Melasma is hypermelanosis that affects photoexposed areas, especially in adult women, with a significant impact on quality of life by affecting visible areas and being recurrent, despite treatments. Its pathophysiology is not yet fully understood, but it results from the interaction between exposure factors (e.g., solar radiation and sex hormones) and genetic predisposition. Several dermal stimuli have been identified in the maintenance of melanogenesis in melasma, including the activity of fibroblasts, endothelium and mast cells, which promote elastonization of collagen, structural damage to the basement membrane, the release of growth factors (e.g., sSCF, bFGF, NGF, HGF) and inflammatory mediators (e.g., ET1, IL1, VEGF, TGFb).11 Esposito ACC, Brianezi G, Souza NP, Miot LDB, Miot HA. Exploratory study of epidermis, basement membrane zone, upper dermis alterations and wnt pathway activation in melasma compared to adjacent and retroauricular skin. Ann Dermatol. 2020;32:101–8., 22 Lee AY. Recent progress in melasma pathogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2015;28:648–60., 33 Esposito ACC, Brianezi G, Souza NP, Miot LDB, Marques MEA, Miot HA. Exploring pathways for sustained melanogenesis in facial melasma: an immunofluorescence study. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2018;40:420–4.
This study aimed to explore differentially exposed proteins in melasma skin when compared to adjacent, unaffected, photoexposed skin.
A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 20 women with facial melasma, without specific treatments for 30 days. Two biopsies were performed (by the same researcher), one at the edge of facial melasma and another on unaffected skin, 2 cm away from the first, as previously standardized.11 Esposito ACC, Brianezi G, Souza NP, Miot LDB, Miot HA. Exploratory study of epidermis, basement membrane zone, upper dermis alterations and wnt pathway activation in melasma compared to adjacent and retroauricular skin. Ann Dermatol. 2020;32:101–8., 33 Esposito ACC, Brianezi G, Souza NP, Miot LDB, Marques MEA, Miot HA. Exploring pathways for sustained melanogenesis in facial melasma: an immunofluorescence study. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2018;40:420–4. The mechanical extraction of proteins was performed, followed by their enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry. The project was approved by the institutional ethics committee (n. 1, 411, 931).
The samples were analyzed in duplicate in the nanoACQUITY-UPLC system coupled to a Xevo-Q-TOF-G2 mass spectrometer, and the results were processed with the ProteinLynx Global Server 3.03v software. The proteins were identified using the ion-counting algorithm, whose spectral patterns were searched in the Homo sapiens database, in the UniProt catalog (https://www.uniprot.org/).
All identified proteins with >95% similarity were included in the analysis. The intensities of the ion peaks were normalized, scaled and compared between topographies by a Bayesian algorithm (Monte Carlo method), which returns a value of p ≤ 0.05 for down-regulated proteins and >0.95 for up-regulated proteins, corrected by the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.44 Knight JM, Ivanov I, Dougherty ER. MCMC implementation of the optimal Bayesian classifier for non-Gaussian models: model-based RNA-Seq classification. BMC Bioinformatics. 2014;15:401.
The main outcome of the study was the difference between the intensities of the ionic peaks of the proteins (Melasma: M, Perilesional: P). The effect size was estimated by the ratio of these amounts between topographies (M/P). Proteins with an M/P ratio of ≤0.5 or ≥2.0 were considered in this study.
The identified proteins and their biological functions were diagrammed in a heat map and grouped using the cluster procedure (Ward method).
The mean age (standard deviation) of the patients was 42.8 (8.9) years old, 70% were phototypes III–IV and 25% worked in professions in which they were exposed to the sun. The age of melasma onset was 29.3 (7.5) years; 55% of the women reported a family history and 30% used contraceptives.
A total of 256 proteins were validated in the skin samples, and the 29 proteins differentially quantified between the topographies are shown in Table 1. The greatest discrepancies occurred for proteins HBD, EXPH5, KRT1, KRT9, REV3L (M/S > 4, 00); and ACAP9, ADGB, CA1 (M/S < 0.33).
Proteins and isoforms identified in samples of facial melasma (M) and adjacent photoexposed (P) skin (n = 40) with the difference between the groups (p < 0.05 or >0.95) and M/P ratio >2.0 or <0.5.
The main biological functions of these proteins are shown in Table 2. Fig. 1 represents the interaction between the 29 proteins and their biological functions. Proteins ACTG1, ALB, SERPINA1, HBD, ALDOA, and FGG showed to be coparticipants in different biological processes, such as oxygen consumption, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and cell transport, suggesting an increase in the metabolic activity of the skin with melasma.
Heat map and dendrograms between identified proteins (rows) and biological functions (columns). Green highlights: grouping of proteins with a similar pattern of occurrence according to the functions they perform; and in red: the functions with a similar expression pattern, according to the indicated proteins.
Main functional pathways associated with the 29 proteins identified as differentials between melasma and perilesional skin.
Exophyllin-5 (EXPH5) is linked to intracellular vesicle transport. It was up-regulated (M/S = 8.94) in melasma, which may be due to the intense epidermal transfer of melanosomes.11 Esposito ACC, Brianezi G, Souza NP, Miot LDB, Miot HA. Exploratory study of epidermis, basement membrane zone, upper dermis alterations and wnt pathway activation in melasma compared to adjacent and retroauricular skin. Ann Dermatol. 2020;32:101–8. Thirteen of the proteins differentially identified in melasma have been linked to intracellular transport phenomena, which comprise a series of processes ranging from endocytosis to autophagy and several forms of exocytosis. As autophagy and senescence are melanogenesis-related phenomena, characterization of transport vesicles in the melasma epithelium may prove to be important in the pathophysiology of melasma.55 Esposito ACC, Souza NP, Miot LDB, Miot HA. Deficit in autophagy: a possible mechanism involved in melanocyte hyperfunction in melasma. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2021:1–3., 66 Kim M, Kim SM, Kwon S, Park TJ, Kang HY. Senescent fibroblasts in melasma pathophysiology. Exp Dermatol. 2019;28:719–22.
Cytokeratins (such as KRT1) are structural constituents of keratinocytes induced in response to oxidative stress. They were identified in greater proportion in melasma (M/S > 4.10). Hemoglobin-δ (but not the other subunits) showed a high ratio (M/S = 33.12) in melasma, and, in addition to oxygen transport, its non-erythrocytic expression occurs in situations of cell stress.77 Saha D, Patgaonkar M, Shroff A, Ayyar K, Bashir T Reddy KV. Hemoglobin expression in nonerythroid cells: novel or ubiquitous? Int J Inflam. 2014;2014:803237. Likewise, up-regulation of alpha 1-antitrypsin (SERPINA1) and actin gamma-1 (ACTG1) is also seen in tissue stress conditions.88 Reiss MJ, Han YP, Garner WL. Alpha1-antichymotrypsin activity correlates with and may modulate matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human acute wounds. Wound Repair Regen. 2009;17:418–26., 99 Dong X, Han Y Sun Z, Xu J. Actin Gamma 1, a new skin cancer pathogenic gene, identified by the biological feature-based classification. J Cell Biochem. 2018;119:1406–19. The higher expressions of HBD, ACTG1, SERPINA1, and KRT1 in melasma may be due to oxidative stress sustained by mast cell tryptase activity and the secretory phenotype of upper dermis fibroblasts.33 Esposito ACC, Brianezi G, Souza NP, Miot LDB, Marques MEA, Miot HA. Exploring pathways for sustained melanogenesis in facial melasma: an immunofluorescence study. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2018;40:420–4., 66 Kim M, Kim SM, Kwon S, Park TJ, Kang HY. Senescent fibroblasts in melasma pathophysiology. Exp Dermatol. 2019;28:719–22.
Carbonic anhydrase (CA1) acidifies the extracellular environment of the dermis, favoring the repair process, being down-regulated (M/S < 0.33) in melasma.1010 Barker H, Aaltonen M, Pan P, Vähätupa M, Kaipiainen P, May U, et al. Role of carbonic anhydrases in skin wound healing. Exp Mol Med. 2017;49:e334. The senescence of dermal fibroblasts, associated with the activity of MMP1 and MMP9, promotes a pro-inflammatory microenvironment with degradation of the extracellular matrix and the basement membrane zone, the repair deficit of which may be a factor in the maintenance of melanogenesis.11 Esposito ACC, Brianezi G, Souza NP, Miot LDB, Miot HA. Exploratory study of epidermis, basement membrane zone, upper dermis alterations and wnt pathway activation in melasma compared to adjacent and retroauricular skin. Ann Dermatol. 2020;32:101–8., 66 Kim M, Kim SM, Kwon S, Park TJ, Kang HY. Senescent fibroblasts in melasma pathophysiology. Exp Dermatol. 2019;28:719–22.
Androglobin (ADGB) has a cysteine-endopeptidase regulatory function, being identified in a lower ratio (M/S < 0.33) in melasma. Endopeptidases participate in the degradation of melanosomes in the epidermis, notably reduced in melasma.
The alpha-kinase anchor proteins (ANCHOR9, ANCHOR13) and the z-catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase (REV3L) showed an imbalance in the skin with melasma. They are important in the regulation of protein kinase-A and the p38-MAP kinase pathway, involved in the activation of the CREB protein, which leads to the expression of MTIF, a promoter of melanogenesis.33 Esposito ACC, Brianezi G, Souza NP, Miot LDB, Marques MEA, Miot HA. Exploring pathways for sustained melanogenesis in facial melasma: an immunofluorescence study. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2018;40:420–4.
Aldolase-A (ALDOA) has a glycolytic function and is associated with the activity of mast cells, which, in the superficial dermis, promote changes in the basement membrane, solar elastosis, and endothelial dilation, reinforcing the idea that stimuli originating in the dermis play a central role in the melanogenesis of melasma.22 Lee AY. Recent progress in melasma pathogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2015;28:648–60., 33 Esposito ACC, Brianezi G, Souza NP, Miot LDB, Marques MEA, Miot HA. Exploring pathways for sustained melanogenesis in facial melasma: an immunofluorescence study. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2018;40:420–4.
Fibrinogen-7 (FFG) is an extracellular matrix protein, and interacts in several biological functions, including fibrinolysis, fibrinogen activation and activation of the ERK pathway, a promoter of melanogenesis.
The main limitations of the study are related to transmembrane, serum and lipid-conjugated proteins, which are not identified by the method. However, it consistently points to a number of proteins with a pathophysiological role and potential therapeutic manipulation of which should be explored in specific assays.
In conclusion, the study identified 29 differentially regulated proteins in melasma, involved in energy metabolism, cell transport phenomena, regulation of melanogenesis pathways, hemostasis/coagulation, repair/healing, and response to oxidative stress. This supports the research of therapeutic strategies aimed at the identified proteins and their functions and shows that melasma does not depend exclusively on the hyperfunction of melanocytes but also on functional alterations involving the epidermal melanin unit, basement membrane zone and upper dermis.
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Financial supportFUNADERSP (048/2016).
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★
Study conducted at the Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil and Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peçonhentos, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
References
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1Esposito ACC, Brianezi G, Souza NP, Miot LDB, Miot HA. Exploratory study of epidermis, basement membrane zone, upper dermis alterations and wnt pathway activation in melasma compared to adjacent and retroauricular skin. Ann Dermatol. 2020;32:101–8.
-
2Lee AY. Recent progress in melasma pathogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2015;28:648–60.
-
3Esposito ACC, Brianezi G, Souza NP, Miot LDB, Marques MEA, Miot HA. Exploring pathways for sustained melanogenesis in facial melasma: an immunofluorescence study. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2018;40:420–4.
-
4Knight JM, Ivanov I, Dougherty ER. MCMC implementation of the optimal Bayesian classifier for non-Gaussian models: model-based RNA-Seq classification. BMC Bioinformatics. 2014;15:401.
-
5Esposito ACC, Souza NP, Miot LDB, Miot HA. Deficit in autophagy: a possible mechanism involved in melanocyte hyperfunction in melasma. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2021:1–3.
-
6Kim M, Kim SM, Kwon S, Park TJ, Kang HY. Senescent fibroblasts in melasma pathophysiology. Exp Dermatol. 2019;28:719–22.
-
7Saha D, Patgaonkar M, Shroff A, Ayyar K, Bashir T Reddy KV. Hemoglobin expression in nonerythroid cells: novel or ubiquitous? Int J Inflam. 2014;2014:803237.
-
8Reiss MJ, Han YP, Garner WL. Alpha1-antichymotrypsin activity correlates with and may modulate matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human acute wounds. Wound Repair Regen. 2009;17:418–26.
-
9Dong X, Han Y Sun Z, Xu J. Actin Gamma 1, a new skin cancer pathogenic gene, identified by the biological feature-based classification. J Cell Biochem. 2018;119:1406–19.
-
10Barker H, Aaltonen M, Pan P, Vähätupa M, Kaipiainen P, May U, et al. Role of carbonic anhydrases in skin wound healing. Exp Mol Med. 2017;49:e334.
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
14 Nov 2022 -
Date of issue
Nov-Dec 2022
History
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Received
19 Apr 2021 -
Accepted
01 June 2021 -
Published
10 Sept 2022
