Extensive micropustular Tinea capitis in an adult caused by Trichophyton verrucosum with evolution to Kerion Celsi^*

Dear Editor,

Tinea capitis is a fungal infection that affects mainly school-age children and can present different degrees of inflammation, with the inflammatory type known as Kerion Celsi being the most severe of all. Among the etiological agents causing this infection, Trichophyton verrucosum is an ectothrix zoophilic dermatophyte, commonly found in cattle, especially in young cattle, but rarely associated with cases of tinea capitis in human beings - especially in adults.¹

Trichophyton verrucosum infection is almost invariably transmitted through contact with infected cattle. Despite the large herd of cattle in the country and reports of infection in these animals caused by this dermatophyte, there have been few reports in Brazil of tinea capitis in humans caused by Trichophyton verrucosum. The majority of the reported cases in humans come from Europe and Asia.

A 64-year-old immunocompetent patient, working in the rural environment, presented follicular pustules in the temporo-occipital region, which extended through almost the entire scalp (Fig. 1A). No hyphae were found in two microbiological examinations, only cocci, with negative bacterial and fungal cultures. He was on antibiotics (clindamycin and ceftriaxone) with no response. After ten days, lesions suggestive of kerion celsi appeared in the initial area (Fig. 1B). A third direct mycological examination demonstrated hyphae (Fig. 2A) and the culture identified Trichophyton verrucosum (Fig. 2B), with ocher-colored colonies, which grew at 37 °C and microscopically showed the characteristic rounded chlamydoconidia in strings (Fig. 2C). Scanning electron microscopy of a colony was performed and chain chlamydoconidia were also identified through this technique (Fig. 3).

Figure 1
(A) Clinical aspect with follicular pustules. (B) Slightly vegetative area with pustules and crusts.

Figure 2
(A) Direct mycological examination with hyphae. (B) Culture examination with ocher-colored colonies. (C) Microscopic aspect of the culture with hyphae and rounded chlamydoconidia in strings (arrows).

Figure 3
Scanning electron microscopy - (A) Low magnification showing filaments (×250). (B) Medium magnification showing rounded chlamydoconidia (arrows; ×1,400). (C‒D) High magnification detail of chlamydoconidia (×4.500 and ×7.000).

Therapy with terbinafine 250 mg a day was implemented for five weeks, followed by resolution of the condition, leaving residual erythema and alopecia (Fig. 4).

Figure 4
Clinical aspect after treatment: (A) with residual erythema; (B) with residual alopecia.

In Brazil, there have been rare reports of this agent, more frequently in the northeastern region, with 7.55% of cases in a publication of 82 patients with tinea capitis. In this series, 80% of the cases occurred before the age of 20.² In a publication from Manaus, Amazonas, with 115 cases of tinea capitis, T. verrucosum was not identified in any of them.³ In a case series from Botucatu, São Paulo, with 364 positive culture tests for tinea capitis, T. verrucosum was not identified, either.⁴ From the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, there is a report of an average prevalence of this agent in around 1.4% of cases of tinea capitis.⁵ The reference laboratory for mycology in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul has identified only three cases in 60 years, including the one reported herein, demonstrating the rarity of this etiological agent.⁶

In rural Ethiopia, the percentage of cases caused by T. verrucosum is much higher, reaching almost 30%,⁷ in contrast to information from other parts of the world, where there have been sporadic reports.⁸,⁹

A study of 313 bovines, also from the region of the case reported herein, identified T. verrucosum in 95.8% of cattle with lesions suggestive of dermatophytosis, demonstrating its veterinary relevance. This study identified the agent in two animals (1,2%) with normal skin. It is noteworthy that it predominates in animals under six months of age, and just like human tinea capitis, it is rare in adult cattle. This high prevalence in animals suggests low infectivity of the agent for humans. Spontaneous cure has been reported, indicating the difficulty of T. verrucosum to develop in the non-ideal host.⁶

There are reports of difficulty in identifying the agent,⁸ as happened in this case, and it should be noted that it grows slowly and at a higher temperature than other dermatophytes and must be cultured in an incubator and not at room temperature.¹,⁶

This condition can be considered an occupational dermatosis.⁸,¹⁰

This case is peculiar due to the patients age group, the initial clinical presentation with micropustules, and the rarity of the etiological agent.

• Financial support
  None declared.

References

• ¹
  Silveira ES, Nobre MO, Souza LL, Faria RO, Cleff, MB, Meireles MCA. Trichophyton verrucosum em bovinos com pele hígida e com lesões [Trichophyton verrucosum in bovine with skin healthy and with lesions]. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 2018;31:45-9.
• ²
  Aquino PMLP, Lima EO, Farias NMP. Tinea capitis em João Pessoa: visão socioeconômica [Tinea Capitis in João Pessoa: a social and economic view]. An Bras Dermatol 2003;78:713-7.
• ³
  Furtado MSS, Ihara LT, Maroja MF. Tinea capitis na cidade de Manaus - AM [Tinea capitis in the city of Manaus - AM]. An Bras Dermatol 1985;60:315-8.
• ⁴
  Marques SA, Camargo RMP, Fares AHG, Takashi RM, Stolf HO. Tinea capitis: epidemiological and ecological aspects of cases observed from 1983 to 2003 in the Botucatu Medical School, state of São Paulo-Brazil. An Bras Dermatol 2005;80:597-602.
• ⁵
  Londero AT, Ramos CD. Agentes de dermatofitoses humanas no interior do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul no período 1960-1987 [Human dermatophytosis agents in the hinterland of the state of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil, 1960-1987]. An Bras Dermatol. 1989;64:161-4.
• ⁶
  Costa LRK. Trychophyton verrucosum em parasitismo humano. An Bras Dermatol 1969;44:39-42.
• ⁷
  Pérez-Tanoira R, Marín I, Berbegal L, Prieto-Pérez L, Tisiano G, Cuadros J, et al. Mycological profile of tinea capitis in schoolchildren in rural southern Ethiopia. Med Mycol. 2017;55:262-8.
• ⁸
  Schumny U, Wiegand C, Hipler UC, Darr-Foit S, Peckruhn M, Uhrlaß S, et al. Berufliche Infektion mit Trichophyton verrucosum bei einem Rinderzüchter [Occupational Trichophyton verrucosum infection in a cattle farmer]. Hautarzt. 2020;71:899-902.
• ⁹
  Maslen MM. Human cases of cattle ringworm due to Trichophyton verrucosum in Victoria, Australia. Australas J Dermatol. 2000;41:90-4.
• ¹⁰
  Ming PX, Ti YL, Bulmer GS. Outbreak of Trichophyton verrucosum in China transmitted from cows to humans. Mycopathologia. 2006;161:225-8.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  15 Apr 2024
• Date of issue
  Mar-Apr 2024

History

• Received
  11 Mar 2023
• Accepted
  06 Apr 2023