP, Beutner EH, Chorzelska J. Herpetiform pemphigus, a variable pattern of pemphigus. Int J Dermatol. 1975;14:353-9.,1212. Maciejowska E, Jablonska S, Chorzelski T. Is pemphigus herpetiformis an entity? Int J Dermatol. 1987;26:571-7.,3434. Fernandes IC, Sanches M, Alves R, Selores M. Case for diagnosis. Bullous eruption with herpetiform pattern. An Bras Dermatol. 2012;87:933-5. Subcorneal pustules and/ or intraepidermal vesicles filled with neutrophils and /or eosinophils and neutrophilic and/ or eosinophilic spongiosis have already been described in those cases (Figure 1). Acantholysis may be minimal or absent.44. Robinson ND, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Chan LS. The new pemphigus variants. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:649-71,3535. Huhn KM, Tron VA, Nguyen N, Trotter MJ. Neutrophilic spongiosis in pemphigus herpetiformis. J Cutan Pathol. 1996;23:264-9. Although this variant differs histologically from PF and PV due to these characteristic findings, the histologic patterns are widely heterogeneous: ranging from those with only spongiosis and inflammatory cells exocitosis to typical acantholysis.
IMMUNO-PATHOGENESIS
DIF is the same as the classic forms of pemphigus: intercellular deposits of IgG and C3
in the epidermis (Figure 1). Indirect
immunofluorescence (IIF), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or immunoblotting
can show circulating antibodies against epidermal components, usually Dsg-1, and less
commonly Dsg-3 , Dsc 1 and 3 and an unknown 178-kDa protein.1313. Santi CG, Maruta CW, Aoki V, Sotto MN, Rivitti EA, Diaz LA.
Pemphigus herpetiformis is a rare clinical expression of nonendemic pemphigus
foliaceus, fogo selvagem, and pemphigus vulgaris. Cooperative Group on Fogo Selvagem
Research. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:40-6.
14. Verdier-Sevrain S, Joly P, Thomine E, Belanyi P, Gilbert D, Tron F,
et al.Thiopronineinduced herpetiform pemphigus: report of a case studied by
immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblot analysis. Br J Dermatol.
1994;130:238-40.
15. Ishii K, Amagai M, Komai A, Ebihara T, Chorzelski TP, Jablonska S,
et al. Desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 are the target autoantigens in herpetiform
pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:943-7.
16. Kubo A, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Doi T, Higashiyama M, Hashimoto K, et
al. Herpetiform pemphigus showing reactivity with pemphigus vulgaris antigen
(desmoglein 3). Br J Dermatol. 1997;137:109-13.
17. Miyagawa S, Amagai M, Iida T, Yamamoto Y, Nishikawa T, Shirai T.
Late development of antidesmoglein 1 antibodies in pemphigus vulgaris: correlation
with disease progression. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:1084-7.
18. Tateishi C, Tsuruta D, Nakanishi T, Uehara S, Kobayashi H, Ishii M,,
et al. Antidesmocollin-1 antibody-positive, antidesmoglein antibody-negative
pemphigus herpetiformis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:e8-10.
19. Ohata C, Koga H, Teye K, Ishii N, Hamada T, Dainichi T, et al.
Concurrence of bullous pemphigoid and herpetiform pemphigus with IgG antibodies to
desmogleins 1/3 and desmocollins 1-3. Br J Dermatol.
2013;168:879-81.-2020. Prado R, Brice SL, Fukuda S, Hashimoto T, Fujita M. Paraneoplastic
pemphigus herpetiformis with IgG antibodies to desmoglein 3 and without mucosal
lesions. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:67-71. Although
most cases show the same target antigens of the classic variants of pemphigus the
consequences of the antibody binding are probably different, as PH autoantibodies may
recognize functionally less important epitopes of Dsg-1 or 3 and therefore do not lead
directly to acantholysis. It is thought that autoantibodies in PH may induce signaling
pathway of cytokines (IL-8) production by keratinocytes that attract inflammatory cells
to the tissue, with focal intercellular edema and eosinophilic spongiosis.3636. Amagai M. Autoimmunity against desmosomal cadherins in pemphigus. J
Dermatol Sci. 1999;20:92-102.,3737. O'Toole EA, Mak LL, Guitart J, Woodley DT, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, et
al. Induction of keratinocyte IL-8 expression and secretion by IgG autoantibodies as
a novel mechanism of epidermal neutrophil recruitment in a pemphigus variant. Clin
Exp Immunol. 2000;119:217-24. Another recent study may favor this hypothesis since it was found that
that PH sera showed a broader epitope distribution compared with PV, which may
contribute to its characteristic clinicohistopathological features.2525. Ohyama B, Nishifuji K, Chan PT, Kawaguchi A, Yamashita T, Ishii N,
et al. Epitope spreading is rarely found in pemphigus vulgaris by large-scale
longitudinal study using desmoglein 2-based swapped molecules. J Invest Dermatol.
2012;132:1158-68.
ASSOCIATIONS
Some diseases have been described together with PH, such as psoriasis, thyroid diseases,
systemic lupus erythematosus, HIV infection and malignancies: lung cancer, esophageal
carcinoma, prostatic cancer and cutaneous angiosarcoma.2020. Prado R, Brice SL, Fukuda S, Hashimoto T, Fujita M. Paraneoplastic
pemphigus herpetiformis with IgG antibodies to desmoglein 3 and without mucosal
lesions. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:67-71.,2222. Marzano AV, Tourlaki A, Cozzani E, Gianotti R, Caputo R. Pemphigus
herpetiformis associated with prostate cancer. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.
2007;21:696-8.,2323. Lu Y, Zhang M. Pemphigus herpetiformis in a patient with
well-differentiated cutaneous angiosarcoma: case report and review of the published
work. J Dermatol. 2012;39:89-91.,3838. Morita E, Amagai M, Tanaka T, Horiuchi K, Yamamoto S. A case of
herpetiform pemphigus coexisting with psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol.
1999;141:754-5.
39. Sanchez-Palacios C, Chan LS. Development of pemphigus herpetiformis
in a patient with psoriasis receiving UV-light treatment. J Cutan Pathol.
2004;31:346-9.
40. Lebeau S, Müller R, Masouyé I, Hertl M, Borradori L. Pemphigus
herpetiformis: analysis of the autoantibody profile during the disease course with
changes in the clinical phenotype. Clin Exp Dermatol.
2010;35:366-72.
41. Marinovic B, Basta-Juzbasic A, Bukvic-Mokos Z, Leovic R, Loncaric D.
Coexistence of pemphigus herpetiformis and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Eur Acad
Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17:316-9.
42. Bull RH, Fallowfield ME, Marsden RA. Autoimmune blistering diseases
associated with HIV infection. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994;19:47-50.
43. Kubota Y, Yoshino Y, Mizoguchi M. A case of herpetiform pemphigus
associated with lung câncer. J Dermatol. 1994;21:609-11.
44. Palleschi GM, Giomi B. Herpetiformis pemphigus and lung carcinoma: a
case of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Acta Derm Venereol. 2002;82:304-5.
45. Nakashima H, Fujimoto M, Watanabe R, Ishiura N, Yamamoto AI,
Hashimoto T,, et al. Herpetiform pemphigus without anti-desmoglein 1/3
autoantibodies. J Dermatol. 2010;;37:264-8.-4646. Arranz D, Corral M, Prats I, López-Ayala E, Castillo C, Vidaurrázaga
C, et al. Herpetiform pemphigus associated with esophageal carcinoma. Actas
Dermosifiliogr. 2005;96:119-21. Some authors suggest
the name paraneoplasic pemphigus herpetiformis, because of the parallel course of both
diseases. However, IIF in rat bladder has not been evaluated by those reports and only
two of them searched for the known paraneoplasic pemphigus antigens by
immunoblotting.2222. Marzano AV, Tourlaki A, Cozzani E, Gianotti R, Caputo R. Pemphigus
herpetiformis associated with prostate cancer. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.
2007;21:696-8.,4545. Nakashima H, Fujimoto M, Watanabe R, Ishiura N, Yamamoto AI,
Hashimoto T,, et al. Herpetiform pemphigus without anti-desmoglein 1/3
autoantibodies. J Dermatol. 2010;;37:264-8.
TREATMENT
PH usually has an indolent course and normally responds well to treatment, with a tendency to complete remission even with low doses of corticosteroids. Dapsone has been used with good results and may be given as monotherapy or in combination with systemic steroids. Immunosuppressants such as azathioprine and cyclophosphamide can also be used,44. Robinson ND, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Chan LS. The new pemphigus variants. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:649-71 especially in cases evolving to the classical forms of pemphigus.1313. Santi CG, Maruta CW, Aoki V, Sotto MN, Rivitti EA, Diaz LA. Pemphigus herpetiformis is a rare clinical expression of nonendemic pemphigus foliaceus, fogo selvagem, and pemphigus vulgaris. Cooperative Group on Fogo Selvagem Research. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:40-6. The PH patients of our outpatient dermatological clinic were treated with systemic steroids (0,5-1,23 mg of prednisone) together with dapsone. One patient, who presented with severe disease at the beginning, required pulse therapy with methylprednisolone (1 g/day for 3 days) together with azathioprine 150 mg/day (Figure 1). However, effective control was achieved only after the introduction of dapsone, and all drugs were then gradually discontinued without recurrence (Maehara Lde S et al., unpublished data).
IGA PEMPHIGUS
IgA pemphigus was first described by Wallach, Foldes, and Cottenot in 1982 under the
name subcorneal pustular dermatosis and monoclonal IgA.4747. Wallach D, Foldès C, Cottenot F. Pustulose sous-cornee,acantholyse
superficielle et IgA monoclonale. Ann Dermatol Venereol.
1982;109:959-63. It is a group of autoimmune intraepidermal blistering diseases presenting
with a vesiculopustular eruption, neutrophil infiltration, acantholysis and tissue-bound
and circulating IgA antibodies targeting desmosomal or nondesmosomal cell surface
components in the epidermis.4848. Hashimoto T. Immunopathology of IgA pemphigus. Clin Dermatol.
2001;19:683-9. There are many
synonyms for IgA pemphigus: intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis, intercellular
IgA dermatosis, intercellular IgA vesiculopustular dermatosis, intraepidermal IgA
pustulosis, IgA pemphigus foliaceus, and IgA herpetiform pemphigus.4747. Wallach D, Foldès C, Cottenot F. Pustulose sous-cornee,acantholyse
superficielle et IgA monoclonale. Ann Dermatol Venereol.
1982;109:959-63.,4949. Wallach D. Intraepidermal IgA pustulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol.
1992;7:993-1000.
50. Gengoux P, Tennstedt D, Lachapelle JM. Intraepidermal neutrophilic
IgA dermatosis: pemphigus-like IgA deposits. Dermatology.
1992;185:311-3.
51. Hashimoto T, Ebihara T, Dmochowski M, Kawamura K, Suzuki T,
Tsurufuji S, et al. IgA antikeratinocyte surface autoantibodies from two types of
intercellular IgA vesiculopustular dermatosis recognize distinct isoforms of
desmocollin. Arch Dermatol Res. 1996;288:447-52.
52. Chorzelski TP, Beutner EH, Kowalewski C, Olszewska M, Maciejowska E,
Seferowicz E, et al. IgA pemphigus foliaceus with a clinical presentation of
pemphigus herpetiformis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24:839-44.
53. Beutner EH, Chorzelski TP, Wilson RM, Kumar V, Michel B, Helm F, et
al. IgA pemphigus foliaceus: report of two cases and a review of the literature. J Am
Acad Dermatol. 1989;20:89-97.
54. Huff JC, Golitz LE, Kunke KS. Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA
dermatosis. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1643-5.
55. Hashimoto T, Inamoto N, Nakamura K, Nishikawa T. Intercellular IgA
dermatosis with clinical features of subcorneal pustular dermatosis. Arch Dermatol.
1987;123:1062-5.
56. Tagami H, Iwatsuki K, Iwase Y, Yamada M. Subcorneal pustular
dermatosis with vesiculo-bullous eruption: demonstration of subcorneal IgA deposits
and a leukocyte chemotactic factor. Br J Dermatol. 1983;109:581-7.-5757. Hodak E, David M, Ingber A, Rotem A, Hazaz B, Shamai-Lubovitz O, et
al. The clinical and histopathological spectrum of IgA-pemphigus: report of two
cases. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1990;15:433-7.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
IgA pemphigus is a rare entity among the pemphigus diseases considering that only about
70 cases were reported up to 2010.5858. Tajima M, Mitsuhashi Y, Irisawa R, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Tsuboi R..
IgA pemphigus reacting exclusively to desmoglein 3. Eur J Dermatol.
2010;20:626-9. Its
frequency is currently not defined, and its race distribution is also unknown. The sex
distribution of IgA pemphigus reveals a maleto-female ratio of 1:1.33.5959. E-medicine. medscape.com [homepage on the Internet]. Chan LS. IgA
Pemphigus. [cited 2010 Apr 9]. Available from:
http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063776-overview.
http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/articl...
The age distribution is 1 month to 85 years
old.44. Robinson ND, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Chan LS. The new pemphigus
variants. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:649-71
CLINICAL FEATURES
The onset of IgA pemphigus is reported to be subacute.5959. E-medicine. medscape.com [homepage on the Internet]. Chan LS. IgA
Pemphigus. [cited 2010 Apr 9]. Available from:
http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063776-overview.
http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/articl...
There are two distinct types of IgA pemphigus: the subcorneal pustular
dermatosis (SPD) type and the intraepidermal neutrophilic (IEN) type. Patients with both
types of IgA pemphigus clinically present with flaccid vesicles or pustules on
erythematous or normal skin. The pustules tend to coalesce to form an annular or
circinate pattern with crusts in the central area (Figure
2A and B). The SPD type shows clinical
features similar to those of SPD. The IEN type demon-strates a characteristic clinical
feature, the so-called "sunflower-like" configuration. A herpetiform appearance has
sometimes also been reported.5454. Huff JC, Golitz LE, Kunke KS. Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA
dermatosis. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1643-5. The sites of
predilection are the axillary and groin areas, but the trunk and proximal extremities
are commonly involved. About half of IgA pemphigus patients suffer from pruritus, and
mucous membrane involvement is rare.4949. Wallach D. Intraepidermal IgA pustulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol.
1992;7:993-1000.,5353. Beutner EH, Chorzelski TP, Wilson RM, Kumar V, Michel B, Helm F, et
al. IgA pemphigus foliaceus: report of two cases and a review of the literature. J Am
Acad Dermatol. 1989;20:89-97.,5959. E-medicine. medscape.com [homepage on the Internet]. Chan LS. IgA
Pemphigus. [cited 2010 Apr 9]. Available from:
http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063776-overview.
http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/articl...
,6060. Hashimoto T, Ebihara T, Nishikawa T. Studies of autoantigens
recognized by IgA anti-keratinocyte cell surface antibodies. J Dermatol Sci.
1996;12:10-7.
IgA Pemphigus (IEN type): (A) and (B) vesicles, blisters, pustules and crusts confluent, occupying almost the entire trunk, neck and part of the upper limbs; (C) DIF: IgA deposits intercellular;( D) IIF showing presence of IgA in the patient´s sera (1:640)
HISTOPATHOLOGY
Histopathologic examination of IgA pemphigus shows slight acantholysis and neutrophilic infiltration in the epidermis. Acantholysis in IgA pemphigus is much milder than that seen in classic pemphigus.5757. Hodak E, David M, Ingber A, Rotem A, Hazaz B, Shamai-Lubovitz O, et al. The clinical and histopathological spectrum of IgA-pemphigus: report of two cases. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1990;15:433-7. In the SPD type of IgA pemphigus, pustules are located subcorneally in the upper epidermis, whereas in the IEN type, suprabasilar pustules in the lower or entire epidermis are present. 4949. Wallach D. Intraepidermal IgA pustulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;7:993-1000.,5353. Beutner EH, Chorzelski TP, Wilson RM, Kumar V, Michel B, Helm F, et al. IgA pemphigus foliaceus: report of two cases and a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;20:89-97.,6161. Wang J, Kwon J, Ding X, Fairley JA, Woodley DT, Chan LS. Nonsecretory IgA1 autoantibodies targeting desmosomal component desmoglein 3 in intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis. Am J Pathol. 1997;150:1901-7.
IMMUNO-PATHOGENESIS
IgA deposition in the intercellular substance of the epidermis is detected in all cases
of IgA pemphigus by DIF of perilesional skin, usually in a pattern similar to pemphigus
IgG deposition (Figure 2C).4949. Wallach D. Intraepidermal IgA pustulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol.
1992;7:993-1000.,5353. Beutner EH, Chorzelski TP, Wilson RM, Kumar V, Michel B, Helm F, et
al. IgA pemphigus foliaceus: report of two cases and a review of the literature. J Am
Acad Dermatol. 1989;20:89-97.
54. Huff JC, Golitz LE, Kunke KS. Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA
dermatosis. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1643-5.
55. Hashimoto T, Inamoto N, Nakamura K, Nishikawa T. Intercellular IgA
dermatosis with clinical features of subcorneal pustular dermatosis. Arch Dermatol.
1987;123:1062-5.-5656. Tagami H, Iwatsuki K, Iwase Y, Yamada M. Subcorneal pustular
dermatosis with vesiculo-bullous eruption: demonstration of subcorneal IgA deposits
and a leukocyte chemotactic factor. Br J Dermatol. 1983;109:581-7.,6060. Hashimoto T, Ebihara T, Nishikawa T. Studies of autoantigens
recognized by IgA anti-keratinocyte cell surface antibodies. J Dermatol Sci.
1996;12:10-7.,6262. Lutz ME, Daoud MS, McEvoy MT, Gibson LE. Subcorneal pustular
dermatosis: a clinical study of ten patients. Cutis. 1998;61:203-8. IgG or complement component C3 is also sometimes deposited but is weaker
than IgA.5959. E-medicine. medscape.com [homepage on the Internet]. Chan LS. IgA
Pemphigus. [cited 2010 Apr 9]. Available from:
http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063776-overview.
http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/articl...
In the SPD type of IgA pemphigus, IgA
deposition is limited to the upper epidermal cell surfaces , whereas in the IEN type of
IgA pemphigus, there is intercellular IgA deposition restricted to the lower epidermis
or throughout the entire epidermis.5454. Huff JC, Golitz LE, Kunke KS. Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA
dermatosis. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1643-5.,6060. Hashimoto T, Ebihara T, Nishikawa T. Studies of autoantigens
recognized by IgA anti-keratinocyte cell surface antibodies. J Dermatol Sci.
1996;12:10-7. IIF using patient
sera and substrates such as healthy human skin or monkey esophagus shows the positive
result in the cell-cell contact region in the entire epidermis in about 50% of patients
(Figure 2D). The titers for autoantibodies are
lower than that in classic pemphigus.5959. E-medicine. medscape.com [homepage on the Internet]. Chan LS. IgA
Pemphigus. [cited 2010 Apr 9]. Available from:
http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063776-overview.
http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/articl...
There are
some reports of cases with presence of both IgA and IgG antibodies, which raises the
question of whether pemphigus with both IgG and IgA autoantibodies is a subset of IgA
pemphigus or not.6363. Bruckner AL, Fitzpatrick JE, Hashimoto T, Weston WL, Morelli JG.
Atypical IgA/ IgG pemphigus involving the skin, oral mucosa, and colon in a child: a
novel variant of IgA pemphigus? Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22:321-7. The subclass of in vivo-bound
and circulating IgA autoantibodies has also been determined and is exclusively
IgA1.4949. Wallach D. Intraepidermal IgA pustulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol.
1992;7:993-1000.,5555. Hashimoto T, Inamoto N, Nakamura K, Nishikawa T. Intercellular IgA
dermatosis with clinical features of subcorneal pustular dermatosis. Arch Dermatol.
1987;123:1062-5.,6161. Wang J, Kwon J, Ding X, Fairley JA, Woodley DT, Chan LS.
Nonsecretory IgA1 autoantibodies targeting desmosomal component desmoglein 3 in
intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis. Am J Pathol.
1997;150:1901-7.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used for the diagnosis of IgA pemphigus
and for detection of autoantibodies in individual patients.6464. Hashimoto T, Komai A, Futei Y, Nishikawa T, Amagai M. Detection of
IgA autoantibodies to desmogleins by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: the
presence of new minor subtypes of IgA pemphigus. Arch Dermatol.
2001;137:735-8.
IgA pemphigus is a condition in which the IgA reaction to the keratinocyte cell surfaces
is thought to be the leading pathogenic factor. The antigen of the SPD type was
identified as Dsc-1, whereas the antigen of the IEN type is still unknown, although rare
cases showed IgA antibodies to either Dsg-1 or Dsg-3.6565. Amagai M. Adhesion molecules I: Keratinocyte-keratinocyte
interactions; cadherins and pemphigus. J Invest Dermatol.
1995;104:146-52.
66. Buxton RS, Cowin P, Franke WW, Garrod DR, Green KJ, King IA, et al.
Nomenclature of the desmosomal cadherins. J Cell Biol.
1993;121:481-3.
67. Hashimoto T, Kiyokawa C, Mori O, Miyasato M, Chidgey MA, Garrod DR,
et al. Human desmocollin 1(Dsc1) is an autoantigen for subcorneal pustular dermatosis
type of IgA pemphigus. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;109:127-31.
68. Ishii N, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Hashimoto T. Immunolocalization of
target autoantigens in IgA pemphigus. Clin Exp Dermatol.
2004;29:62-6.
69. Yasuda H, Kobayashi H, Hashimoto T, Itoh K, Yamane M, Nakamura J.
Subcorneal pustular dermatosis type of IgA pemphigus: demonstration of autoantibodies
to desmocollin-1 and clinical review. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:144-8.
70. Kopp T, Sitaru C, Pieczkowski F, Schneeberger A, Födinger D,
Zillikens D, et al. IgA pemphigus-occurrence of anti-desmocollin 1 and
anti-desmoglein 1 antibody reactivity in an individual patient. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges.
2006;4(:1045-50.
71. Düker I, Schaller J, Rose C, Zillikens D, Hashimoto T, Kunze J.
Subcorneal pustular dermatosis-type IgA pemphigus with autoantibodies to desmocollins
1, 2, and 3. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145:1159-62.-7272. Zaraa I, Kerkeni N, Sellami M, Chelly I, Zitouna M, Makni S, Mokni
M, et al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 3 antibodies and IgA
antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: a case
report and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol.
2010;49:298-302. There is no clear
explanation for the mechanism by which IgA autoantibodies produce characteristic skin
lesions in IgA pemphigus. IgA autoantibodies might bind to the Fc receptor CD89 on
monocytes and granulocytes, resulting in accumulation of neutrophils and subsequent
proteolytic cleavage of the keratinocyte cell-cell junction.7373. Tsuruta D, Ishii N, Hamada T, Ohyama B, Fukuda S, Koga H, et al. IgA
pemphigus. Clin Dermatol. 2011;29:437-42. The other issue to be considered is the possible epitopespreading
phenomenon, in which an inflammatory event releases new target antigens, exposes them to
the immune system, and then induces subsequent autoimmunity to new related
antigens.7474. Chan LS, Vanderlugt CJ, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T, Zone JJ, Black MM,
et al. Epitope spreading: lessons from autoimmune skindiseases. J Invest Dermatol.
1998;110:103-9.
ASSOCIATIONS
IgA pemphigus, particularly SPD-type, is reported to be associated with malignancies, including IgA gammopathy evolving into multiple myeloma.7575. Szturz P, Adam Z, Klincová M, Feit J, Krejcí M, Pour L, et al. Multiple myeloma associated IgA pemphigus: treatment with bortezomib- and lenalidomidebased regimen. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2011;11:517-20. In the cases reviewed by Wallach in 1992, six of the 29 patients had an associated monoclonal gammopathy of the IgA class, with k light chains in five of the six patients. Two gammopathies were benign, one patient had a B-cell lymphoma, and two patients had myeloma. In two patients, the monoclonal gammopathy developed only years after the onset of the dermatosis.4949. Wallach D. Intraepidermal IgA pustulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;7:993-1000. Other cases showed haematological malignancies including those of B-cell origin, while some cases were associated with solid tumours, such as lung cancer.7676. Taintor AR, Leiferman KM, Hashimoto T, Ishii N, Zone JJ, Hull CM, et al. A novel case of IgA paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:S73-6.,7777. Asahina A, Koga H, Suzuki Y, Hashimoto T. IgA pemphigus associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma showing unique reactivity histopathological features. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168:224-6. Gastrointestinal diseases may also be associated with IgA pemphigus: one case each of Crohn's disease and gluten-sensitive enteropathy have been reported.4949. Wallach D. Intraepidermal IgA pustulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;7:993-1000.
TREATMENT
The small number of reported cases of IgA pemphigus disrupts the analyses of its effective treatments. The mainstays for treatment of IgA pemphigus are oral and topical corticosteroids, owing to the inflammatory nature of the disease.7878. Camisa C, Warner M. Treatment of pemphigus. Dermatol Nurs. 1998;10:115-8, 123-31. The suggested corticosteroid dose is 0.5 to 1 mg/kg daily. In addition, dapsone usually at a dose of 100 mg daily may be very useful in treating IgA pemphigus due to its effect in suppressing neutrophilic infiltration.4949. Wallach D. Intraepidermal IgA pustulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;7:993-1000.,5353. Beutner EH, Chorzelski TP, Wilson RM, Kumar V, Michel B, Helm F, et al. IgA pemphigus foliaceus: report of two cases and a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;20:89-97.,5454. Huff JC, Golitz LE, Kunke KS. Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1643-5.,6969. Yasuda H, Kobayashi H, Hashimoto T, Itoh K, Yamane M, Nakamura J. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis type of IgA pemphigus: demonstration of autoantibodies to desmocollin-1 and clinical review. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:144-8.,7979. Sneddon IB, Wilkinson DS. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis. Br J Dermatol. 1979;100:61-8.,8080. Weston WL, Friednash M, Hashimoto T, Seline P, Huff JC, Morelli JG. A novel childhood pemphigus vegetans variant of intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:635-8. Isotretinoin and acitretin are also reported to be useful for the treatment of IgA pemphigus.8181. Gruss C, Zillikens D, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Kroiss M, Vogt T, et al. Rapid response of IgA pemphigus of subcorneal pustular dermatosis type to treatment with isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:923-6.,8282. Ruiz-Genao DP, Hernández-Núñez A, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Fernández-Herrera J, García-Díez A. A case of IgA pemphigus successfully treated with acitretin. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:1040-2. Recently, mycophenolate mofetil and adalimumab, which are known to be effective in classic pemphigus, are also reported to be useful in treating IgA pemphigus.8383. Howell SM, Bessinger GT, Altman CE, Belnap CM. Rapid response of IgA pemphigus of the subcorneal pustular dermatosis subtype to treatment with adalimumab and mycophenolate mofetil. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Sep;53(3):541-3. Colchicine was also effective in one of two patients and has also been used during the treatment of one patient (IgA pemphigus, IEN type -Figure 2) of our outpatient dermatology clinic (university hospital) with good results, together with systemic steroids. Azathioprine, a commonly-used immunosuppressant in pemphigus, does not seem to be effective in treating IgA pemphigus.4949. Wallach D. Intraepidermal IgA pustulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;7:993-1000. Aggressive therapy with prednisone, cyclophosphamide and plasmapheresis has also been used for a recurrence after initial treatment with dapsone and prednisone.5252. Chorzelski TP, Beutner EH, Kowalewski C, Olszewska M, Maciejowska E, Seferowicz E, et al. IgA pemphigus foliaceus with a clinical presentation of pemphigus herpetiformis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24:839-44.
As a superficial blistering disease, IgA pemphigus usually heals without scarring if
appropriate treatment is provided.5959. E-medicine. medscape.com [homepage on the Internet]. Chan LS. IgA
Pemphigus. [cited 2010 Apr 9]. Available from:
http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063776-overview.
http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/articl...
,6161. Wang J, Kwon J, Ding X, Fairley JA, Woodley DT, Chan LS.
Nonsecretory IgA1 autoantibodies targeting desmosomal component desmoglein 3 in
intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis. Am J Pathol.
1997;150:1901-7. Although clinical
data for its prognosis are still limited, the clinical presentation of IgA pemphigus
seems to be milder and the course more benign than classic pemphigus. Recurrences of
lesions have been noted after termination of treatment or reduction in drug dosage.5555. Hashimoto T, Inamoto N, Nakamura K, Nishikawa T. Intercellular IgA
dermatosis with clinical features of subcorneal pustular dermatosis. Arch Dermatol.
1987;123:1062-5. In those cases with an associated malignant IgA
gammopathy, or other malignancies, the prognosis was related to the malignancy.
PARANEOPLASTIC PEMPHIGUS
In 1990, Anhalt et al. described five atypical pemphigus cases which were associated with lymphoproliferative disease. Anhalt called this disease paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP).8484. Anhalt GJ, Kim SC, Stanley JR, Korman NJ, Jabs DA, Kory M, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. An autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1729-35. The term paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome (PAMS) was suggested later by Nguyen et al., given that is not a skin disease, but a syndrome characterized by the presence of mucocutaneous and non-cutaneous pathology associated with neoplasia.8585. Nguyen VT, Ndoye A, Bassler KD, Shultz LD, Shields MC, Ruben BS, et al. Classification, clinical manifestations, and immunopathological mechanisms of the epithelial variant of paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: a reappraisal of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:193-206.,8686. Czernik A, Camilleri M, Pittelkow MR, Grando SA. Paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: 20 years after. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:905-14. In this article, we adopt the term PNP for historical reasons.
DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
In the first description by Anhalt, PNP was defined as a new mucocutaneous acantholytic disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies (therefore named as pemphigus), in patients with neoplasia.8484. Anhalt GJ, Kim SC, Stanley JR, Korman NJ, Jabs DA, Kory M, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. An autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1729-35. These antibodies were shown to be pathogenic after inoculation in mice.8585. Nguyen VT, Ndoye A, Bassler KD, Shultz LD, Shields MC, Ruben BS, et al. Classification, clinical manifestations, and immunopathological mechanisms of the epithelial variant of paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: a reappraisal of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:193-206.,8787. Amagai M, Nishikawa T, Nousari HC, Anhalt GJ, Hashimoto T. Antibodies against desmoglein 3 (pemphigus vulgaris antigen) are present in sera from patients with paraneoplastic pemphigus and cause acantholysis in vivo in neonatal mice. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:775-82.
The exact incidence of PNP is not known. It is a rare form of pemphigus: around 450 cases have been reported in the literature.8888. Zimmermann J, Bahmer F, Rose C, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Clinical and immunopathological spectrum of paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8:598-606. It predominates in men of 45 to 70 years of age.8989. Kimyai-Asadi A, Jih MH. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. Int J Dermatol. 2001;40:367-72. However, case reports of the disease in children exist, and in them PNP has a predilection for those of Hispanic origin.9090. Mimouni D, Anhalt GJ, Lazarova Z, Aho S, Kazerounian S, Kouba DJ, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus in children and adolescents. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:725-32. There is an association with HLA class II DRB1*03 and HLA Cw*14 in the Chinese population, different from HLAs of risk for pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus (HLA DRB1*04 and DRB1*14).9191. Martel P, Loiseau P, Joly P, Busson M, Lepage V, Mouquet H, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus is associated with the DRB1*03 allele. J Autoimmun. 2003;20:91-5.,9292. Liu Q, Bu DF, Li D, Zhu XJ. Genotyping of HLA-I and HLA-II alleles in Chinese patients with paraneoplastic pemphigus. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:587-91.
CLINICAL FEATURES
The typical initial manifestation is painful progressive stomatitis (Figures 3 and 4).9393. Kaplan I, Hodak E, Ackerman L, Mimouni D, Anhalt GJ, Calderon S. Neoplasms associated with paraneoplastic pemphigus: a review with emphasis on non-hematologic malignancy and oral mucosal manifestations. Oral Oncol. 2004;40:553-62.,9494. Sklavounou A, Laskaris G. Paraneoplastic pemphigus: a review. Oral Oncol. 1998;34:437-40. Cutaneous features of PNP are polymorphic, including vesicles, blisters, erosions, patches, papules and plaques. The Nikolsky sign may be absent.8686. Czernik A, Camilleri M, Pittelkow MR, Grando SA. Paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: 20 years after. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:905-14. The symptoms include the following:8585. Nguyen VT, Ndoye A, Bassler KD, Shultz LD, Shields MC, Ruben BS, et al. Classification, clinical manifestations, and immunopathological mechanisms of the epithelial variant of paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: a reappraisal of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:193-206. (I) pemphigus-like: superficial vesicules, flaccid blisters, erosions and crusts, occasional and limited erythema; (II) bullous pemphigoidlike: scaling erythematous papules that may be associated or not wiht tense blisters; (III) erythema multiforme-like: polymorphic lesions, mainly scaling erythematous papules with erosions or occasionally ulcers with difficult healing; (IV) graft versus host disease-like: disseminated dusky red scaly papules; (V) lichen planus-like: small squamous flat-topped violaceus papules and intense involvement of mucosal membranes (Figure 4).
Paraneoplastic pemphigus: (A); ulcer in the side of the tongue, organ typically affected in paraneoplastic pemphigus. This patient also had erosions in the jugal mucosa and gingival enanthema. The diagnosis of an abdominal myofibroblastic tumor led to the suspicion of PNP, which was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence in rat bladder and immunoblotting. The patient was initially treated with prednisone and azathioprine, and later, rituximab, with improvement; (B) DIF of perilesional patient's skin showing intercellular and basement membrane zone staining (IgG, 10x); (C) IIF in transitional epithelium: positive test for a patient with PNP (rat bladder, 10x); (D) Immunoblotting (left) and immunoprecipitation (right): detection of antibodies directed against periplakin (190 kd) and envoplakin (210 kd) is a criterium for diagnosis
Paraneoplastic Pemphigus in patient presenting non-Hodgkin B-cell linfoma: (A) lesions affecting the lips and oral mucosa; (B) erosions on the back; (C) blisters on the hands; (D)histopathology showing suprabasal blister containing acantholytic cells (HE 40x); (E) closer view of the acantholytic cells and loss of intercellular cohesiveness (HE 400x); (F) DIF showing intercellular deposits of IgG and C3, and also linear deposits in the BMZ (DIF, 400x); (G) IIF (rat bladder) showing intercellular distribution of anti-IgG (1:320)
PNP lesions affect not only the oral mucosa, but also esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and colon.9595. Wakahara M, Kiyohara T, Kumakiri M, Ueda T, Ishiguro K, Fujita T, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus with widespread mucosal involvement. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85:530-2.,9696. Miida H, Kazama T, Inomata N, Takizawa H, Iwafuchi M, Ito M, et al. Severe gastrointestinal involvement in paraneoplastic pemphigus. Eur J Dermatol. 2006;16(4):420-2. Frequently, immunoglobulin and complement deposition in the pulmonary tissue is associated with bronchiolitis obliterans, leading to respiratory failure.9797. Nousari HC, Deterding R, Wojtczack H, Aho S, Uitto J, Hashimoto T, et al. The mechanism of respiratory failure in paraneoplastic pemphigus. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1406-10. Association of PNP with glomerulonephritis and paraneoplastic neurological syndrome has also been reported.9898. Qian SX, Li JY, Hong M, Xu W, Qiu HX. Nonhematological autoimmunity (glomerulosclerosis, paraneoplastic pemphigus and paraneoplastic neurological syndrome) in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Diagnosis, prognosis and management. Leuk Res. 2009;33:500-5.
Owing to the clinical variety of PNP cases, differential diagnosis is suggested according to the predominance of the following clinical presentation:9999. Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004;9:29-33. (I) only oral lesions: PV, oral lichen planus, major aphthous stomatitis; (II) mucositis associated to lichenoid lesions: lichen planus; (III) cutaneous and mucosal lesions: erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, pemphigus vulgaris.
Differentiation from PV may be difficult because of the predominance of mucosal lesions. Czernik et al.8686. Czernik A, Camilleri M, Pittelkow MR, Grando SA. Paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: 20 years after. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:905-14. indicated characteristics for distinction: (I) in PV, there may be areas with healthy mucosa, while PNP is characterized by diffuse involvement of oral mucosa; (II) in PV, other mucosa such as conjunctiva are rarely involved, though involvement of other mucosa is more frequent in PNP; (III) in PV, palms and soles are spared, which generally does not occur in PNP; (IV) in PV, the scalp is frequently affected, while in PNP the scalp is spared; (V) in PV, the Nikolsky sign is present, however, this sign is absent in PNP. Mortality in PV varies between 5 and 10% with treatment, while it is much higher in PNP, independent of therapy.9797. Nousari HC, Deterding R, Wojtczack H, Aho S, Uitto J, Hashimoto T, et al. The mechanism of respiratory failure in paraneoplastic pemphigus. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1406-10.,100100. Mimouni D, Bar H, Gdalevich M, Katzenelson V, David M. Pemphigus, analysis of 155 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:947-52.,101101. Leger S, Picard D, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Arnault JP, Aubin F, Carsuzaa F, et al. Prognostic factors of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:1165-72.
HISTOPATHOLOGY
The major histopathological feature of PNP is vacuolar or lichenoid interface dermatitis pattern.102102. Horn TD, Anhalt GJ. Histologic features of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128:1091-5. There may be intraepidermal cleft and acantholysis, or more rarely, subepidermal blisters.8686. Czernik A, Camilleri M, Pittelkow MR, Grando SA. Paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: 20 years after. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:905-14. The clinical variants also have their respective histological features:8686. Czernik A, Camilleri M, Pittelkow MR, Grando SA. Paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: 20 years after. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:905-14. (I) pemphigus-like: intra-epidermal cleft surrounded by mononuclear cells; (II) bullous pemphigoid-like: subepidermal cleft with or without basal cellular vacuolization, and moderate mononuclear infiltrate in dermo-epidermal junctions; (III) erythema multiforme-like: dyskeratosis without cleft or with areas of epidermal separation, due to basal cell disintegration, and distinct perivascular infiltrate; (IV) graft versus host disease-like: absence of epidermal separation, hyperkeratosis or hyperparakeratosis and dyskeratosis with or without vacuolar degeneration of basal cell layers and intense mononuclear interface dermatitis; (V) lichen planus-like: hypergranulosis, dyskeratosis and lichenoid mononuclear infiltrate.
This range of variations in clinical and histological features is due to the different mechanisms of pathogeny in PNP: it may be a B-cell mediated disease like pemphigus or a T-cell mediated disease like lichen planus.8585. Nguyen VT, Ndoye A, Bassler KD, Shultz LD, Shields MC, Ruben BS, et al. Classification, clinical manifestations, and immunopathological mechanisms of the epithelial variant of paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: a reappraisal of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:193-206.
IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS
Although the origin of the disease is unclear, it is speculated that the immune response in PNP may have two origins: (I) immune response to neoplastic antigens with autoantibodies that cross-react to epithelial antigens, or (II) tumors which either synthesize pathogenic autoantibodies or deregulate the immune system by synthesizing cytokines, such as IL6, which promotes B-cell differentiation and levels of which are elevated in PNP and in Castleman's disease, leading to an autoimmune response.9999. Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004;9:29-33.,103103. Nousari HC, Kimyai-Asadi A, Anhalt GJ. Elevated serum levels of interleukin-6 in paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;112:396-8.
ASSOCIATIONS
According to the definition based on the first cases, PNP is associated with neoplasia, and rare cases are described in which neoplasia was not identified.8484. Anhalt GJ, Kim SC, Stanley JR, Korman NJ, Jabs DA, Kory M, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. An autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1729-35. Three neoplasias are commonly associated with PNP: non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (42%), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (29%) and Castleman's disease (10%) (Figure 4). Other neoplasias described were thymomas (6%), sarcomas (6%) and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (6%).9999. Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004;9:29-33. In children, Castleman's disease is the leading associated neoplasia.9090. Mimouni D, Anhalt GJ, Lazarova Z, Aho S, Kazerounian S, Kouba DJ, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus in children and adolescents. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:725-32.
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
In 1990, Anhalt initially proposed five criteria for the definition of a PNP case: (1) painful mucosal erosions and polymorphous skin eruption in the context of a neoplasia; (2) histological changes (acantholysis, keratinocyte necrosis, interface dermatitis); (3) DIF showing IgG and complement deposition in intercellular substance and basement membrane zone; (4) IIF with the same deposition as for DIF, in skin, mucosa and simple, columnar, and transitional epithelium and (5) demonstration of serum antibodies through immunoprecipitation of a complex of four keratinocyte proteins (250, 230, 210 e 190 kd) (Figures 3 and 4).8484. Anhalt GJ, Kim SC, Stanley JR, Korman NJ, Jabs DA, Kory M, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. An autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1729-35.
Subsequently, many authors proposed similar diagnostic criteria for PNP.8888. Zimmermann J, Bahmer F, Rose C, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Clinical and immunopathological spectrum of paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8:598-606.,9999. Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004;9:29-33.,101101. Leger S, Picard D, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Arnault JP, Aubin F, Carsuzaa F, et al. Prognostic factors of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:1165-72. In 2004, Anhalt proposed minimal diagnostic criteria for PNP.9999. Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004;9:29-33. (1) clinical: painful progressive stomatitis with preferential involvement of tongue; (2) histological: acantholysis or interface dermatitis; (3) immunological: presence of antiplakin antibodies (at least periplakin and envoplakin). The pivotal criterium of PNP is autoantibodies directed against desmosomal plakin proteins: desmoplakin I (250 kDa), desmoplakin II (210 kDa), envoplakin (210 kDa), periplakin (190kDa), and α2macroglobulin-like-1 protein (170 kDa). In addition, autoantibodies against Dsg-1, Dsg-3, plectin and 230kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen can be detected.104104. Schepens I, Jaunin F, Begre N, Läderach U, Marcus K, Hashimoto T, et al. The protease inhibitor alpha-2-macroglobulin-like-1 is the p170 antigen recognized by paraneoplastic pemphigus autoantibodies in human. PLoS One. 2010;5:e12250. These antiplakin antibodies should be revealed by immunoprecipitation or immunoblotting, in addition to positive IIF in monkey esophagus and rat bladder (Figure 3). Anti-Dsg-3 ELISA may also be positive - but this does not discriminate between PNP and other pemphigus variants (PV and PF). (4) Association with lymphoproliferative disorder: nonHodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia generally in cases with previous diagnosis (2/3 of cases), and Castleman's disease, abdominal lymphoma, thymomas or retroperitoneal sarcoma in cases with ocult neoplasia at the time of diagnosis of PNP (1/3 of cases).9999. Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004;9:29-33.
TREATMENT
Patients with a diagnosis of PNP without previous diagnosis of a neoplasia - about 17% of PNP cases - must be investigated with complete blood count with differential leukocyte, serum protein electrophoresis, computerized tomography (chest, abdomen, and pelvis), and biopsies of bone marrow, lymph nodes, or solid tumor, according to indication.8686. Czernik A, Camilleri M, Pittelkow MR, Grando SA. Paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: 20 years after. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:905-14., 101101. Leger S, Picard D, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Arnault JP, Aubin F, Carsuzaa F, et al. Prognostic factors of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:1165-72.
The most widely suggested specific treatment combines prednisone (0.5-1.0 mg/kg) with cyclosporine (5 mg/kg), and may also include cyclophosphamide (2 mg/kg). However, the disease is generally resistant to therapy.9999. Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004;9:29-33.,105105. Borradori L, Lombardi T, Samson J, Girardet C, Saurat JH, Hügli A. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) for refractory erosive stomatitis secondary to CD20(+) follicular lymphoma-associated paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:269-72. The mortality of patients with PNP is 75% to 90%.101101. Leger S, Picard D, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Arnault JP, Aubin F, Carsuzaa F, et al. Prognostic factors of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:1165-72. Respiratory failure due to bronchiolitis obliterans is one of the most important causes of death in patients with PNP/PAMS.8585. Nguyen VT, Ndoye A, Bassler KD, Shultz LD, Shields MC, Ruben BS, et al. Classification, clinical manifestations, and immunopathological mechanisms of the epithelial variant of paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: a reappraisal of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:193-206.,9797. Nousari HC, Deterding R, Wojtczack H, Aho S, Uitto J, Hashimoto T, et al. The mechanism of respiratory failure in paraneoplastic pemphigus. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1406-10.,9999. Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004;9:29-33. However, a recent study, conducted in France, has made a valuable contribution to evaluating the prognosis of PNP.101101. Leger S, Picard D, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Arnault JP, Aubin F, Carsuzaa F, et al. Prognostic factors of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:1165-72. The authors analysed patients from 27 different medical centers, demonstrating that the disease course is highly variable, not only in severe cases, but also in indolent disease, and that prognosis is worst in the presence of erythema multiforme-like lesions and of necrotic keratinocytes in histopathological exam. The conclusion of this study was a mortality of 51%, 59% and 69% in 1, 2 and 5 years, respectively. The lower mortality than previously found might be due to the inclusion of less severe cases due to a lower threshold, since diagnosis was made if 4 of the 7 criteria were met. These 7 criteria were based on the 5 criteria of Anhalt, adding the presence of neoplasia and indirect immunofluorescence in human skin as independent criteria.8484. Anhalt GJ, Kim SC, Stanley JR, Korman NJ, Jabs DA, Kory M, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. An autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1729-35.
Rituximab may be indicated, especially because of association with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, though there are reports of complications and low therapeutic response.105105. Borradori L, Lombardi T, Samson J, Girardet C, Saurat JH, Hügli A. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) for refractory erosive stomatitis secondary to CD20(+) follicular lymphoma-associated paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:269-72.,106106. Hertl M, Zillikens D, Borradori L, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Burckhard H, Eming R, et al. Recommendations for the use of rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody) in the treatment of autoimmune bullous skin diseases. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008;6:366-73.
In general, treatment of neoplasia is not associated with improvement of PNP, except in
cases associated to Castleman's disease.107107. Fang Y, Zhao L, Yan F, Cui X, Xia Y, Duren A. A critical role of
surgery in the treatment for paraneoplastic pemphigus caused by localized Castleman's
disease. Med Oncol. 2010;27:907-11.
108. Wang J, Zhu X, Li R, Tu P, Wang R, Zhang L, et al. Paraneoplastic
pemphigus associated with Castleman tumor: a commonly reported subtype of
paraneoplastic pemphigus in China. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:1285-93.-109109. Zhu X, Zhang B. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Dermatol.
2007;34:503-11. Tumor resection or
complete response to neoplasia treatment does not alter the progression of respiratory
disease, although mucocutaneous lesions may heal.110110. Maldonado F, Pittelkow MR, Ryu JH. Constrictive bronchiolitis
associated with paraneoplastic autoimmune multi-organ syndrome. Respirology.
2009;14:129-33. Pulmonary disease, when present, is irreversible.8585. Nguyen VT, Ndoye A, Bassler KD, Shultz LD, Shields MC, Ruben BS, et
al. Classification, clinical manifestations, and immunopathological mechanisms of the
epithelial variant of paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: a reappraisal of
paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:193-206.,8686. Czernik A, Camilleri M, Pittelkow MR, Grando SA. Paraneoplastic
autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: 20 years after. Int J Dermatol.
2011;50:905-14.,9999. Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc.
2004;9:29-33. Although the complete
mechanism of bronchiolitis obliterans is not elucidated, several authors have studied
the characteristics of pulmonary disease, which might contribute for future
therapy.9797. Nousari HC, Deterding R, Wojtczack H, Aho S, Uitto J, Hashimoto T,
et al. The mechanism of respiratory failure in paraneoplastic pemphigus. N Engl J
Med. 1999;340:1406-10.,111111. Iida K, Yamaguchi F, Hibi K, Tate G, Ohyama B, Numata S, et al.
Characterization of inflammatory infiltrates in lesions of the oral mucosa, skin, and
bronchioles in a case of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Eur J Dermatol.
2012;22:154-5.,112112. Fullerton SH, Woodley DT, Smoller BR, Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic
pemphigus with autoantibody deposition in bronchial epithelium after autologous bone
marrow transplantation. JAMA. 1992;267:1500-2.
IGG/ IGA PEMPHIGUS
Over the past thirty years, some atypical and typical cases of pemphigus have been
described with the name IgG/ IgA pemphigus. In most of them an intercellular pattern of
IgG and IgA (and sometimes also C3) was seen in the DIF. Nishikawa et al probably were
the first to report in 1987, when they described an atypical PF case during the XVII
World Congress of Dermatology.113113. Nishikawa T, Shimizu H, Hashimoto T. Role of IgA intercellular
antibodies: report of clinically and immunopathologically atypical cases. Proceedings
of the XVII. World Congress Dermatol. 1987;383-384. Since then we
have found another 14 similar case reports.114114. Hosoda S, Suzuki M, Komine M, Murata S, Hashimoto T, Ohtsuki M. A
case of IgG/IgA pemphigus presenting malar rash-like erythema. Acta Derm Venereol.
2012;92:164-6.
115. Feng SY, Zhi L, Jin PY, Zhou WQ, Yin YP. A case of IgA/IgG pustular
pemphigus. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51:321-4.
116. Santiago-et-Sánchez-Mateos D, Juárez Martín A, González De Arriba
A, Delgado Jiménez Y, Fraga J, Hashimoto T, et al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgA and IgG
antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay:
presentation of two cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.
2011;25:110-2.
117. Maruyama H, Kawachi Y, Fujisawa Y, Itoh S, Furuta J, Ishii Y, et
al. IgA/IgG pemphigus positive for anti-desmoglein 1 autoantibody. Eur J Dermatol.
2007;17:94-5.
118. Kowalewski C, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Jablonska S, Mackiewicz W,
Wozniak K. IgA/IgG pemphigus: a new atypical subset of pemphigus? Acta Derm Venereol.
2006;86:357-8.
119. Inui S, Amagai M, Tsutsui S, Fukuhara-Yoshida S, Itami S, Katayama
I. Atypical pemphigus involving the esophagus with IgG antibodies to desmoglein 3 and
IgA antibodies to desmoglein 1. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:354-5.
120. Heng A, Nwaneshiudu A, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Stanley JR.
Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA/IgG antidesmocollin 1 pemphigus. Br J Dermatol.
2006;154:1018-20.
121. Morizane S, Yamamoto T, Hisamatsu Y, Tsuji K, Oono T, Hashimoto T,
et al. Pemphigus vegetans with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 3 antibodies. Br J
Dermatol. 2005;153:1236-7.
122. Kozlowska A, Hashimoto T, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Amagai A, Nagata
Y, Strasz Z, et al. Pemphigus herpetiformis with IgA and IgG antibodies to desmoglein
1 and IgG antibodies to desmocollin 3. J Am Acad Dermatol.
2003;48:117-22.
123. Oiso N, Yamashita C, Yoshioka K, Amagai M, Komai A, Nagata Y, et
al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:1012-7.
124. Gooptu C, Mendelsohn S, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T,
Wojnarowska F. Unique immunobullous disease in a child with a predominantly IgA
response to three desmosal protein. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:882-6.
125. Miyagawa S, Hashimoto T, Ohno H, Nakagawa A, Watanabe K, Nishikawa
T, et al. Atypical pemphigus associated with monoclonal IgA gammopathy. J Am Acad
Dermatol. 1995;32:352-7.-126126. Chorzelski TP, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T, Ebihara T, Dmochowski M,
Ismail M, et al. Unusual acantholytic bullous dermatosis associated with neoplasia
and IgG and IgA antibodies against bovine desmocollins I and II. J Am Acad Dermatol.
1994;31:351-5. Two other articles
that studied the frequency of IgA antibodies in different bullous diseases127127. Cozzani E, Drosera M, Parodi A, Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S, Rebora A.
Frequency of IgA antibodies in pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and mucous membrane
pemphigoid. Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84:381-4. and the autoantigens recognized by IgA
anti-keratinocyte cell surface antibodies both describe another six not previously
reported cases presenting with intercellular IgG and IgA in the DIF.6060. Hashimoto T, Ebihara T, Nishikawa T. Studies of autoantigens
recognized by IgA anti-keratinocyte cell surface antibodies. J Dermatol Sci.
1996;12:10-7. Three other cases were also called IgG/ IgA
pemphigus, despite presenting negative DIF128128. Müller R, Heber B, Hashimoto T, Messer G, Müllegger R, Niedermeier
A, et al. Autoantibodies against desmocollins in European patients with pemphigus.
Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:898-903. or
only intercellular IgG by DIF (but both intercellular IgG and IgA by IIF) or only
intercellular IgA by DIF (but both intercellular IgG and IgA by IIF).6363. Bruckner AL, Fitzpatrick JE, Hashimoto T, Weston WL, Morelli JG.
Atypical IgA/ IgG pemphigus involving the skin, oral mucosa, and colon in a child: a
novel variant of IgA pemphigus? Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22:321-7.,129129. Nakajima K, Hashimoto T, Nakajima H, Yokogawa M, Ikeda M, Kodama H.
IgG/IgA pemphigus with dyskeratotic acantholysis and intraepidermal neutrophilic
microabscesses. J Dermatol. 2007;34:757-60. Two of these cases differ from all of the others by also showing IgG6363. Bruckner AL, Fitzpatrick JE, Hashimoto T, Weston WL, Morelli JG.
Atypical IgA/ IgG pemphigus involving the skin, oral mucosa, and colon in a child: a
novel variant of IgA pemphigus? Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22:321-7. or IgG and IgA in the BMZ by DIF.124124. Gooptu C, Mendelsohn S, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T,
Wojnarowska F. Unique immunobullous disease in a child with a predominantly IgA
response to three desmosal protein. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:882-6.
DEFINITION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
There appears to be no consensus on whether this is a unique form of pemphigus. Considering the previous reports, this form could be defined as a case showing IgG and IgA intercellular deposits in the DIF studies and/or IIF, showing clinical and histologic features that can resemble PF, PV, PH or IgA pemphigus or that does not look like any of these forms (atypical). The age of the patients from the reports ranged from 11 to 81 years. A Tunisian study found only one case of IgG/ IgA pemphigus among the 92 pemphigus patients evaluated during an 11-year period.130130. Zaraa I, Kerkeni N, Ishak F, Zribi H, El Euch D, Mokni M, et al. Spectrum of autoimmune blistering dermatoses in Tunisia: an 11-year study and a review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:939-44.
However a recent study brings casts doubt on whether this is really a unique entity. Mentink et al tested the sera of 100 cases of pemphigus patients (34 PF, 58 PV and 8 PNP) in both anti-Dsg-1 and 3 IgA ELISA tests and 54 sera were found to have IgA to one or both Dsgs.131131. Mentink LF, de Jong MC, Kloosterhuis GJ, Zuiderveen J, Jonkman MF, Pas HH. Coexistence of IgA antibodies to desmogleins 1 and 3 in pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus and paraneoplastic pemphigus. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:635-41. They also found that more than half of the cases that showed IgA anti-Dsg in the ELISA presented negative staining for IgA in IIF and/or DIF. The ELISA thereby seems a more sensitive assay than IIF analysis for detecting anti-Dsg IgA antibodies. Thus they concluded that, in a considerable number of supposedly IgG mediated pemphigus patients, IgA to Dsg-1 and Dsg-3 is also present and proposed that a spectrum with increasing IgA contribution may exist, ranging from the pure classical IgG forms via mixed IgG/IgA forms to pemphigus types with only IgA against Dsgs.
CLINICAL FEATURES
The clinical features of the reported cases are heterogeneous: PF- like, PV- like,
PH-like, IgA pemphigus-like, or atypical/mixed cases.6060. Hashimoto T, Ebihara T, Nishikawa T. Studies of autoantigens
recognized by IgA anti-keratinocyte cell surface antibodies. J Dermatol Sci.
1996;12:10-7.,6363. Bruckner AL, Fitzpatrick JE, Hashimoto T, Weston WL, Morelli JG.
Atypical IgA/ IgG pemphigus involving the skin, oral mucosa, and colon in a child: a
novel variant of IgA pemphigus? Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22:321-7.,7272. Zaraa I, Kerkeni N, Sellami M, Chelly I, Zitouna M, Makni S, Mokni
M, et al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 3 antibodies and IgA
antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: a case
report and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol.
2010;49:298-302.,114114. Hosoda S, Suzuki M, Komine M, Murata S, Hashimoto T, Ohtsuki M. A
case of IgG/IgA pemphigus presenting malar rash-like erythema. Acta Derm Venereol.
2012;92:164-6.
115. Feng SY, Zhi L, Jin PY, Zhou WQ, Yin YP. A case of IgA/IgG pustular
pemphigus. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51:321-4.
116. Santiago-et-Sánchez-Mateos D, Juárez Martín A, González De Arriba
A, Delgado Jiménez Y, Fraga J, Hashimoto T, et al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgA and IgG
antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay:
presentation of two cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.
2011;25:110-2.
117. Maruyama H, Kawachi Y, Fujisawa Y, Itoh S, Furuta J, Ishii Y, et
al. IgA/IgG pemphigus positive for anti-desmoglein 1 autoantibody. Eur J Dermatol.
2007;17:94-5.
118. Kowalewski C, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Jablonska S, Mackiewicz W,
Wozniak K. IgA/IgG pemphigus: a new atypical subset of pemphigus? Acta Derm Venereol.
2006;86:357-8.
119. Inui S, Amagai M, Tsutsui S, Fukuhara-Yoshida S, Itami S, Katayama
I. Atypical pemphigus involving the esophagus with IgG antibodies to desmoglein 3 and
IgA antibodies to desmoglein 1. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:354-5.
120. Heng A, Nwaneshiudu A, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Stanley JR.
Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA/IgG antidesmocollin 1 pemphigus. Br J Dermatol.
2006;154:1018-20.
121. Morizane S, Yamamoto T, Hisamatsu Y, Tsuji K, Oono T, Hashimoto T,
et al. Pemphigus vegetans with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 3 antibodies. Br J
Dermatol. 2005;153:1236-7.
122. Kozlowska A, Hashimoto T, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Amagai A, Nagata
Y, Strasz Z, et al. Pemphigus herpetiformis with IgA and IgG antibodies to desmoglein
1 and IgG antibodies to desmocollin 3. J Am Acad Dermatol.
2003;48:117-22.
123. Oiso N, Yamashita C, Yoshioka K, Amagai M, Komai A, Nagata Y, et
al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:1012-7.
124. Gooptu C, Mendelsohn S, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T,
Wojnarowska F. Unique immunobullous disease in a child with a predominantly IgA
response to three desmosal protein. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:882-6.
125. Miyagawa S, Hashimoto T, Ohno H, Nakagawa A, Watanabe K, Nishikawa
T, et al. Atypical pemphigus associated with monoclonal IgA gammopathy. J Am Acad
Dermatol. 1995;32:352-7.
126. Chorzelski TP, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T, Ebihara T, Dmochowski M,
Ismail M, et al. Unusual acantholytic bullous dermatosis associated with neoplasia
and IgG and IgA antibodies against bovine desmocollins I and II. J Am Acad Dermatol.
1994;31:351-5.
127. Cozzani E, Drosera M, Parodi A, Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S, Rebora A.
Frequency of IgA antibodies in pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and mucous membrane
pemphigoid. Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84:381-4.
128. Müller R, Heber B, Hashimoto T, Messer G, Müllegger R, Niedermeier
A, et al. Autoantibodies against desmocollins in European patients with pemphigus.
Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:898-903.
129. Nakajima K, Hashimoto T, Nakajima H, Yokogawa M, Ikeda M, Kodama H.
IgG/IgA pemphigus with dyskeratotic acantholysis and intraepidermal neutrophilic
microabscesses. J Dermatol. 2007;34:757-60.
130. Zaraa I, Kerkeni N, Ishak F, Zribi H, El Euch D, Mokni M, et al.
Spectrum of autoimmune blistering dermatoses in Tunisia: an 11-year study and a
review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:939-44.-131131. Mentink LF, de Jong MC, Kloosterhuis GJ, Zuiderveen J, Jonkman MF,
Pas HH. Coexistence of IgA antibodies to desmogleins 1 and 3 in pemphigus vulgaris,
pemphigus foliaceus and paraneoplastic pemphigus. Br J Dermatol.
2007;156:635-41. Pruritus, pustules
and annular lesions are present in almost half of the cases. Most of them do not show
mucous lesions.
HISTOPATHOLOGY
The reported cases also show multiple histological features, with acantholysis in almost half of them. The level of cleavage varies from subcorneal and intraepidermal (the most common pattern) to suprabasal bulla. Neutrophilic exocytosis is present in the majority of the reports, sometimes together with eosinophils and/ or spongiosis.
IMMUNO-PATHOGENESIS
The case reports usually show IgG and IgA intercellular deposits in the DIF and/or IIF studies. Two cases deserve special note for also showing IgG or IgG and IgA in the BMZ by DIF: both presented with cutaneous and mucous lesions and subepidermal cleavage and were extensive investigated to exclude the possibility of malignancy.6363. Bruckner AL, Fitzpatrick JE, Hashimoto T, Weston WL, Morelli JG. Atypical IgA/ IgG pemphigus involving the skin, oral mucosa, and colon in a child: a novel variant of IgA pemphigus? Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22:321-7.,124124. Gooptu C, Mendelsohn S, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T, Wojnarowska F. Unique immunobullous disease in a child with a predominantly IgA response to three desmosal protein. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:882-6.
The cases are also heterogeneous concerning the target antigens: Dsg-1, Dsg-3, Dsc-1,
Dsc-2, Dsc3, and Desmoplakin 1 and 2.6060. Hashimoto T, Ebihara T, Nishikawa T. Studies of autoantigens
recognized by IgA anti-keratinocyte cell surface antibodies. J Dermatol Sci.
1996;12:10-7.,6363. Bruckner AL, Fitzpatrick JE, Hashimoto T, Weston WL, Morelli JG.
Atypical IgA/ IgG pemphigus involving the skin, oral mucosa, and colon in a child: a
novel variant of IgA pemphigus? Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22:321-7.,7272. Zaraa I, Kerkeni N, Sellami M, Chelly I, Zitouna M, Makni S, Mokni
M, et al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 3 antibodies and IgA
antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: a case
report and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol.
2010;49:298-302.,114114. Hosoda S, Suzuki M, Komine M, Murata S, Hashimoto T, Ohtsuki M. A
case of IgG/IgA pemphigus presenting malar rash-like erythema. Acta Derm Venereol.
2012;92:164-6.
115. Feng SY, Zhi L, Jin PY, Zhou WQ, Yin YP. A case of IgA/IgG pustular
pemphigus. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51:321-4.
116. Santiago-et-Sánchez-Mateos D, Juárez Martín A, González De Arriba
A, Delgado Jiménez Y, Fraga J, Hashimoto T, et al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgA and IgG
antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay:
presentation of two cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.
2011;25:110-2.
117. Maruyama H, Kawachi Y, Fujisawa Y, Itoh S, Furuta J, Ishii Y, et
al. IgA/IgG pemphigus positive for anti-desmoglein 1 autoantibody. Eur J Dermatol.
2007;17:94-5.
118. Kowalewski C, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Jablonska S, Mackiewicz W,
Wozniak K. IgA/IgG pemphigus: a new atypical subset of pemphigus? Acta Derm Venereol.
2006;86:357-8.
119. Inui S, Amagai M, Tsutsui S, Fukuhara-Yoshida S, Itami S, Katayama
I. Atypical pemphigus involving the esophagus with IgG antibodies to desmoglein 3 and
IgA antibodies to desmoglein 1. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:354-5.
120. Heng A, Nwaneshiudu A, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Stanley JR.
Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA/IgG antidesmocollin 1 pemphigus. Br J Dermatol.
2006;154:1018-20.
121. Morizane S, Yamamoto T, Hisamatsu Y, Tsuji K, Oono T, Hashimoto T,
et al. Pemphigus vegetans with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 3 antibodies. Br J
Dermatol. 2005;153:1236-7.
122. Kozlowska A, Hashimoto T, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Amagai A, Nagata
Y, Strasz Z, et al. Pemphigus herpetiformis with IgA and IgG antibodies to desmoglein
1 and IgG antibodies to desmocollin 3. J Am Acad Dermatol.
2003;48:117-22.
123. Oiso N, Yamashita C, Yoshioka K, Amagai M, Komai A, Nagata Y, et
al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:1012-7.
124. Gooptu C, Mendelsohn S, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T,
Wojnarowska F. Unique immunobullous disease in a child with a predominantly IgA
response to three desmosal protein. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:882-6.
125. Miyagawa S, Hashimoto T, Ohno H, Nakagawa A, Watanabe K, Nishikawa
T, et al. Atypical pemphigus associated with monoclonal IgA gammopathy. J Am Acad
Dermatol. 1995;32:352-7.
126. Chorzelski TP, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T, Ebihara T, Dmochowski M,
Ismail M, et al. Unusual acantholytic bullous dermatosis associated with neoplasia
and IgG and IgA antibodies against bovine desmocollins I and II. J Am Acad Dermatol.
1994;31:351-5.
127. Cozzani E, Drosera M, Parodi A, Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S, Rebora A.
Frequency of IgA antibodies in pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and mucous membrane
pemphigoid. Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84:381-4.
128. Müller R, Heber B, Hashimoto T, Messer G, Müllegger R, Niedermeier
A, et al. Autoantibodies against desmocollins in European patients with pemphigus.
Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:898-903.-129129. Nakajima K, Hashimoto T, Nakajima H, Yokogawa M, Ikeda M, Kodama H.
IgG/IgA pemphigus with dyskeratotic acantholysis and intraepidermal neutrophilic
microabscesses. J Dermatol. 2007;34:757-60.
ASSOCIATIONS
The minority of cases were associated with other diseases: IgA-lambda monoclonal
gammopathy, malignancy (lung cancer, ovarian carcinoma, carcinoma of the gall bladder
and adenocarcinoma of the pancreas), benign liver cyst and ovarian tumour, gastric
ulcers, positive lupus anticoagulant IgM and increased anticardiolipin antibody and
antihypertensive drug use.116116. Santiago-et-Sánchez-Mateos D, Juárez Martín A, González De Arriba
A, Delgado Jiménez Y, Fraga J, Hashimoto T, et al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgA and IgG
antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay:
presentation of two cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.
2011;25:110-2.
117. Maruyama H, Kawachi Y, Fujisawa Y, Itoh S, Furuta J, Ishii Y, et
al. IgA/IgG pemphigus positive for anti-desmoglein 1 autoantibody. Eur J Dermatol.
2007;17:94-5.
118. Kowalewski C, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Jablonska S, Mackiewicz W,
Wozniak K. IgA/IgG pemphigus: a new atypical subset of pemphigus? Acta Derm Venereol.
2006;86:357-8.-119119. Inui S, Amagai M, Tsutsui S, Fukuhara-Yoshida S, Itami S, Katayama
I. Atypical pemphigus involving the esophagus with IgG antibodies to desmoglein 3 and
IgA antibodies to desmoglein 1. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:354-5.,121121. Morizane S, Yamamoto T, Hisamatsu Y, Tsuji K, Oono T, Hashimoto T,
et al. Pemphigus vegetans with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 3 antibodies. Br J
Dermatol. 2005;153:1236-7.
122. Kozlowska A, Hashimoto T, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Amagai A, Nagata
Y, Strasz Z, et al. Pemphigus herpetiformis with IgA and IgG antibodies to desmoglein
1 and IgG antibodies to desmocollin 3. J Am Acad Dermatol.
2003;48:117-22.-123123. Oiso N, Yamashita C, Yoshioka K, Amagai M, Komai A, Nagata Y, et
al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:1012-7.,125125. Miyagawa S, Hashimoto T, Ohno H, Nakagawa A, Watanabe K, Nishikawa
T, et al. Atypical pemphigus associated with monoclonal IgA gammopathy. J Am Acad
Dermatol. 1995;32:352-7.,126126. Chorzelski TP, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T, Ebihara T, Dmochowski M,
Ismail M, et al. Unusual acantholytic bullous dermatosis associated with neoplasia
and IgG and IgA antibodies against bovine desmocollins I and II. J Am Acad Dermatol.
1994;31:351-5. However, it is not clear if those are merely sporadic associations.
TREATMENT
Most of the reported cases showed good response to dapsone, with or without systemic corticosteroids or to topical or systemic steroids alone. Other immunosuppressant drugs were required only in one case. Other drugs employed were acitretin, antimalarial and nicotinamide and minocycline.116116. Santiago-et-Sánchez-Mateos D, Juárez Martín A, González De Arriba A, Delgado Jiménez Y, Fraga J, Hashimoto T, et al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgA and IgG antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: presentation of two cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25:110-2.,122122. Kozlowska A, Hashimoto T, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Amagai A, Nagata Y, Strasz Z, et al. Pemphigus herpetiformis with IgA and IgG antibodies to desmoglein 1 and IgG antibodies to desmocollin 3. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:117-22.,123123. Oiso N, Yamashita C, Yoshioka K, Amagai M, Komai A, Nagata Y, et al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:1012-7., 124124. Gooptu C, Mendelsohn S, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T, Wojnarowska F. Unique immunobullous disease in a child with a predominantly IgA response to three desmosal protein. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:882-6.
CONCLUSION
This article has reviewed the knowledge about the nonclassical forms of pemphigus. Future research on the patho-physiology and the role of the target antigens may help to answer some questions that are still not clear, especially concerning the proper position of pemphigus herpetiformis and IgG/ IgA pemphigus in the pemphigus group.
The authors would like to thank the patients the major reason for writing this review; the contributions of Prof. Dr. Marcel F. Jonkman and Angelique Poot, MD, from the Center for Blistering Diseases, Groningen University Medical Center, University of Groningen in the Netherlands, for reviewing the English manuscript and for iconographic contribution on PNP; and Mrs. Diane Black, from the Language Center, University of Groningen, the Netherlands, for her final contribution to the English manuscript (PNP).
REFERENCES
-
1Patrício P, Ferreira C, Gomes MM, Filipe P. Autoimmune bullous dermatoses: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Sep;1173:203-10.
-
2Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Green KJ, Shimizu N, Nishikawa T. Antigen-specific immunoadsorption of pathogenic autoantibodies in pemphigus foliaceus. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;104:895-901.
-
3Amagai M, Klaus-Kovtun V, Stanley JR. Autoantibodies against a novel epithelial cadherin in pemphigus vulgaris, a disease of cell adhesion. Cell. 1991;67:869-77.
-
4Robinson ND, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Chan LS. The new pemphigus variants. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:649-71
-
5Floden CH, Centale H. A case of clinically typical dermatitis herpetiformis (M. Duhring) presenting acantholysis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1955;35:128-31.
-
6Sneddon I, Church R. Pemphigus foliaceous presenting as dermatitis herpetiformis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1967;47:440-6.
-
7Emmerson RW, Wilson-Jones E. Eosinophilic spongiosis in pemphigus. A report of unusual histological change in pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 1968;97:252-7.
-
8DeMento FJ, Grover RW. Acantholytic herpetiform dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 1973;107:883-7.
-
9Seah PP, Fry L, Cairns RJ, Feiwel M. Pemphigus controlled by sulphapyridine. Br J Dermatol. 1973;89:77-81.
-
10Barrance VP. Mixed bullous disease. Arch Dermatol. 1974;110:221-4.
-
11Jablonska S, Chorzelski TP, Beutner EH, Chorzelska J. Herpetiform pemphigus, a variable pattern of pemphigus. Int J Dermatol. 1975;14:353-9.
-
12Maciejowska E, Jablonska S, Chorzelski T. Is pemphigus herpetiformis an entity? Int J Dermatol. 1987;26:571-7.
-
13Santi CG, Maruta CW, Aoki V, Sotto MN, Rivitti EA, Diaz LA. Pemphigus herpetiformis is a rare clinical expression of nonendemic pemphigus foliaceus, fogo selvagem, and pemphigus vulgaris. Cooperative Group on Fogo Selvagem Research. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:40-6.
-
14Verdier-Sevrain S, Joly P, Thomine E, Belanyi P, Gilbert D, Tron F, et al.Thiopronineinduced herpetiform pemphigus: report of a case studied by immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblot analysis. Br J Dermatol. 1994;130:238-40.
-
15Ishii K, Amagai M, Komai A, Ebihara T, Chorzelski TP, Jablonska S, et al. Desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 are the target autoantigens in herpetiform pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:943-7.
-
16Kubo A, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Doi T, Higashiyama M, Hashimoto K, et al. Herpetiform pemphigus showing reactivity with pemphigus vulgaris antigen (desmoglein 3). Br J Dermatol. 1997;137:109-13.
-
17Miyagawa S, Amagai M, Iida T, Yamamoto Y, Nishikawa T, Shirai T. Late development of antidesmoglein 1 antibodies in pemphigus vulgaris: correlation with disease progression. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:1084-7.
-
18Tateishi C, Tsuruta D, Nakanishi T, Uehara S, Kobayashi H, Ishii M,, et al. Antidesmocollin-1 antibody-positive, antidesmoglein antibody-negative pemphigus herpetiformis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:e8-10.
-
19Ohata C, Koga H, Teye K, Ishii N, Hamada T, Dainichi T, et al. Concurrence of bullous pemphigoid and herpetiform pemphigus with IgG antibodies to desmogleins 1/3 and desmocollins 1-3. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168:879-81.
-
20Prado R, Brice SL, Fukuda S, Hashimoto T, Fujita M. Paraneoplastic pemphigus herpetiformis with IgG antibodies to desmoglein 3 and without mucosal lesions. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:67-71.
-
21Kitajima Y, Aoyama Y. A perspective of pemphigus from bedside and laboratorybench. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007;33:57-66.
-
22Marzano AV, Tourlaki A, Cozzani E, Gianotti R, Caputo R. Pemphigus herpetiformis associated with prostate cancer. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:696-8.
-
23Lu Y, Zhang M. Pemphigus herpetiformis in a patient with well-differentiated cutaneous angiosarcoma: case report and review of the published work. J Dermatol. 2012;39:89-91.
-
24Durham A, Carlos CA, Gudjonsson JE, Lowe L, Hristov AC. Pemphigus herpetiformis: Report of a rare case. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67:e231-3.
-
25Ohyama B, Nishifuji K, Chan PT, Kawaguchi A, Yamashita T, Ishii N, et al. Epitope spreading is rarely found in pemphigus vulgaris by large-scale longitudinal study using desmoglein 2-based swapped molecules. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:1158-68.
-
26Miura T, Kawakami Y, Oyama N, Ohtsuka M, Suzuki Y, Ohyama B, et al. A case of pemphigus herpetiformis with absence of antibodies to desmogleins 1 and 3. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:101-3.
-
27Hashimoto T. Recent advances in the study of the pathophysiology of pemphigus. Arch Dermatol Res. 2003;295:S2-11.
-
28Micali G, Musumeci ML, Nasca MR. Epidemiologic analysis and clinical course of 84 consecutive cases of pemphigus in eastern Sicily. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37:197-200.
-
29Leithauser LA, Mutasim DF. A Case of Pemphigus Herpetiformis Occurring in a 9Year-Old Boy. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012 [Epub ahead of print]
-
30Moutran R, Maatouk I, Stephan F, Halaby E, Abadjian G, Tomb R. Letter: Pemphigus herpetiformis of age of onset at 6 years. Dermatol Online J. 2011;17:10.
-
31Duarte IB, Bastazini I Jr, Barreto JA, Carvalho CV, Nunes AJ. Pemphigus herpetiformis in childhood. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27:488-91.
-
32Ingber A, Feuerman EJ. Pemphigus with characteristics of dermatitis herpetiformis. A long-term follow-up of five patients. Int J Dermatol. 1986;25:575-9.
-
33Cunha PR, Jiao D, Bystryn JC. Simultaneous occurrence of herpetiform pemphigus and endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem). Int J Dermatol. 1997;36:850-4.
-
34Fernandes IC, Sanches M, Alves R, Selores M. Case for diagnosis. Bullous eruption with herpetiform pattern. An Bras Dermatol. 2012;87:933-5.
-
35Huhn KM, Tron VA, Nguyen N, Trotter MJ. Neutrophilic spongiosis in pemphigus herpetiformis. J Cutan Pathol. 1996;23:264-9.
-
36Amagai M. Autoimmunity against desmosomal cadherins in pemphigus. J Dermatol Sci. 1999;20:92-102.
-
37O'Toole EA, Mak LL, Guitart J, Woodley DT, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, et al. Induction of keratinocyte IL-8 expression and secretion by IgG autoantibodies as a novel mechanism of epidermal neutrophil recruitment in a pemphigus variant. Clin Exp Immunol. 2000;119:217-24.
-
38Morita E, Amagai M, Tanaka T, Horiuchi K, Yamamoto S. A case of herpetiform pemphigus coexisting with psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:754-5.
-
39Sanchez-Palacios C, Chan LS. Development of pemphigus herpetiformis in a patient with psoriasis receiving UV-light treatment. J Cutan Pathol. 2004;31:346-9.
-
40Lebeau S, Müller R, Masouyé I, Hertl M, Borradori L. Pemphigus herpetiformis: analysis of the autoantibody profile during the disease course with changes in the clinical phenotype. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;35:366-72.
-
41Marinovic B, Basta-Juzbasic A, Bukvic-Mokos Z, Leovic R, Loncaric D. Coexistence of pemphigus herpetiformis and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17:316-9.
-
42Bull RH, Fallowfield ME, Marsden RA. Autoimmune blistering diseases associated with HIV infection. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994;19:47-50.
-
43Kubota Y, Yoshino Y, Mizoguchi M. A case of herpetiform pemphigus associated with lung câncer. J Dermatol. 1994;21:609-11.
-
44Palleschi GM, Giomi B. Herpetiformis pemphigus and lung carcinoma: a case of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Acta Derm Venereol. 2002;82:304-5.
-
45Nakashima H, Fujimoto M, Watanabe R, Ishiura N, Yamamoto AI, Hashimoto T,, et al. Herpetiform pemphigus without anti-desmoglein 1/3 autoantibodies. J Dermatol. 2010;;37:264-8.
-
46Arranz D, Corral M, Prats I, López-Ayala E, Castillo C, Vidaurrázaga C, et al. Herpetiform pemphigus associated with esophageal carcinoma. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2005;96:119-21.
-
47Wallach D, Foldès C, Cottenot F. Pustulose sous-cornee,acantholyse superficielle et IgA monoclonale. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1982;109:959-63.
-
48Hashimoto T. Immunopathology of IgA pemphigus. Clin Dermatol. 2001;19:683-9.
-
49Wallach D. Intraepidermal IgA pustulosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;7:993-1000.
-
50Gengoux P, Tennstedt D, Lachapelle JM. Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis: pemphigus-like IgA deposits. Dermatology. 1992;185:311-3.
-
51Hashimoto T, Ebihara T, Dmochowski M, Kawamura K, Suzuki T, Tsurufuji S, et al. IgA antikeratinocyte surface autoantibodies from two types of intercellular IgA vesiculopustular dermatosis recognize distinct isoforms of desmocollin. Arch Dermatol Res. 1996;288:447-52.
-
52Chorzelski TP, Beutner EH, Kowalewski C, Olszewska M, Maciejowska E, Seferowicz E, et al. IgA pemphigus foliaceus with a clinical presentation of pemphigus herpetiformis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24:839-44.
-
53Beutner EH, Chorzelski TP, Wilson RM, Kumar V, Michel B, Helm F, et al. IgA pemphigus foliaceus: report of two cases and a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989;20:89-97.
-
54Huff JC, Golitz LE, Kunke KS. Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1643-5.
-
55Hashimoto T, Inamoto N, Nakamura K, Nishikawa T. Intercellular IgA dermatosis with clinical features of subcorneal pustular dermatosis. Arch Dermatol. 1987;123:1062-5.
-
56Tagami H, Iwatsuki K, Iwase Y, Yamada M. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis with vesiculo-bullous eruption: demonstration of subcorneal IgA deposits and a leukocyte chemotactic factor. Br J Dermatol. 1983;109:581-7.
-
57Hodak E, David M, Ingber A, Rotem A, Hazaz B, Shamai-Lubovitz O, et al. The clinical and histopathological spectrum of IgA-pemphigus: report of two cases. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1990;15:433-7.
-
58Tajima M, Mitsuhashi Y, Irisawa R, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Tsuboi R.. IgA pemphigus reacting exclusively to desmoglein 3. Eur J Dermatol. 2010;20:626-9.
-
59E-medicine. medscape.com [homepage on the Internet]. Chan LS. IgA Pemphigus. [cited 2010 Apr 9]. Available from: http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063776-overview.
» http://www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063776-overview -
60Hashimoto T, Ebihara T, Nishikawa T. Studies of autoantigens recognized by IgA anti-keratinocyte cell surface antibodies. J Dermatol Sci. 1996;12:10-7.
-
61Wang J, Kwon J, Ding X, Fairley JA, Woodley DT, Chan LS. Nonsecretory IgA1 autoantibodies targeting desmosomal component desmoglein 3 in intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis. Am J Pathol. 1997;150:1901-7.
-
62Lutz ME, Daoud MS, McEvoy MT, Gibson LE. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis: a clinical study of ten patients. Cutis. 1998;61:203-8.
-
63Bruckner AL, Fitzpatrick JE, Hashimoto T, Weston WL, Morelli JG. Atypical IgA/ IgG pemphigus involving the skin, oral mucosa, and colon in a child: a novel variant of IgA pemphigus? Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22:321-7.
-
64Hashimoto T, Komai A, Futei Y, Nishikawa T, Amagai M. Detection of IgA autoantibodies to desmogleins by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: the presence of new minor subtypes of IgA pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:735-8.
-
65Amagai M. Adhesion molecules I: Keratinocyte-keratinocyte interactions; cadherins and pemphigus. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;104:146-52.
-
66Buxton RS, Cowin P, Franke WW, Garrod DR, Green KJ, King IA, et al. Nomenclature of the desmosomal cadherins. J Cell Biol. 1993;121:481-3.
-
67Hashimoto T, Kiyokawa C, Mori O, Miyasato M, Chidgey MA, Garrod DR, et al. Human desmocollin 1(Dsc1) is an autoantigen for subcorneal pustular dermatosis type of IgA pemphigus. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;109:127-31.
-
68Ishii N, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Hashimoto T. Immunolocalization of target autoantigens in IgA pemphigus. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;29:62-6.
-
69Yasuda H, Kobayashi H, Hashimoto T, Itoh K, Yamane M, Nakamura J. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis type of IgA pemphigus: demonstration of autoantibodies to desmocollin-1 and clinical review. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:144-8.
-
70Kopp T, Sitaru C, Pieczkowski F, Schneeberger A, Födinger D, Zillikens D, et al. IgA pemphigus-occurrence of anti-desmocollin 1 and anti-desmoglein 1 antibody reactivity in an individual patient. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2006;4(:1045-50.
-
71Düker I, Schaller J, Rose C, Zillikens D, Hashimoto T, Kunze J. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis-type IgA pemphigus with autoantibodies to desmocollins 1, 2, and 3. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145:1159-62.
-
72Zaraa I, Kerkeni N, Sellami M, Chelly I, Zitouna M, Makni S, Mokni M, et al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 3 antibodies and IgA antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:298-302.
-
73Tsuruta D, Ishii N, Hamada T, Ohyama B, Fukuda S, Koga H, et al. IgA pemphigus. Clin Dermatol. 2011;29:437-42.
-
74Chan LS, Vanderlugt CJ, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T, Zone JJ, Black MM, et al. Epitope spreading: lessons from autoimmune skindiseases. J Invest Dermatol. 1998;110:103-9.
-
75Szturz P, Adam Z, Klincová M, Feit J, Krejcí M, Pour L, et al. Multiple myeloma associated IgA pemphigus: treatment with bortezomib- and lenalidomidebased regimen. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2011;11:517-20.
-
76Taintor AR, Leiferman KM, Hashimoto T, Ishii N, Zone JJ, Hull CM, et al. A novel case of IgA paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56:S73-6.
-
77Asahina A, Koga H, Suzuki Y, Hashimoto T. IgA pemphigus associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma showing unique reactivity histopathological features. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168:224-6.
-
78Camisa C, Warner M. Treatment of pemphigus. Dermatol Nurs. 1998;10:115-8, 123-31.
-
79Sneddon IB, Wilkinson DS. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis. Br J Dermatol. 1979;100:61-8.
-
80Weston WL, Friednash M, Hashimoto T, Seline P, Huff JC, Morelli JG. A novel childhood pemphigus vegetans variant of intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:635-8.
-
81Gruss C, Zillikens D, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Kroiss M, Vogt T, et al. Rapid response of IgA pemphigus of subcorneal pustular dermatosis type to treatment with isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:923-6.
-
82Ruiz-Genao DP, Hernández-Núñez A, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Fernández-Herrera J, García-Díez A. A case of IgA pemphigus successfully treated with acitretin. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:1040-2.
-
83Howell SM, Bessinger GT, Altman CE, Belnap CM. Rapid response of IgA pemphigus of the subcorneal pustular dermatosis subtype to treatment with adalimumab and mycophenolate mofetil. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Sep;53(3):541-3.
-
84Anhalt GJ, Kim SC, Stanley JR, Korman NJ, Jabs DA, Kory M, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. An autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1729-35.
-
85Nguyen VT, Ndoye A, Bassler KD, Shultz LD, Shields MC, Ruben BS, et al. Classification, clinical manifestations, and immunopathological mechanisms of the epithelial variant of paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: a reappraisal of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:193-206.
-
86Czernik A, Camilleri M, Pittelkow MR, Grando SA. Paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome: 20 years after. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:905-14.
-
87Amagai M, Nishikawa T, Nousari HC, Anhalt GJ, Hashimoto T. Antibodies against desmoglein 3 (pemphigus vulgaris antigen) are present in sera from patients with paraneoplastic pemphigus and cause acantholysis in vivo in neonatal mice. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:775-82.
-
88Zimmermann J, Bahmer F, Rose C, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Clinical and immunopathological spectrum of paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8:598-606.
-
89Kimyai-Asadi A, Jih MH. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. Int J Dermatol. 2001;40:367-72.
-
90Mimouni D, Anhalt GJ, Lazarova Z, Aho S, Kazerounian S, Kouba DJ, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus in children and adolescents. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:725-32.
-
91Martel P, Loiseau P, Joly P, Busson M, Lepage V, Mouquet H, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus is associated with the DRB1*03 allele. J Autoimmun. 2003;20:91-5.
-
92Liu Q, Bu DF, Li D, Zhu XJ. Genotyping of HLA-I and HLA-II alleles in Chinese patients with paraneoplastic pemphigus. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:587-91.
-
93Kaplan I, Hodak E, Ackerman L, Mimouni D, Anhalt GJ, Calderon S. Neoplasms associated with paraneoplastic pemphigus: a review with emphasis on non-hematologic malignancy and oral mucosal manifestations. Oral Oncol. 2004;40:553-62.
-
94Sklavounou A, Laskaris G. Paraneoplastic pemphigus: a review. Oral Oncol. 1998;34:437-40.
-
95Wakahara M, Kiyohara T, Kumakiri M, Ueda T, Ishiguro K, Fujita T, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus with widespread mucosal involvement. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85:530-2.
-
96Miida H, Kazama T, Inomata N, Takizawa H, Iwafuchi M, Ito M, et al. Severe gastrointestinal involvement in paraneoplastic pemphigus. Eur J Dermatol. 2006;16(4):420-2.
-
97Nousari HC, Deterding R, Wojtczack H, Aho S, Uitto J, Hashimoto T, et al. The mechanism of respiratory failure in paraneoplastic pemphigus. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1406-10.
-
98Qian SX, Li JY, Hong M, Xu W, Qiu HX. Nonhematological autoimmunity (glomerulosclerosis, paraneoplastic pemphigus and paraneoplastic neurological syndrome) in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Diagnosis, prognosis and management. Leuk Res. 2009;33:500-5.
-
99Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2004;9:29-33.
-
100Mimouni D, Bar H, Gdalevich M, Katzenelson V, David M. Pemphigus, analysis of 155 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:947-52.
-
101Leger S, Picard D, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Arnault JP, Aubin F, Carsuzaa F, et al. Prognostic factors of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:1165-72.
-
102Horn TD, Anhalt GJ. Histologic features of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128:1091-5.
-
103Nousari HC, Kimyai-Asadi A, Anhalt GJ. Elevated serum levels of interleukin-6 in paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;112:396-8.
-
104Schepens I, Jaunin F, Begre N, Läderach U, Marcus K, Hashimoto T, et al. The protease inhibitor alpha-2-macroglobulin-like-1 is the p170 antigen recognized by paraneoplastic pemphigus autoantibodies in human. PLoS One. 2010;5:e12250.
-
105Borradori L, Lombardi T, Samson J, Girardet C, Saurat JH, Hügli A. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) for refractory erosive stomatitis secondary to CD20(+) follicular lymphoma-associated paraneoplastic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:269-72.
-
106Hertl M, Zillikens D, Borradori L, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Burckhard H, Eming R, et al. Recommendations for the use of rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody) in the treatment of autoimmune bullous skin diseases. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008;6:366-73.
-
107Fang Y, Zhao L, Yan F, Cui X, Xia Y, Duren A. A critical role of surgery in the treatment for paraneoplastic pemphigus caused by localized Castleman's disease. Med Oncol. 2010;27:907-11.
-
108Wang J, Zhu X, Li R, Tu P, Wang R, Zhang L, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with Castleman tumor: a commonly reported subtype of paraneoplastic pemphigus in China. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:1285-93.
-
109Zhu X, Zhang B. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. J Dermatol. 2007;34:503-11.
-
110Maldonado F, Pittelkow MR, Ryu JH. Constrictive bronchiolitis associated with paraneoplastic autoimmune multi-organ syndrome. Respirology. 2009;14:129-33.
-
111Iida K, Yamaguchi F, Hibi K, Tate G, Ohyama B, Numata S, et al. Characterization of inflammatory infiltrates in lesions of the oral mucosa, skin, and bronchioles in a case of paraneoplastic pemphigus. Eur J Dermatol. 2012;22:154-5.
-
112Fullerton SH, Woodley DT, Smoller BR, Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic pemphigus with autoantibody deposition in bronchial epithelium after autologous bone marrow transplantation. JAMA. 1992;267:1500-2.
-
113Nishikawa T, Shimizu H, Hashimoto T. Role of IgA intercellular antibodies: report of clinically and immunopathologically atypical cases. Proceedings of the XVII. World Congress Dermatol. 1987;383-384.
-
114Hosoda S, Suzuki M, Komine M, Murata S, Hashimoto T, Ohtsuki M. A case of IgG/IgA pemphigus presenting malar rash-like erythema. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92:164-6.
-
115Feng SY, Zhi L, Jin PY, Zhou WQ, Yin YP. A case of IgA/IgG pustular pemphigus. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51:321-4.
-
116Santiago-et-Sánchez-Mateos D, Juárez Martín A, González De Arriba A, Delgado Jiménez Y, Fraga J, Hashimoto T, et al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgA and IgG antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: presentation of two cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25:110-2.
-
117Maruyama H, Kawachi Y, Fujisawa Y, Itoh S, Furuta J, Ishii Y, et al. IgA/IgG pemphigus positive for anti-desmoglein 1 autoantibody. Eur J Dermatol. 2007;17:94-5.
-
118Kowalewski C, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Jablonska S, Mackiewicz W, Wozniak K. IgA/IgG pemphigus: a new atypical subset of pemphigus? Acta Derm Venereol. 2006;86:357-8.
-
119Inui S, Amagai M, Tsutsui S, Fukuhara-Yoshida S, Itami S, Katayama I. Atypical pemphigus involving the esophagus with IgG antibodies to desmoglein 3 and IgA antibodies to desmoglein 1. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55:354-5.
-
120Heng A, Nwaneshiudu A, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, Stanley JR. Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA/IgG antidesmocollin 1 pemphigus. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:1018-20.
-
121Morizane S, Yamamoto T, Hisamatsu Y, Tsuji K, Oono T, Hashimoto T, et al. Pemphigus vegetans with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 3 antibodies. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:1236-7.
-
122Kozlowska A, Hashimoto T, Jarzabek-Chorzelska M, Amagai A, Nagata Y, Strasz Z, et al. Pemphigus herpetiformis with IgA and IgG antibodies to desmoglein 1 and IgG antibodies to desmocollin 3. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48:117-22.
-
123Oiso N, Yamashita C, Yoshioka K, Amagai M, Komai A, Nagata Y, et al. IgG/IgA pemphigus with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 1 antibodies detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147:1012-7.
-
124Gooptu C, Mendelsohn S, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T, Wojnarowska F. Unique immunobullous disease in a child with a predominantly IgA response to three desmosal protein. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:882-6.
-
125Miyagawa S, Hashimoto T, Ohno H, Nakagawa A, Watanabe K, Nishikawa T, et al. Atypical pemphigus associated with monoclonal IgA gammopathy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32:352-7.
-
126Chorzelski TP, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T, Ebihara T, Dmochowski M, Ismail M, et al. Unusual acantholytic bullous dermatosis associated with neoplasia and IgG and IgA antibodies against bovine desmocollins I and II. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31:351-5.
-
127Cozzani E, Drosera M, Parodi A, Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S, Rebora A. Frequency of IgA antibodies in pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and mucous membrane pemphigoid. Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84:381-4.
-
128Müller R, Heber B, Hashimoto T, Messer G, Müllegger R, Niedermeier A, et al. Autoantibodies against desmocollins in European patients with pemphigus. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:898-903.
-
129Nakajima K, Hashimoto T, Nakajima H, Yokogawa M, Ikeda M, Kodama H. IgG/IgA pemphigus with dyskeratotic acantholysis and intraepidermal neutrophilic microabscesses. J Dermatol. 2007;34:757-60.
-
130Zaraa I, Kerkeni N, Ishak F, Zribi H, El Euch D, Mokni M, et al. Spectrum of autoimmune blistering dermatoses in Tunisia: an 11-year study and a review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50:939-44.
-
131Mentink LF, de Jong MC, Kloosterhuis GJ, Zuiderveen J, Jonkman MF, Pas HH. Coexistence of IgA antibodies to desmogleins 1 and 3 in pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus and paraneoplastic pemphigus. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:635-41.
-
*
Work performed at the Dermatology Department, Paulista School of Medicine - Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP) - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.
-
Financial Support: Maehara L de SN received a scholarship from CNPq (201591/2012-0)
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
Jan-Feb 2014
History
-
Received
19 Jan 2013 -
Accepted
14 Feb 2013