Case for diagnosis. Sclerodermiform manifestations of porphyria cutanea tarda secondary to hepatitis C^*

Abstract:

A 63-year-old black female patient with blisters and exulcerations on the face, neck, upper limbs, and subsequent evolution with hypochromic sclerotic areas and alopecia, is reported. Chronic hepatitis C and presence of high levels of porphyrins in urine were demonstrated. There was complete remission with the use of hydroxychloroquine, photoprotection, and treatment of hepatitis. Significant sclerodermoid involvement of the skin as a manifestation of porphyria cutanea tarda secondary to hepatitis C emphasizes the importance of diagnostic suspicion regarding skin manifestation in order to indicate the appropriate therapy, and to minimize the hepatic morbidity.

Keywords:
Scleroderma, localized;Hepatitis C; Porphyria cutanea tarda; Porphyrias; Porphyrias, hepatic

CASE REPORT

A 63-year-old female patient reported blisters on the face, neck, upper, and lower limbs, which exuded and evolved as hypochromias and sclerotic areas one year ago, with no therapeutic response to topical corticosteroid therapy and phototherapy (NBUVB).

There were exulcerations and hypochromic sclerotic plaques on the face, cervical region, upper, and lower limbs, as well as areas of frontal, temporal, and occipital alopecia (Figures 1 and 2). There was restriction on wrist movement and oral opening. She did not report Raynauld’s phenomenon or dysphagia, and nailfold capillaroscopy was normal.

Figure 1
A. Diffuse sclerotic hypochromic plaques on the face with alopecia. B. Detail of the dyschromic alte rations, exulcerated lesion on the forehead, alopecia of the eyebrows and temporal margins

Figure 2
A. Sclerotic hypochromic plaques in the upper limbs. B. Detail of dyschromic sclerotic plaque, desquamation, and exulcerated lesion on the back of the hand

There was increase in hepatic enzymes (TGO 74 U/L - reference < 36 U/L, TGP 93 U/L - reference < 52 U/L), anemia (hemoglobin 10.8g/dL), and anti-HCV was positive. The other biochemical tests were normal, and anti-HIV was negative. The histopathological examination revealed upper dermis edema and thickened collagen bundles. The urinary porphyrin analysis was positive and there was reddish fluorescence in urine exposed to Wood’s light (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Pink-reddish fluorescence of urine exposed to Wood’s light (left) compared to control urine (right)

DISCUSSION

In addition to the different clinical forms of cutaneous scleroderma, sclerodermiform disorders may be secondary to graft versus host disease, drugs, silica exposure, porphyrias, silicone implants, paraneoplastic manifestations, and chronic infections.^1-7

The authors reported a case of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) - or chronic hepatic porphyria, with sclerodermiform lesions, secondary to chronic hepatitis C virus, with significant involvement of photoexposed areas (face and upper limbs).⁶ The evolution of PCT with cutaneous sclerodermoid lesions and alopecia is uncommon, and is due to the delay in diagnosis.⁸

The diagnosis of PCT is given by clinical, histopathology, and porphyrin analysis. In sclerodermiform lesions, sclerosis of the dermis is caused by an increase in collagen I, and the inflammatory infiltrate has prominent mast cells. In this case, the histopathological examination was not conclusive.

Treatment consists of identifying and suspending the triggering factor, associated with specific therapy: phlebotomy and antimalarials.

Phlebotomy promotes reduction of excess iron stocks, characteristic of porphyrias. In patients with concomitant HCV infection, phlebotomy has an additional benefit since iron reduction improves liver inflammation and response to interferon therapy. In this case, anemia contraindicated phlebotomy.

To minimize hepatotoxicity, antimalarials are used in low doses. These drugs have good results for remission of the cutaneous condition by the increase of hepatic excretion of porphyrins.

Oral antivirals for the treatment of HCV infection are the curative strategy in these situations.⁹ In the present case, the use of hydroxychloroquine (400mg 3×/week), photoprotection, and treatment for hepatitis C with sofosbuvir and daclatasvir evolved with complete repigmentation of the lesions, reversion of alopecia, reduction of sclerosis, and normalization of porphyrins after 12 months of follow-up (Figure 4).

Figure 4
Clinical picture, indicating remission after treatment with hydroxychloro quine, photoprotection, and cure of hepatitis C

In six cases of sclerodermiform PCT in France, all patients were female, older than 45 years, five had alopecia and one, bullous lesions, two had hepatitis C, and only one had hemochromatosis.¹⁰

Dermatologists should be aware of the atypical manifestations of PCT as well as the identification of hepatitis C in order to indicate appropriate therapy and minimize liver morbidity.

• *
  Study conducted at the Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
• Financial support: None.

REFERENCES

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  17 Oct 2019
• Date of issue
  Jul-Aug 2019

History

• Received
  06 Aug 2018
• Accepted
  06 Nov 2018