Grade III hand-foot skin reaction induced by sorafenib^*

Dear Editor:

Human cancer rates have increased in the last years. Although the effects of current treatment methods unfortunately include mutilation (surgery), radiation (radiotherapy), and poisoning of the body (chemotherapy), they remain the most effective weapons to fight the disease.

Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor that targets Raf, vascular endothelial growth factor family (VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3), platelet-derived growth factor-β, Flt-3, and c-Kit, inhibiting molecular pathogenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor cell proliferation. Although it represents the standardized treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma nowadays, a number of case reports on its side effects have been published. Recent guidelines of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) recommend sorafenib as the first-line therapy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.¹

Unfortunately, as with other cytostatic drugs, side effects are often associated with this drug. Hand-foot syndrome has been previously reported as an adverse event during sorafenib therapy. For example, in a recent Chinese study, 68.7% of 83 patients treated with sorafenib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma developed hand-foot syndrome. In a Japanese study, 45.0% of 241 patients diagnosed with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma developed this syndrome.^2,3

We present the case of a 78-year-old female patient diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma who was referred to our dermatology unit due to intense redness and pain on both palms, discrete desquamation and more severe clinical complaints on the feet (Figure 1). The lesions were stationary and limited to the palms and feet. The patient reported no other drug intake or allergic background. No pruritus was reported.

Figure 1
Intense erythema on the right hand (a) and right foot (b) and desquamation on the right foot accompanied by invalidating pain

Patient medication included Sorafenib at 400 mg twice daily, started 6 weeks prior to present consultation.

The patient refused biopsy for histopathological evaluation.

We tried topical steroids and urea 10% cream to improve the symptoms, but achieved no results after one month of continuous topical therapy. Despite the uncomfortable dermatological problems, the patient was advised to continue with sorafenib chemotherapy.

The list of sorafenib-related adverse reactions is long and gets even longer with new reports including hand-foot syndrome.⁴ It has been classified into 3 grades based on clinical features:⁵

• Grade I: slight erythema and swelling with minimal dysesthesia;

• Grade II: pain is present along with other clinical changes and interferes with daily life;

• Grade III: blistering, desquamation and even ulceration accompanied by extremely severe pain.

Although the exact mechanism of these adverse reactions is still unclear, some possible explanations could be the pressure exerted on palms and feet and secondary increased blood flow to these areas. Therefore, the side effect is not an allergic reaction to a culprit drug.

The present case is a typical grade 3 hand-foot syndrome related to sorafenib treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

Skin toxicity related to sorafenib has a great impact on the patients’ quality of life and represents a challenge in oncology practice. Patient reassurance is crucial to avoid chemotherapy abandonment.

• *
  Work performed at the Apollonia University, Department of Dermatology - Iasi, Romania
• Financial support: None.

REFERENCES

• ¹
  European Association For The Study Of The Liver; European Organisation For Research And Treatment Of Cancer. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012;56:908-43.
• ²
  Zheng Y, Wang F, Wu G, Zhang L, Wang Y, Wang Z, et al. The Relationship Between the Adverse Events and Efficacy of Sorafenib in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Study from Northwest China. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e2222.
• ³
  Arizumi T, Ueshima K, Iwanishi M, Chishina H, Kono M, Takita M, et al. Real-Life Clinical Practice with Sorafenib in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Single-Center Experience Second Analysis. Dig Dis. 2015;33:728-34.
• ⁴
  Anderson RT, Keating KN, Doll HA, Camacho F. The Hand-Foot Skin Reaction and Quality of Life Questionnaire: An Assessment Tool for Oncology. Oncologist. 2015;20:831-8.
• ⁵
  Lai SE, Kuzel T, Lacouture ME. Hand-foot and stump syndrome to sorafenib. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:341-3.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jul-Aug 2017

History

• Received
  23 Oct 2016
• Accepted
  14 Jan 2017