The hydromedusae and water masses of the Indian Ocean

Navas-Pereira, Denise; Vannucci, Marta

doi:10.1590/S0373-55241991000100003

Abstracts

This analysis of distribution and abundance of species of Hydromedusae completes a report (Vannucci & Navas, 1973b) on the ecology of Indian Ocean Hydromedusae based on the zooplankton collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE). Distribution and abundance are taken here to be the ecological expression of variability of species in space and time. The aim was to identify the biological signature of below surface water masses that cannot be identified by remote sensing techniques. Selected species were taken as biological units, the oceanic water masses as defined by their T-S and T-O2 diagrammes were taken as the non biological units. Taken together they define different ecosystems of the Indian Ocean. About 45,000 specimens of hydromedusae taken at 480 stations were sorted from 900 plankton samples and all specimens were determined and counted. Several hauls, mostly stratified, were taken with closing nets, but not all contained hydromedusae. The distribution of each species was studied in relation to water salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen; the limits of ecological tolerance and preference were defined by the environmental characteristics of the layers sampled by the nets and are given for each species. These can be grouped as follows: 1. Deep water species, cold tolerant, often eurytopic; 2. Antarctic species, cold loving, usually stenothermal with preference for low salinity; 3. Indian Ocean Central Water species, with preference for temperature lower than 19ºC and salinity not much higher than 35%o, usually found at sub-surface or intermediate depths, they may spread into the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal in surface layers; 4. Indian Ocean Equatorial System species, warm tolerant, usually prefer comparatively low salinity, high temperature and high oxygen content; 5. Bay of Bengal Surface Water species, found in surface layers of the Bay, with preference for low salinity, high temperature and high oxygen content; 6. Arabian Sea Surface Water species prefer very high salinity and high temperature; 7. Rare species. Some immigrants from the Mediterranean Sea are described and many species were found to be tolerant of dissolved oxygen content as low as 0.2 ml/1. Numerous individuals of many species were found to agglomerate at boundary layers.

Hydromedusae; Ecological distribution; Water masses; Indian Ocean

Esta análise da distribuição e abundância de hidromedusas é complementar ao relatório sobre a ecologia das hidromedusas do Oceano Índico, baseado no material coletado durante a Expedição Internacional do Oceano Índico. A distribuição e abundância são consideradas como a expressão ecológica da variabilidade espacial e temporal das espécies. O objetivo era identificar a assinatura biológica de massas d'água subsuperficiais, que não podem ser identificadas através de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto. Espécies selecionadas foram consideradas como unidades biológicas, e as massas d'água, definidas pelos seus diagramas T- S e T-O2, como unidades abióticas; em conjunto, definem os diferentes ecossistemas do Oceano Índico. Cerca de 45.000 exemplares de hidromedusas coletados em 480 Estações foram separados de 900 amostras de plâncton, sendo todos contados e examinados. Diversos arrastos, principalmente estratificados, foram efetuados com redes de fechamento, mas nem todos continham hidromedusas. A distribuição de cada espécie foi estudada em relação a salinidade, temperatura e teor de oxigênio dissolvido na água; os limites de tolerância ecológica e preferências foram definidos pelas características ambientais das camadas amostradas pelas redes,sendo dadas para cada espécie. Essas espécies podem ser agrupadas da seguinte forma: 1. Espécies de águas profundas, preferindo baixas temperaturas, geralmente euritópicas; 2. Espécies antárticas, tolerando baixas temperaturas, geralmente estenotérmicas, preferindo baixa salinidade; 3. Espécies da Água Central do Oceano Índico, preferindo temperaturas inferiores a 19ºC e salinidade não muito superior a 35%o, geralmente encontradas em profundidades subsuperficiais ou encontradas em profundidades subsuperficiais ou intermediárias, podendo se dispersar para o Mar Arábico ou para a Baía de Bengala, nas camadas superficiais; 4. Espécies do Sistema Equatorial do Oceano Índico, tolerando temperaturas elevadas, preferem geralmente salinidade relativamente baixa, temperatura e teor de oxigênio elevados; 5. Espécies da Água Superficial da Baía de Bengala, encontradas nas camadas superficiais da Baía, preferindo baixa salinidade, temperatura e teor de oxigênio elevados; 6. Espécies da Água Superficial do Mar Arábico, preferindo alta salinidade e alta temperatura; 7. Espécies raras. Foram descritos alguns imigrantes do Mar Mediterrâneo, e verificou-se que muitas espécies toleram teores de oxigênio dissolvido tão baixos quanto 0.2 ml/l. Muitos indivíduos de diversas espécies costumam aglomerar-se em camadas de discontinuidade entre massas d'água.

Hydromedusas; Distribuição ecológica; Massas d'agua; Oceano Indico

ARTIGOS

The hydromedusae and water masses of the Indian Ocean

Denise Navas-Pereira^I; Marta Vannucci^* * Present address: Rua Flórida, 1133 - apto. 84 (CEP 04565, São Paulo, SP)

^IDivisão de Análises Hidrobiológicas - CETESB (Av. Professor Frederico Hermann Jr., 345 - CEP 05489, São Paulo, SP)

ABSTRACT

This analysis of distribution and abundance of species of Hydromedusae completes a report (Vannucci & Navas, 1973b) on the ecology of Indian Ocean Hydromedusae based on the zooplankton collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE). Distribution and abundance are taken here to be the ecological expression of variability of species in space and time. The aim was to identify the biological signature of below surface water masses that cannot be identified by remote sensing techniques. Selected species were taken as biological units, the oceanic water masses as defined by their T-S and T-O₂ diagrammes were taken as the non biological units. Taken together they define different ecosystems of the Indian Ocean. About 45,000 specimens of hydromedusae taken at 480 stations were sorted from 900 plankton samples and all specimens were determined and counted. Several hauls, mostly stratified, were taken with closing nets, but not all contained hydromedusae. The distribution of each species was studied in relation to water salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen; the limits of ecological tolerance and preference were defined by the environmental characteristics of the layers sampled by the nets and are given for each species. These can be grouped as follows: 1. Deep water species, cold tolerant, often eurytopic; 2. Antarctic species, cold loving, usually stenothermal with preference for low salinity; 3. Indian Ocean Central Water species, with preference for temperature lower than 19ºC and salinity not much higher than 35%o, usually found at sub-surface or intermediate depths, they may spread into the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal in surface layers; 4. Indian Ocean Equatorial System species, warm tolerant, usually prefer comparatively low salinity, high temperature and high oxygen content; 5. Bay of Bengal Surface Water species, found in surface layers of the Bay, with preference for low salinity, high temperature and high oxygen content; 6. Arabian Sea Surface Water species prefer very high salinity and high temperature; 7. Rare species. Some immigrants from the Mediterranean Sea are described and many species were found to be tolerant of dissolved oxygen content as low as 0.2 ml/1. Numerous individuals of many species were found to agglomerate at boundary layers.

Descriptors: Hydromedusae; Ecological distribution; Water masses; Indian Ocean.

RESUMO

Esta análise da distribuição e abundância de hidromedusas é complementar ao relatório sobre a ecologia das hidromedusas do Oceano Índico, baseado no material coletado durante a Expedição Internacional do Oceano Índico. A distribuição e abundância são consideradas como a expressão ecológica da variabilidade espacial e temporal das espécies. O objetivo era identificar a assinatura biológica de massas d'água subsuperficiais, que não podem ser identificadas através de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto. Espécies selecionadas foram consideradas como unidades biológicas, e as massas d'água, definidas pelos seus diagramas T- S e T-O₂, como unidades abióticas; em conjunto, definem os diferentes ecossistemas do Oceano Índico.

Cerca de 45.000 exemplares de hidromedusas coletados em 480 Estações foram separados de 900 amostras de plâncton, sendo todos contados e examinados. Diversos arrastos, principalmente estratificados, foram efetuados com redes de fechamento, mas nem todos continham hidromedusas. A distribuição de cada espécie foi estudada em relação a salinidade, temperatura e teor de oxigênio dissolvido na água; os limites de tolerância ecológica e preferências foram definidos pelas características ambientais das camadas amostradas pelas redes,sendo dadas para cada espécie. Essas espécies podem ser agrupadas da seguinte forma: 1. Espécies de águas profundas, preferindo baixas temperaturas, geralmente euritópicas; 2. Espécies antárticas, tolerando baixas temperaturas, geralmente estenotérmicas, preferindo baixa salinidade; 3. Espécies da Água Central do Oceano Índico, preferindo temperaturas inferiores a 19ºC e salinidade não muito superior a 35%o, geralmente encontradas em profundidades subsuperficiais ou encontradas em profundidades subsuperficiais ou intermediárias, podendo se dispersar para o Mar Arábico ou para a Baía de Bengala, nas camadas superficiais; 4. Espécies do Sistema Equatorial do Oceano Índico, tolerando temperaturas elevadas, preferem geralmente salinidade relativamente baixa, temperatura e teor de oxigênio elevados; 5. Espécies da Água Superficial da Baía de Bengala, encontradas nas camadas superficiais da Baía, preferindo baixa salinidade, temperatura e teor de oxigênio elevados; 6. Espécies da Água Superficial do Mar Arábico, preferindo alta salinidade e alta temperatura; 7. Espécies raras. Foram descritos alguns imigrantes do Mar Mediterrâneo, e verificou-se que muitas espécies toleram teores de oxigênio dissolvido tão baixos quanto 0.2 ml/l. Muitos indivíduos de diversas espécies costumam aglomerar-se em camadas de discontinuidade entre massas d'água.

Descritores: Hydromedusas; Distribuição ecológica; Massas d'agua; Oceano Indico.

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References

ANONYMOUS. 1963-1965. U.S. Program in Biology: International Indian Ocean Expedition Final Cruise Report, "Anton Bruun" Cruises A-X, Woods Hole Océanographie Institution.

BARY, B. McK. 1963a. Distribution of Atlantic pelagic organisms in relation to surface water bodies. Spec. Pubis R. Soc. Can., (5):51-67.

______ 1963b. Temperature, salinity and plankton in the eastern North Atlantic and coastal waters of Britain, 1957. II. The relationships between species and water bodies. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 20:1031-1065.

BIGELOW, H. B. 1909. Rep. Sci. Res. Exped. Eastern Tropical Pacific U.S. Fish. Comm. Steamer "Albatross", 1904-1905. XVI. Medusae. Mem. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 37:1-243,48 pis.

BIGELOW, H. B. 1940. Medusae of the Templeton Crocker and Eastrern Pacific Zaca Expeditions, 1936-1938. Zoologia, N. Y., 25:281-321.

BROWNE, E. T. 1916. Medusae from the Indian Ocean. Trans. Linn. Soc Lond. (Zool.), 17:169-210.

von BUDDENBROCK, W. 1952. Vergleichende Physiologie, vol. I, Sinnesphysiologie. Basel, Birkenhauser, 504 p.

ECKART-SCHMEDT, H. 1973. Die Hydromedusen (Hydrozoa: Coelenterata) des Roten Meeres und seiner angrenzenden Gebiete. Meteor Forschergebnd. (15):1-35.

FRASER, J. H., 1969. Experimental feeding of some Medusae and Chaetognatha. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 20:1743-1762.

GALLAGHER, J. F. 1966. The variability of water masses in the Indian Ocean. NODC Publ. G-11. Washington, D.C. : 1-74.

GANAPATI, P. N. & NAGABHUSHANAM, R. 1958. Seasonal distribution of the Hydromedusae off the Visakhapatnam coast. Andhra Univ. Mem. Oceanogr., 62(2):91-99.

GAUSE, G.F. 1934. The struggle for existence, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins.

GOY, J. 1979. Méduses. Résuit, scient Camp. Calypso, (11):263-296.

HAECKEL, E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Jena, 360 p., 20 pis.

HARGITT, C. W . 1902. Notes on a few medusae new to Woods Hole. Biol. Bull. mar. bioL Lab., Woods Hole, 4:13-23.

HUTCHINSON, G. E. 1959. Homage to Santa Rosalia or why are there so many kinds of animals. Amer, naturalist., 93:145-159.

KRAMP, P. L. 1928. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914-16. XLIII. Hydromedusae. I. Anthomedusae. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., 85:27-64.

______ 1942. Medusae. The "Godthaab" Expedition 1928. Meddr. Grönland., 81:1-168.

______ 1953. Hydromedusae. Scient. Rep. Gt Barrier Reef Exped., 6:259-322.

______ 1955. The medusae of the tropical west coast of Africa. Atlantide Rep., 3:239-324.

______ 1957. Hydromedusae of the Discovery collections. Discovery Rep., 29:1-128.

KRAMP, P. L. 1959a. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Rep., 46:1-283.

______ 1959b. Some new and little-known Indo-Pacific Medusae. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., 121:223-259.

______ 1961a. Synopsis of the Medusae of the World. J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K., 40:1-469.

______ 1961b. Some Medusae from northern Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 85:197-205.

______ 1962. Medusae of Vietnam. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., 124:305-366.

______ 1965. The Hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Dana Rep., 63:1-161.

______ 1968. The Hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Sections II and III. Dana Rep., 72:1-200.

MAAS, O. 1905. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga Expedition. Siboga Exped., (10):1-85.

MARGALEF, R. 1957. Variación local e interanual en la secuencia de las poblaciones de fitoplancton de red en las aguas superficiales de la costa mediterránea española. Investigación pesq., Barcelona, 9:65-95.

______ 1968. Perspectives in ecological theory. London. University of Chicago Press, 111 p.

______ 1982. Ecología. Barcelona, Ediciones Omega. 951 p.

MAYER, A. G. 1900. Some Medusae from the Tortugas, Florida. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 37:13-82.

______ 1910. Medusae of the World. Publs Carnegie Instn, (109): 3v.

MENON, M. G. K. 1932. The Hydromedusae of Madras. Bull. Madras Govt. Mus. N. S. Nat. Hist. Sect., 3:1-32.

NAIR, K. K. 1951. Medusae of the Trivandrum coast. Parti. Systematics. Bull. Res. Inst. Univ. Travancore, Ser. C, Nat. Set, 2:47-75.

NAUMOV, D.V. 1956. Medusae in the far-eastern waters of the Soviet Union. Trudy probl. temat. Soveshch. zool. Inst.(6):34-41. (In Russian).

NAVAS, D. 1969. Halistaura bruuni sp. nov. (Leptomedusae, Mitrocomidae) with notes on its distribution and ecology. Mar. Biol., 2(4):307-310.

______ 1971. New records of Hydromedusae from the Indian Ocean. Contrações Inst, oceanogr. Univ. S Paulo, ser. Oceanogr. biol., (22):1-33.

NAVAS-PEREIRA, D. 1980. Hydromedusae of the Bay of Sepetiba (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Revtabras. Biol, 40(4):817-824.

______ 1981. Distribuição das hidromedusas (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) na região da plataforma continental do Rio Grande do Sul. In: SEMINÁRIOS DE BIOLOGIA MARINHA, São Paulo, 1980. Rio de Janeiro, Academia Brasileira de Ciências, p.221-276.

______ 1984a. On the morphological variability of Phialucium carolinae (Mayer, 1900) (Leptomedusae, Phialuciidae). Dusenia, 14(2) :51-53.

______ 1984b. New record of budding in Zanclea costata (Anthomedusae, Zancleidae). Dusenia, 14(3):89-93.

______ (in press). Antarctic Hydromedusae and water masses.

PETERSEN, K. W. & VANNUCCI, M. 1960. The life cycle of Koellikerina fasciculate (Anthomedusae, Bougainvillidae). Pubbl. Staz. zool. Napoli, 31:473-492.

SCHMIDT-NIELSEN, K. 1990. Animal physiology, adaptation and environment 4th. ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 602p.

VANHÖFFEN, E. 1913. Die Craspedoten Medusen des "Vettor Pisani". Zoológica, Stuttgart, 67:1-34.

VANNUCCI, M. 1957. On Brazilian Hydromedusae and their distribution in relation to different water masses. Bolm Inst, oceanogr., S Paulo 8:23-109.

______ 1960. On the young stage of Eucheilota duodecimalis (Leptomedusae). Anais Acad. bras. Ciênc, 32:395-397.

______ 1963. On the ecology of Brazilian medusae at 25º Lat S. Bolm Inst, oceanogr., S Paulo, 13:143-184.

VANNUCCI, M. 1966. Total net plankton volume and Hydromedusae from fixed stations in the Gulf of Naples. In: Barnes, H., ed. Some contemporary studies in marine science. London, Allen & Unwin, p. 675-697.

______ & NAVAS, D. 1973a. Distribution of Hydromedusae in the Indian Ocean. In: Zeitschel, B., ed. The biology of the Indian Ocean. Berlin, Springer-Verlag. 549 p.

______ 1973b. On the ecology of Indian Ocean Hydromedusae. IOBC Handbook 5:1-54.

VANNUCCI, M. & SANTHAKUMARI, V. 1971. New records of Hydromedusae from the shelf area off the Kerala coast. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 11(1,2):40-43.

______; SANTHAKUMARI, V. & SANTOS, E. P. dos 1970. The ecology of Hydromedusae from the Cochin area. Mar. Biol., 7:49-58.

______ & SOARES-MOREIRA, M. G. B. 1966. Some Hydromedusae from the Gulf of Naples, with description of a new genus and species. Pubbl. Staz. zool. Napoli, 35:7-12.

VINOGRADOV, M. E. & VORONINA, N. M. 1962. Influence of the oxygen deficit in the distribution of plankton in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 9:523-530.

VOLTERRA, V. 1926. Variazioni e fluttuazioni del numero d'individui di specie animali conviventi. Memorie Accad. Lincei, Roma, 2:31-113.

(Received 08-Jan-91; accepted 13-Jun-91)

ANONYMOUS. 1963-1965. U.S. Program in Biology: International Indian Ocean Expedition Final Cruise Report, "Anton Bruun" Cruises A-X, Woods Hole Océanographie Institution.
BARY, B. McK. 1963a. Distribution of Atlantic pelagic organisms in relation to surface water bodies. Spec. Pubis R. Soc. Can., (5):51-67.
______ 1963b. Temperature, salinity and plankton in the eastern North Atlantic and coastal waters of Britain, 1957. II. The relationships between species and water bodies. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 20:1031-1065.
BIGELOW, H. B. 1909. Rep. Sci. Res. Exped. Eastern Tropical Pacific U.S. Fish. Comm. Steamer "Albatross", 1904-1905. XVI. Medusae. Mem. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 37:1-243,48 pis.
BIGELOW, H. B. 1940. Medusae of the Templeton Crocker and Eastrern Pacific Zaca Expeditions, 1936-1938. Zoologia, N. Y., 25:281-321.
BROWNE, E. T. 1916. Medusae from the Indian Ocean. Trans. Linn. Soc Lond. (Zool.), 17:169-210.
von BUDDENBROCK, W. 1952. Vergleichende Physiologie, vol. I, Sinnesphysiologie. Basel, Birkenhauser, 504 p.
ECKART-SCHMEDT, H. 1973. Die Hydromedusen (Hydrozoa: Coelenterata) des Roten Meeres und seiner angrenzenden Gebiete. Meteor Forschergebnd. (15):1-35.
FRASER, J. H., 1969. Experimental feeding of some Medusae and Chaetognatha. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 20:1743-1762.
GALLAGHER, J. F. 1966. The variability of water masses in the Indian Ocean. NODC Publ. G-11. Washington, D.C. : 1-74.
GANAPATI, P. N. & NAGABHUSHANAM, R. 1958. Seasonal distribution of the Hydromedusae off the Visakhapatnam coast. Andhra Univ. Mem. Oceanogr., 62(2):91-99.
GAUSE, G.F. 1934. The struggle for existence, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins.
GOY, J. 1979. Méduses. Résuit, scient Camp. Calypso, (11):263-296.
HAECKEL, E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Jena, 360 p., 20 pis.
HARGITT, C. W . 1902. Notes on a few medusae new to Woods Hole. Biol. Bull. mar. bioL Lab., Woods Hole, 4:13-23.
HUTCHINSON, G. E. 1959. Homage to Santa Rosalia or why are there so many kinds of animals. Amer, naturalist., 93:145-159.
KRAMP, P. L. 1928. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914-16. XLIII. Hydromedusae. I. Anthomedusae. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., 85:27-64.
______ 1942. Medusae. The "Godthaab" Expedition 1928. Meddr. Grönland., 81:1-168.
______ 1953. Hydromedusae. Scient. Rep. Gt Barrier Reef Exped., 6:259-322.
______ 1955. The medusae of the tropical west coast of Africa. Atlantide Rep., 3:239-324.
______ 1957. Hydromedusae of the Discovery collections. Discovery Rep., 29:1-128.
KRAMP, P. L. 1959a. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Rep., 46:1-283.
______ 1959b. Some new and little-known Indo-Pacific Medusae. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., 121:223-259.
______ 1961a. Synopsis of the Medusae of the World. J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K., 40:1-469.
______ 1961b. Some Medusae from northern Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 85:197-205.
______ 1962. Medusae of Vietnam. Vidensk. Meddr dansk naturh. Foren., 124:305-366.
______ 1965. The Hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Dana Rep., 63:1-161.
______ 1968. The Hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Sections II and III. Dana Rep., 72:1-200.
MAAS, O. 1905. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga Expedition. Siboga Exped., (10):1-85.
MARGALEF, R. 1957. Variación local e interanual en la secuencia de las poblaciones de fitoplancton de red en las aguas superficiales de la costa mediterránea española. Investigación pesq., Barcelona, 9:65-95.
______ 1968. Perspectives in ecological theory. London. University of Chicago Press, 111 p.
______ 1982. Ecología. Barcelona, Ediciones Omega. 951 p.
MAYER, A. G. 1900. Some Medusae from the Tortugas, Florida. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv., 37:13-82.
______ 1910. Medusae of the World. Publs Carnegie Instn, (109): 3v.
MENON, M. G. K. 1932. The Hydromedusae of Madras. Bull. Madras Govt. Mus. N. S. Nat. Hist. Sect., 3:1-32.
NAIR, K. K. 1951. Medusae of the Trivandrum coast. Parti. Systematics. Bull. Res. Inst. Univ. Travancore, Ser. C, Nat. Set, 2:47-75.
NAUMOV, D.V. 1956. Medusae in the far-eastern waters of the Soviet Union. Trudy probl. temat. Soveshch. zool. Inst.(6):34-41. (In Russian).
NAVAS, D. 1969. Halistaura bruuni sp. nov. (Leptomedusae, Mitrocomidae) with notes on its distribution and ecology. Mar. Biol., 2(4):307-310.
______ 1971. New records of Hydromedusae from the Indian Ocean. Contrações Inst, oceanogr. Univ. S Paulo, ser. Oceanogr. biol., (22):1-33.
NAVAS-PEREIRA, D. 1980. Hydromedusae of the Bay of Sepetiba (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Revtabras. Biol, 40(4):817-824.
______ 1981. Distribuição das hidromedusas (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) na região da plataforma continental do Rio Grande do Sul. In: SEMINÁRIOS DE BIOLOGIA MARINHA, São Paulo, 1980. Rio de Janeiro, Academia Brasileira de Ciências, p.221-276.
______ 1984a. On the morphological variability of Phialucium carolinae (Mayer, 1900) (Leptomedusae, Phialuciidae). Dusenia, 14(2) :51-53.
______ 1984b. New record of budding in Zanclea costata (Anthomedusae, Zancleidae). Dusenia, 14(3):89-93.
______ (in press). Antarctic Hydromedusae and water masses.
PETERSEN, K. W. & VANNUCCI, M. 1960. The life cycle of Koellikerina fasciculate (Anthomedusae, Bougainvillidae). Pubbl. Staz. zool. Napoli, 31:473-492.
SCHMIDT-NIELSEN, K. 1990. Animal physiology, adaptation and environment 4th. ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 602p.
VANHÖFFEN, E. 1913. Die Craspedoten Medusen des "Vettor Pisani". Zoológica, Stuttgart, 67:1-34.
VANNUCCI, M. 1957. On Brazilian Hydromedusae and their distribution in relation to different water masses. Bolm Inst, oceanogr., S Paulo 8:23-109.
______ 1960. On the young stage of Eucheilota duodecimalis (Leptomedusae). Anais Acad. bras. Ciênc, 32:395-397.
______ 1963. On the ecology of Brazilian medusae at 25ş Lat S. Bolm Inst, oceanogr., S Paulo, 13:143-184.
VANNUCCI, M. 1966. Total net plankton volume and Hydromedusae from fixed stations in the Gulf of Naples. In: Barnes, H., ed. Some contemporary studies in marine science. London, Allen & Unwin, p. 675-697.
______ & NAVAS, D. 1973a. Distribution of Hydromedusae in the Indian Ocean. In: Zeitschel, B., ed. The biology of the Indian Ocean. Berlin, Springer-Verlag. 549 p.
______ 1973b. On the ecology of Indian Ocean Hydromedusae. IOBC Handbook 5:1-54.
VANNUCCI, M. & SANTHAKUMARI, V. 1971. New records of Hydromedusae from the shelf area off the Kerala coast. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 11(1,2):40-43.
______; SANTHAKUMARI, V. & SANTOS, E. P. dos 1970. The ecology of Hydromedusae from the Cochin area. Mar. Biol., 7:49-58.
______ & SOARES-MOREIRA, M. G. B. 1966. Some Hydromedusae from the Gulf of Naples, with description of a new genus and species. Pubbl. Staz. zool. Napoli, 35:7-12.
VINOGRADOV, M. E. & VORONINA, N. M. 1962. Influence of the oxygen deficit in the distribution of plankton in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 9:523-530.
VOLTERRA, V. 1926. Variazioni e fluttuazioni del numero d'individui di specie animali conviventi. Memorie Accad. Lincei, Roma, 2:31-113.

*

Present address: Rua Flórida, 1133 - apto. 84 (CEP 04565, São Paulo, SP)

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
15 May 2012
Date of issue
1991

History

Received
08 Jan 1991
Accepted
13 June 1991

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