Study of 448 cases of melanoma in situ in two hospitals in Rio de Janeiro^*

Abstract:

The diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma in situ, considered to have excellent prognosis, has been increasingly frequent, with rare isolated reports of cutaneous melanoma in situ presenting recurrence, metastasis, and death. No specific study is found in the literature about these lesions of unexpected behavior. We describe the demographic and histopathological findings of 448 cases of cutaneous melanoma in situ in 369 patients, emphasizing the prognostic criteria of those with unfavorable outcomes, corresponding to 9 cases in which regression had no significant role. Adnexotropism was found in 44.5% of cases. The study of early lesions would allow clinicians to have a better understanding of the evolutionary processes of the disease.

Keywords:
Melanoma; Prognosis; Neoplasm metastasis; Neoplasm recurrence, local; Recurrence

The diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma in situ (MIS), considered to have excellent prognosis, has been increasingly frequent, with rare isolated reports presenting recurrence, metastasis, and death. No reports are found in the literature about specific studies on melanoma in situ with unfavorable behavior.^1,2,3 In this report, we describe demographic and histopathological findings of MIS cases, with emphasis on the prognostic criteria of those with unfavorable evolution. We identified cases of MIS in two institutions in Rio de Janeiro – a general hospital and an oncology center – between the years 1998 and 2010. We gathered demographic and histopathological information on 448 lesions in 369 patients. The number of diagnosed lesions increased over the years (from 17 in 1998 to 70 in 2010). We observed a female predilection (57.45%), and ages ranged between 3 and 94 years, with a mean age of 55 years. 48 patients had more than one primary lesion. The predominant topography was the trunk, both in males (40.86%) and females (40.08%). Although we found apparent epidemiological similarity between the cases of both institutions, the large difference in the number of patients makes the comparison difficult, since 337 out of 369 patients came from the oncology center. To date, 9 patients (2.01%) presented with unfavorable evolutions, all adults (31-80 years) with primary head, neck, or feet involvement. Of these nine, five had local recurrence, three evolved with regional metastasis, and one of them developed distant metastases. Disease-free survival (DFS) ranged from 6-121 months, averaging 48 months: 46 months in cases with local recurrence and 51 in cases with metastases (Table 1). Among these nine cases, two of them had more than one primary lesion: in case 148, two melanomas in situ were simultaneously removed from the right and left feet. In case 441, a melanoma in situ on the left arm had been previously diagnosed. We observed regression in late-stage lesion in one of the nine cases; adnexotropism in 4; and one of them showed expansive junctional nests (Figure 1). The topographic distribution of lesions in women (mostly on the trunk) differs from that found in the literature.^4,5 We highlight the occurrence of 9 patients with unfavorable evolution, in which the regression had no significant role. Tropism for adnexal structures was found in 44.5% of cases (this finding was observed in 31.9% of cases with favorable outcome), and junctional expansive nests in one case.^6,7 Among the cases of melanoma in situ with an unfavorable evolution, it seems that adnexotropism contributes to this behavior, as regression and junctional expansive nests were isolated findings. However, the evaluation of more cases is needed to better understand the evolutionary processes of the disease and to reduce morbidity and mortality rates.

Figure 1
Case No. 112 – Melanoma in situ with extensive tropism for adnexal structures that developed regional metastasis. Case No. 294 – Melanoma in situ with expansive junctional nests; the case presented local recurrence.

Table 1
Key demographic and histopathological findings of nine melanomas in situ with unfavorable evolution

Case	Sex	Age	Topography	Histological Type	Inflammatory	Expansive	Anexotropism	Regression	Evolution	Dfs
No.					Infiltrate	Nests
108	Male	76	Head & Neck	Lentigo Maligna	Inactive	Absent	Absent	Absent	Recurrence	27 Months
112	Female	60	Head & Neck	Extensive Superficial	Inactive	Absent	Present	Absent	Regional Metastasis	50 Months
148	Female	40	Lower Limb	Acral Lentiginous	Active	Absent	Absent	Absent	Recurrence	61 Months
158	Male	55	Head & Neck	Extensive Superficial	Active	Absent	Present	Absent	Regional Metastasis	129 Months
191	Female	68	Lower Limb	Acral Lentiginous	Inactive	Absent	Absent	Late Stage	Regional Metastasis	20 Months
248	Male	65	Head & Neck	Lentigo Maligna	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Recurrence	31 Months
294	Male	80	Head & Neck	Extensive Superficial	Active	Present	Present	Early Stage	Recurrence	61 Months
329	Female	31	Head & Neck	Extensive Superficial	Active	Absent	Absent	Absent	Distant Metastasis	6 Months
441	Female	74	Head & Neck	Lentigo Maligna	Inactive	Absent	Present	Absent	Recurrence	50 Months

• Financial support: none
• *
  Work performed at Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA) and Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) – Niterói (RJ), Brazil.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Mar-Apr 2017

History

• Received
  11 Sept 2015
• Accepted
  19 Feb 2016