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Efeitos do uso do hormônio de crescimento em crianças e adolescentes com artrite idiopática juvenil: revisão sistemática

Resumo

Introdução:

Crianças com artrite idiopática juvenil (AIJ) frequentemente apresentam prejuízo no crescimento e baixa estatura. Existem evidências de que o uso terapêutico do hormônio de crescimento (GH) é útil e seguro nesses pacientes.

Objetivo:

Analisar os efeitos do uso de GH em pacientes com AIJ.

Método:

Fez-se revisão sistemática da literatura nos últimos 18 anos, nas bases de dados Medline e Embase. Os critérios foram analisados pelos pesquisadores de forma independente. Usaram-se os seguintes descritores: growth hormone, arthritis, juvenile, arthritis, rheumatoid, child e adolescent.

Resultados:

Entre os 192 artigos identificados, 20 corresponderam aos critérios de inclusão. Foram encontrados 17 estudos longitudinais e três relatos de casos. A maioria dos estudos analisados observou um aumento de crescimento, massa muscular e massa óssea com o uso do GH. Os efeitos adversos observados foram intolerância à glicose, diabetes, deformidades ósseas, osteonecrose, reativação da doença e altura final baixa.

Conclusão:

A maioria dos estudos relatou efeitos positivos após uso terapêutico do GH, porém certa variabilidade na resposta ao tratamento foi observada. A combinação do hormônio de crescimento com outros medicamentos parece ser uma boa opção.

Palavras-chave
Artrite idiopática juvenil; Hormônio de crescimento; Crianças; Adolescentes

Abstract

Introduction:

Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) often have impaired growth and short stature. There is evidence that the therapeutic use of growth hormone (GH) is useful and safe in these patients.

Objective:

To analyze the effects of GH use in patients with JIA.

Method:

A systematic review of the literature over the last 18 years in Medline and Embase databases. The criteria were analyzed independently by the researchers. We used the following keywords: "growth hormone", "arthritis, juvenile", "arthritis, rheumatoid", "child" and "adolescent".

Results:

Among the 192 identified articles, 20 corresponded to the inclusion criteria. Seventeen longitudinal studies and 3 case reports were found. Most studies analyzed observed increased growth, muscle mass and bone mass using GH. Adverse effects observed were glucose intolerance, diabetes, bone deformities, osteonecrosis, reactivation of the disease and low final height.

Conclusion:

The majority of studies reported positive effects after the therapeutic use of GH, but some variability in response to treatment was observed. The combination of growth hormone with other drugs seems to be a good option.

Keywords:
Artrite idiopática juvenil; Hormônio de crescimento; Crianças; Adolescentes

Introdução

A artrite idiopática juvenil (AIJ) é uma doença autoimune e a principal causa de artrite crônica na faixa etária pediátrica, sua incidência anual varia de 2-20 casos/100.000 indivíduos, com uma prevalência de 15-150 casos/100.000 habitantes.11 Thierry S, Fautrel B, Lemelle I, Guillemin F. Prevalence and incidence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic review. Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81:112-7.

Suas principais características são a artrite crônica, pode em alguns casos estar associada ao envolvimento multissistêmico e evoluir para limitações articulares e incapacitação funcional permanente.22 Tugal-Tutkun I, Quartier P, Bodaghi B. Disease of the year: juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis – classification and diagnostic approach. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2014;22:56-63.

O diagnóstico da AIJ é baseado nos critérios da Liga Internacional de Associações para Reumatologia (ILAR) e necessita da presença de artrite em uma mesma articulação em crianças ou adolescentes com idade igual ou inferior a 16 anos, com duração mínima de seis semanas, excluído quando houver outras causas de artrite crônica.33 Petty RE, Southwood TR, Manners P, Baum J, Glass DN, Goldenberg J. International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:390-2. De acordo com a literatura, os subtipos de AIJ mais frequentes são: AIJ oligoarticular (50-60%), AIJ poliarticular (30-35%) e AIJ sistêmica (10-20%).44 Petty R, Southwood T, Baum J, Bhettay E, Glass DN, Manners P, et al. Revision of the proposed classification criteria for juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Durban 1997. J Rheumatol. 1998;25:1991-4.

Crianças com AIJ frequentemente apresentam crescimento inadequado e baixa estatura, esses se relacionam com comprometimento dos órgãos envolvidos, atividade e extensão da doença, nutrição deficiente, má absorção, aumento do catabolismo, complicações associadas, processo inflamatório constante e efeitos do uso de alguns medicamentos, o glicocorticoide é o mais relevante.55 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC. Czernichow linear growth in children suffering from juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy: natural history and effects of growth hormone treatment on linear growth. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001;6:1483-6.

6 Macrae VE, Wong SC, Farquharson C, Ahmed SF. Cytokine actions in growth disorders associated with pediatric chronic inflammatory diseases (review). Int J Mol Med. 2006;18:1011-8.

7 von Scheven E, Corbin KJ, Stagi S, Cimaz R. Glucocorticoid-associated osteoporosis in chronic inflammatory diseases: epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2014;12:289-99.
-88 Stratakis CA. Cortisol and growth hormone: clinical implications of a complex, dynamic relationship. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2006;3:333-8. Vários estudos têm observado melhoria da velocidade de crescimento e da altura em pacientes com AIJ tratados com hormônio de crescimento (GH).55 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC. Czernichow linear growth in children suffering from juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy: natural history and effects of growth hormone treatment on linear growth. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001;6:1483-6.,99 Kim JY, Kim HS, Park SH. Disease flare after 7 year-remission of systemic type juvenile idiopathic arthritis: is growth hormone therapy a culprit or innocent bystander. Int J Rheum. 2015;18:377-8.2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9. Existem diversas indicações do uso de GH aprovadas para tratamento de AIJ, porém o uso desse hormônio pode ocasionar eventos adversos.2626 Denson LA. Growth hormone therapy in children and adolescents: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations and emerging indications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008;4:1569-80. Variabilidades negativas na resposta ao tratamento têm sido observadas em alguns estudos em pacientes AIJ.99 Kim JY, Kim HS, Park SH. Disease flare after 7 year-remission of systemic type juvenile idiopathic arthritis: is growth hormone therapy a culprit or innocent bystander. Int J Rheum. 2015;18:377-8.,1010 Nikishina IP, Rodionovskaya SR, Shapovalenko AN, Filippova LY, Jostareva OM. An experience of sequental use of three biologics and recombinant growth hormone in a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated with unsuccessful outcome of hip damage. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2011;9:143.,1414 Simon D, Prieur AM, Quartier P, Charles Ruiz J, Czernichow P. Early recombinant human growth hormone treatment in glucocorticoid-treated children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a 3-year randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2567-73.,1919 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Effects on growth and body composition of growth hormone treatment in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2492-9.,2020 Al-Mutair A, Bahabri S, Al-Mayouf S, Al-Ashwal A. Efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and growth failure. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000;13:899-905.,2424 Simon D, Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Growth hormone treatment of short stature and metabolic dysfunction in juvenile chronic arthritis. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999;88:100-5.,2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9.,2727 Pun T, Chandurkar V. Growth hormone deficiency, short stature, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1: case report and brief review of the literature. ISRN Endocrinol. 2011;2011:62759.,2828 Bismuth EA, Chevenne DB, Czernichow PA, Simon DA. Moderate deterioration in glucose tolerance during high-dose growth hormone therapy in glucocorticoid-treated patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010;73:465-72.

Devido ao alto custo e aos potenciais efeitos colaterais99 Kim JY, Kim HS, Park SH. Disease flare after 7 year-remission of systemic type juvenile idiopathic arthritis: is growth hormone therapy a culprit or innocent bystander. Int J Rheum. 2015;18:377-8.,1010 Nikishina IP, Rodionovskaya SR, Shapovalenko AN, Filippova LY, Jostareva OM. An experience of sequental use of three biologics and recombinant growth hormone in a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated with unsuccessful outcome of hip damage. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2011;9:143.,2020 Al-Mutair A, Bahabri S, Al-Mayouf S, Al-Ashwal A. Efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and growth failure. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000;13:899-905.,2727 Pun T, Chandurkar V. Growth hormone deficiency, short stature, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1: case report and brief review of the literature. ISRN Endocrinol. 2011;2011:62759. existem controvérsias sobre a indicação ideal, a dose e a duração de terapia de GH na AIJ.2626 Denson LA. Growth hormone therapy in children and adolescents: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations and emerging indications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008;4:1569-80. A compreensão das indicações da terapia com hormônio de crescimento e suas controvérsias podem facilitar a avaliação do paciente e encaminhá-lo para o melhor tratamento.2626 Denson LA. Growth hormone therapy in children and adolescents: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations and emerging indications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008;4:1569-80.,2929 Hardin DS, Kemp SF, Allen DB. Twenty years of recombinant human growth hormone in children: relevance to pediatric care providers. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2007;46:279-86.,3030 De Benedetti F, Brunner H, Ruperto N, Schneider R, Xavier R, Allen R, et al. Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation and the Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:840-8. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a partir da revisão da literatura os diversos efeitos do uso do GH em pacientes com AIJ.

Métodos

Revisão sistemática da literatura, após busca feita em julho e agosto de 2015 de estudos publicados nos últimos 18 anos (1998-2015). A busca das referências foi feita por meio da exploração de base de dados eletrônicos (Medline e Embase) e lista de referências dos artigos identificados, por três pesquisadores de forma independente. As referências que preencheram os critérios de inclusão foram avaliadas, independentemente do periódico. A seleção dos descritores usados no processo de revisão foi efetuada mediante consulta ao DECs (descritores de assunto em ciências da saúde da Bireme). Nas buscas, os seguintes descritores, em língua portuguesa e inglesa, foram considerados: growth hormone, arthritis, juvenile, arthritis, rheumatoid, child e adolescent.3131 Harris JD, Quatman CE, Manring MM, Siston RA, Flanigan DC. How to write a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42:2761.

Na base de dados eletrônica MedLine identificaram-se 104 estudos e na Embase 88 (total 192). Eliminaram-se 64 estudos coincidentes e planilharam-se 128 artigos, com dados relacionados ao título do estudo, revista, ano, faixa etária, língua, doenças avaliadas, tempo de doença, tempo de tratamento, dose terapêutica e se o hormônio de crescimento foi usado como terapia.

Usaram-se como critérios de inclusão: 1. Artigos originais; 2. Artigos em português ou em inglês; 3. Artigos em que se usou o hormônio de crescimento como forma de terapia; 4. Artigos que avaliaram pacientes com AIJ; 5. Artigos que contivessem na amostra crianças e adolescentes (fig. 1).

Figura 1
Diagrama explicativo sobre o processo de seleção dos artigos.

Resultados

Foram incluídos 20 estudos, dos quais 17 eram longitudinais55 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC. Czernichow linear growth in children suffering from juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy: natural history and effects of growth hormone treatment on linear growth. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001;6:1483-6.,1111 Bechtold S, Beyerlein A, Ripperger P, Roeb J, Dalla PR, Hafner R, et al. Total pubertal growth in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with growth hormone: analysis of a single center. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2012;22:180-5.

12 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Dalla PR, Roth J, Hafner R, Michels H, et al. Dynamics of body composition and bone in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:178-85.

13 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Dalla PR, Bonfig W, Hafneer R, Michels H. Growth hormone increases final height in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: data from a randomized controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:3013-8.

14 Simon D, Prieur AM, Quartier P, Charles Ruiz J, Czernichow P. Early recombinant human growth hormone treatment in glucocorticoid-treated children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a 3-year randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2567-73.

15 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Bonfig W, Pozza RD, Haefner R, Schwarz HP. Growth hormone changes bone geometry and body composition in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring glucocorticoid treatment: a controlled study using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3168-73.

16 Saha MT, Haapasaari J, Hannula S, Sarna S, Lenko HL. Growth hormone is effective in the treatment of severe growth retardation in children with juvenile chronic arthritis. Double blind placebo-controlled followup study. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1413-7.

17 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Bonfig W, Schmidt H, Bitterling H, Hafner R, et al. Bone mass development and bone metabolism in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1407-12.

18 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Häfner R, Said E, Schwarz HP. Growth hormone improves height in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: 4-year data of a controlled study. J Pediatr. 2003;143:512-9.

19 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Effects on growth and body composition of growth hormone treatment in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2492-9.

20 Al-Mutair A, Bahabri S, Al-Mayouf S, Al-Ashwal A. Efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and growth failure. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000;13:899-905.

21 Touati G, Ruiz JC, Porquet D, Kindermans C, Prieur AM, Czernichow P. Effects on bone metabolism of one year recombinant human growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis undergoing chronic steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1287-93.

22 Rooney M, Davies UM, Reeve J, Preece M, Ansell BM, Woo PM. Bone mineral content and bone mineral metabolism: changes after growth hormone treatment in juvenile chronic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1073-81.

23 Simon D, Prieur A, Czernichow P. Treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53:82-6.

24 Simon D, Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Growth hormone treatment of short stature and metabolic dysfunction in juvenile chronic arthritis. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999;88:100-5.
-2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9.,2828 Bismuth EA, Chevenne DB, Czernichow PA, Simon DA. Moderate deterioration in glucose tolerance during high-dose growth hormone therapy in glucocorticoid-treated patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010;73:465-72. e três relatos de caso.99 Kim JY, Kim HS, Park SH. Disease flare after 7 year-remission of systemic type juvenile idiopathic arthritis: is growth hormone therapy a culprit or innocent bystander. Int J Rheum. 2015;18:377-8.,1010 Nikishina IP, Rodionovskaya SR, Shapovalenko AN, Filippova LY, Jostareva OM. An experience of sequental use of three biologics and recombinant growth hormone in a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated with unsuccessful outcome of hip damage. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2011;9:143.,2727 Pun T, Chandurkar V. Growth hormone deficiency, short stature, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1: case report and brief review of the literature. ISRN Endocrinol. 2011;2011:62759. O número total de pacientes com AIJ (sistêmica, poliarticular e oligoartrite) que receberam terapia com GH foi de 359, com doses entre 0,028-0,067 mg/kg/dia e idades que variaram de 4-17 anos. O tempo de tratamento foi de nove meses a seis anos (tabelas 1 e 2).

Tabela 1
Descrição dos artigos sobre efeitos do GH em pacientes com AIJ (estudos longitudinais): 1998-2015
Tabela 2
Descrição dos artigos sobre efeitos do GH em pacientes com AIJ (relatos de caso): 1998-2015

O aumento do crescimento dos pacientes com AIJ, após o uso do GH, foi evidenciado em 80% dos estudos55 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC. Czernichow linear growth in children suffering from juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy: natural history and effects of growth hormone treatment on linear growth. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001;6:1483-6.,1111 Bechtold S, Beyerlein A, Ripperger P, Roeb J, Dalla PR, Hafner R, et al. Total pubertal growth in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with growth hormone: analysis of a single center. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2012;22:180-5.2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9. e 35% relataram melhoria significativa no desenvolvimento puberal.1111 Bechtold S, Beyerlein A, Ripperger P, Roeb J, Dalla PR, Hafner R, et al. Total pubertal growth in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with growth hormone: analysis of a single center. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2012;22:180-5.1313 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Dalla PR, Bonfig W, Hafneer R, Michels H. Growth hormone increases final height in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: data from a randomized controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:3013-8.,1616 Saha MT, Haapasaari J, Hannula S, Sarna S, Lenko HL. Growth hormone is effective in the treatment of severe growth retardation in children with juvenile chronic arthritis. Double blind placebo-controlled followup study. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1413-7.,1717 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Bonfig W, Schmidt H, Bitterling H, Hafner R, et al. Bone mass development and bone metabolism in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1407-12.,2424 Simon D, Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Growth hormone treatment of short stature and metabolic dysfunction in juvenile chronic arthritis. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999;88:100-5.,2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9.

Entre os efeitos positivos do tratamento, observou-se em 30% dos estudos melhoria da densidade mineral óssea e do metabolismo ósseo.1212 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Dalla PR, Roth J, Hafner R, Michels H, et al. Dynamics of body composition and bone in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:178-85.,1717 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Bonfig W, Schmidt H, Bitterling H, Hafner R, et al. Bone mass development and bone metabolism in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1407-12.,1919 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Effects on growth and body composition of growth hormone treatment in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2492-9.,2121 Touati G, Ruiz JC, Porquet D, Kindermans C, Prieur AM, Czernichow P. Effects on bone metabolism of one year recombinant human growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis undergoing chronic steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1287-93.,2323 Simon D, Prieur A, Czernichow P. Treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53:82-6. Em comparação com os valores pré-tratamento, relatou-se que marcadores de formação e reabsorção óssea aumentaram significativamente durante o tratamento1717 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Bonfig W, Schmidt H, Bitterling H, Hafner R, et al. Bone mass development and bone metabolism in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1407-12.,2121 Touati G, Ruiz JC, Porquet D, Kindermans C, Prieur AM, Czernichow P. Effects on bone metabolism of one year recombinant human growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis undergoing chronic steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1287-93.,2323 Simon D, Prieur A, Czernichow P. Treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53:82-6. e nível plasmático de osteocalcina foi a melhor variável de previsão de crescimento em pacientes AIJ que fizeram tratamento com GH.2121 Touati G, Ruiz JC, Porquet D, Kindermans C, Prieur AM, Czernichow P. Effects on bone metabolism of one year recombinant human growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis undergoing chronic steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1287-93.

Um estudo constatou que o nível de gordura manteve-se estabilizado sem alterações significativas em relação aos pacientes que não faziam uso de GH,1212 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Dalla PR, Roth J, Hafner R, Michels H, et al. Dynamics of body composition and bone in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:178-85. porém em quatro (20%) estudos pode-se observar aumento de massa magra e diminuição de massa gorda.1515 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Bonfig W, Pozza RD, Haefner R, Schwarz HP. Growth hormone changes bone geometry and body composition in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring glucocorticoid treatment: a controlled study using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3168-73.,1919 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Effects on growth and body composition of growth hormone treatment in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2492-9.,2323 Simon D, Prieur A, Czernichow P. Treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53:82-6.,2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9.

Em relação à glicemia e intolerância à glicose, houve um aumento significativo na glicemia em jejum dos pacientes tratados com GH em relação ao grupo controle em cinco (25%) estudos,1414 Simon D, Prieur AM, Quartier P, Charles Ruiz J, Czernichow P. Early recombinant human growth hormone treatment in glucocorticoid-treated children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a 3-year randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2567-73.,1919 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Effects on growth and body composition of growth hormone treatment in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2492-9.,2424 Simon D, Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Growth hormone treatment of short stature and metabolic dysfunction in juvenile chronic arthritis. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999;88:100-5.,2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9.,2828 Bismuth EA, Chevenne DB, Czernichow PA, Simon DA. Moderate deterioration in glucose tolerance during high-dose growth hormone therapy in glucocorticoid-treated patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010;73:465-72. levou em alguns casos um possível desenvolvimento de resistência a insulina1919 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Effects on growth and body composition of growth hormone treatment in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2492-9.,2424 Simon D, Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Growth hormone treatment of short stature and metabolic dysfunction in juvenile chronic arthritis. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999;88:100-5.,2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9.,2828 Bismuth EA, Chevenne DB, Czernichow PA, Simon DA. Moderate deterioration in glucose tolerance during high-dose growth hormone therapy in glucocorticoid-treated patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010;73:465-72. e diabetes.2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9.,2828 Bismuth EA, Chevenne DB, Czernichow PA, Simon DA. Moderate deterioration in glucose tolerance during high-dose growth hormone therapy in glucocorticoid-treated patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010;73:465-72. Relatou-se também aumento de hemoglobina glicosilada.1919 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Effects on growth and body composition of growth hormone treatment in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2492-9.,2424 Simon D, Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Growth hormone treatment of short stature and metabolic dysfunction in juvenile chronic arthritis. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999;88:100-5.,2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9.

O desenvolvimento de osteonecrose1010 Nikishina IP, Rodionovskaya SR, Shapovalenko AN, Filippova LY, Jostareva OM. An experience of sequental use of three biologics and recombinant growth hormone in a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated with unsuccessful outcome of hip damage. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2011;9:143. foi observado em um dos relatos de caso. Em outro um paciente desenvolveu grave deformidade em ambos os joelhos.2020 Al-Mutair A, Bahabri S, Al-Mayouf S, Al-Ashwal A. Efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and growth failure. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000;13:899-905. Nos relatos de caso, observou-se reativação da doença em dois estudos99 Kim JY, Kim HS, Park SH. Disease flare after 7 year-remission of systemic type juvenile idiopathic arthritis: is growth hormone therapy a culprit or innocent bystander. Int J Rheum. 2015;18:377-8.,1010 Nikishina IP, Rodionovskaya SR, Shapovalenko AN, Filippova LY, Jostareva OM. An experience of sequental use of three biologics and recombinant growth hormone in a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated with unsuccessful outcome of hip damage. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2011;9:143. e altura final baixa em um.2727 Pun T, Chandurkar V. Growth hormone deficiency, short stature, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1: case report and brief review of the literature. ISRN Endocrinol. 2011;2011:62759.

Discussão

O GH recombinante revolucionou o tratamento de crianças e adolescentes com deficiência de hormônio de crescimento e outras perturbações do crescimento, mas as controvérsias clínicas e éticas permanecem sobre abordagem diagnóstica em pacientes AIJ, a dose ideal, a duração e os resultados esperados.1111 Bechtold S, Beyerlein A, Ripperger P, Roeb J, Dalla PR, Hafner R, et al. Total pubertal growth in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with growth hormone: analysis of a single center. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2012;22:180-5.,1212 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Dalla PR, Roth J, Hafner R, Michels H, et al. Dynamics of body composition and bone in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:178-85.,1919 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Effects on growth and body composition of growth hormone treatment in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2492-9.,2626 Denson LA. Growth hormone therapy in children and adolescents: pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations and emerging indications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008;4:1569-80.

Os resultados obtidos pela maioria dos estudos longitudinais confirmaram dados anteriores de que o tratamento com GH em pacientes com AIJ permite influenciar positivamente no desenvolvimento puberal e na altura final.55 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC. Czernichow linear growth in children suffering from juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy: natural history and effects of growth hormone treatment on linear growth. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001;6:1483-6.,1111 Bechtold S, Beyerlein A, Ripperger P, Roeb J, Dalla PR, Hafner R, et al. Total pubertal growth in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with growth hormone: analysis of a single center. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2012;22:180-5.2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9.

Sabe-se que o tratamento instituído, especialmente o uso de glicocorticoides, também compromete o crescimento, que depende de outros fatores, como idade de início da doença, gravidade, resposta ao tratamento, tempo e dose do glicocorticoide administrado.88 Stratakis CA. Cortisol and growth hormone: clinical implications of a complex, dynamic relationship. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2006;3:333-8.

A formação óssea e marcadores de reabsorção aumentaram significativamente durante o tratamento com GH,1414 Simon D, Prieur AM, Quartier P, Charles Ruiz J, Czernichow P. Early recombinant human growth hormone treatment in glucocorticoid-treated children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a 3-year randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2567-73.,1717 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Bonfig W, Schmidt H, Bitterling H, Hafner R, et al. Bone mass development and bone metabolism in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1407-12.,1919 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Effects on growth and body composition of growth hormone treatment in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2492-9.,2121 Touati G, Ruiz JC, Porquet D, Kindermans C, Prieur AM, Czernichow P. Effects on bone metabolism of one year recombinant human growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis undergoing chronic steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1287-93.2323 Simon D, Prieur A, Czernichow P. Treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53:82-6. porém um estudo observou perda de crescimento após descontinuação do tratamento.2323 Simon D, Prieur A, Czernichow P. Treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53:82-6. Acredita-se que um tratamento em longo prazo com GH é necessário para avaliar um efeito positivo do GH sobre a densidade e o metabolismo ósseo em pacientes com AIJ.1010 Nikishina IP, Rodionovskaya SR, Shapovalenko AN, Filippova LY, Jostareva OM. An experience of sequental use of three biologics and recombinant growth hormone in a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated with unsuccessful outcome of hip damage. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2011;9:143.,1414 Simon D, Prieur AM, Quartier P, Charles Ruiz J, Czernichow P. Early recombinant human growth hormone treatment in glucocorticoid-treated children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a 3-year randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2567-73.,1717 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Bonfig W, Schmidt H, Bitterling H, Hafner R, et al. Bone mass development and bone metabolism in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1407-12.,1919 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Effects on growth and body composition of growth hormone treatment in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2492-9.,2323 Simon D, Prieur A, Czernichow P. Treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53:82-6.,2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9. O acompanhamento dos pacientes até a altura final e a avaliação de massa óssea são necessários para compreender melhor o potencial efeito benéfico do tratamento com GH.55 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC. Czernichow linear growth in children suffering from juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy: natural history and effects of growth hormone treatment on linear growth. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001;6:1483-6.,1111 Bechtold S, Beyerlein A, Ripperger P, Roeb J, Dalla PR, Hafner R, et al. Total pubertal growth in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with growth hormone: analysis of a single center. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2012;22:180-5.

12 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Dalla PR, Roth J, Hafner R, Michels H, et al. Dynamics of body composition and bone in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:178-85.

13 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Dalla PR, Bonfig W, Hafneer R, Michels H. Growth hormone increases final height in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: data from a randomized controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:3013-8.

14 Simon D, Prieur AM, Quartier P, Charles Ruiz J, Czernichow P. Early recombinant human growth hormone treatment in glucocorticoid-treated children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a 3-year randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2567-73.

15 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Bonfig W, Pozza RD, Haefner R, Schwarz HP. Growth hormone changes bone geometry and body composition in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring glucocorticoid treatment: a controlled study using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3168-73.

16 Saha MT, Haapasaari J, Hannula S, Sarna S, Lenko HL. Growth hormone is effective in the treatment of severe growth retardation in children with juvenile chronic arthritis. Double blind placebo-controlled followup study. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1413-7.

17 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Bonfig W, Schmidt H, Bitterling H, Hafner R, et al. Bone mass development and bone metabolism in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1407-12.

18 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Häfner R, Said E, Schwarz HP. Growth hormone improves height in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: 4-year data of a controlled study. J Pediatr. 2003;143:512-9.

19 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Effects on growth and body composition of growth hormone treatment in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2492-9.

20 Al-Mutair A, Bahabri S, Al-Mayouf S, Al-Ashwal A. Efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and growth failure. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000;13:899-905.

21 Touati G, Ruiz JC, Porquet D, Kindermans C, Prieur AM, Czernichow P. Effects on bone metabolism of one year recombinant human growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis undergoing chronic steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1287-93.

22 Rooney M, Davies UM, Reeve J, Preece M, Ansell BM, Woo PM. Bone mineral content and bone mineral metabolism: changes after growth hormone treatment in juvenile chronic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1073-81.

23 Simon D, Prieur A, Czernichow P. Treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53:82-6.

24 Simon D, Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Growth hormone treatment of short stature and metabolic dysfunction in juvenile chronic arthritis. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999;88:100-5.
-2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9.,2727 Pun T, Chandurkar V. Growth hormone deficiency, short stature, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1: case report and brief review of the literature. ISRN Endocrinol. 2011;2011:62759.

Quanto à intolerância à glicose, os estudos não encontraram pacientes com sintomas de metabolismo anormal de glicose antes do uso do GH.1414 Simon D, Prieur AM, Quartier P, Charles Ruiz J, Czernichow P. Early recombinant human growth hormone treatment in glucocorticoid-treated children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a 3-year randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2567-73.,1919 Simon D, Lucidarme N, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Effects on growth and body composition of growth hormone treatment in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis requiring steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2003;30:2492-9.,2424 Simon D, Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Czernichow P. Growth hormone treatment of short stature and metabolic dysfunction in juvenile chronic arthritis. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999;88:100-5.,2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9.,2828 Bismuth EA, Chevenne DB, Czernichow PA, Simon DA. Moderate deterioration in glucose tolerance during high-dose growth hormone therapy in glucocorticoid-treated patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010;73:465-72. O metabolismo dos carboidratos deve ser cuidadosamente monitorado em pacientes com AIJ que recebem tratamento com GH, particularmente durante a fase aguda da sua doença. Sabe-se que os glicocorticoides interferem no eixo GH/IGF-1, diminuem a secreção pulsátil do GH por aumento da somatostatina, também reduzem a expressão dos receptores de GH nos hepatócitos e causam certo grau de resistência ao GH, com consequente diminuição dos níveis de IGF-1.3232 Zak M, Muller J, Karup PF. Final height, armspan, subischial leg length, and body proportions in juvenile chronic arthritis. A long-term follow-up study. Horm Res. 1999;52:80-5.,3333 Stratakis CA. Cortisol and growth hormone: clinical implications of a complex, dynamic relationship. Pediatr Endocrinol Ver. 2006;2:333-8.

Teoricamente, o GH não somente regula o crescimento, mas também controla a função imune, pois não são comuns recidivas da atividade da doença após vários anos de remissão, sem uma causa definida.1818 Bechtold S, Ripperger P, Häfner R, Said E, Schwarz HP. Growth hormone improves height in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: 4-year data of a controlled study. J Pediatr. 2003;143:512-9.,2525 Touati G, Prieur AM, Ruiz JC, Noel M, Czernichow P. Beneficial effects of one-year growth hormone administration to children with juvenile chronic arthritis on chronic steroid therapy. I. Effects on growth velocity and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:403-9. Questiona-se se o GH foi o responsável pela reativação da doença nos relatos de caso apresentados neste trabalho.99 Kim JY, Kim HS, Park SH. Disease flare after 7 year-remission of systemic type juvenile idiopathic arthritis: is growth hormone therapy a culprit or innocent bystander. Int J Rheum. 2015;18:377-8.,1010 Nikishina IP, Rodionovskaya SR, Shapovalenko AN, Filippova LY, Jostareva OM. An experience of sequental use of three biologics and recombinant growth hormone in a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated with unsuccessful outcome of hip damage. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2011;9:143.

Um estudo relatou um caso atípico de AIJ, com baixa estatura após uso do GH. No entanto, esse resultado não pode ser generalizado aos outros estudos, pois a paciente apresentava outras doenças concomitantes.2727 Pun T, Chandurkar V. Growth hormone deficiency, short stature, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1: case report and brief review of the literature. ISRN Endocrinol. 2011;2011:62759.

Deve-se reforçar que a AIJ é uma doença que apresenta manifestações clínicas variadas entre os indivíduos acometidos (início sistêmico, poliarticular, oligoarticular e outros). Desse modo, não existem ensaios clínicos randomizados, duplo-cego ou ensaios placebo que usem o GH. Uma melhor compreensão da doença e de tratamentos mais eficazes nos últimos anos pode mudar radicalmente a situação de crescimento desses pacientes. Alguns autores sugerem o tratamento com GH associado com outros medicamentos, os biológicos são os mais indicados.3030 De Benedetti F, Brunner H, Ruperto N, Schneider R, Xavier R, Allen R, et al. Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation and the Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:840-8.

Conclusão

Os estudos publicados nos últimos anos mostram melhoria da velocidade de crescimento e da altura em pacientes com AIJ tratados com GH.

Certa variabilidade na resposta ao tratamento foi observada. Em alguns casos ocorre a recuperação do crescimento e em outros previne a perda de altura geralmente observada durante o curso natural da doença. A variedade da resposta depende do início do tratamento com GH e da gravidade e atividade da doença. Os estudos apresentados são singulares nos fatores estudados (efeitos positivos e negativos) e não podem ser generalizados. A combinação do hormônio de crescimento com outros medicamentos pode ser uma opção.

  • Financiamento
    Simone Appenzeller (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico [CNPq], 304255/2015-7).

Errata

  • Errata

    No artigo "Efeitos do uso do hormônio de crescimento em crianças e adolescentes com artrite idiopática juvenil: revisão sistemática" (Rev Bras Reumatol. 2017;57(2):100-106), onde se lê:
    Barbara Sugui Longui
    leia-se:
    Barbara Sugui Longhi

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    Mar-Apr 2017

Histórico

  • Recebido
    23 Nov 2015
  • Aceito
    07 Abr 2016
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