Levels of digestible isoleucine on performance, carcass traits and organs weight of gilts (15 - 30 KG)

Níveis de isoleucina digestível sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e peso de órgãos de fêmeas suínas (15 - 30 kg)

ANIMAL SCIENCE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

Levels of digestible isoleucine on performance, carcass traits and organs weight of gilts (15 - 30 KG)

Níveis de isoleucina digestível sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e peso de órgãos de fêmeas suínas (15 - 30 kg)

Leandro Dalcin Castilha^I; Paulo Cesar Pozza^II; Ricardo Vianna Nunes^III; Doglas Batista Lazzeri^IV; Marcelo Luiz Somensi^V; Magali Soares dos Santos Pozza^III

^IUniversidade Estadual de Maringá/UEM - Avenida Colombo - 5790 - Centro - 87020-900 - Maringá - PR - Brasil - [e-mail] ^IIUniversidade Estadual de Maringá/UEM - Maringá - PR - Brasil

^IIIUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/UNIOESTE - Marechal Candido Rondon - PR - Brasil

^IVDiplomata S/A Industrial e Comercial - Cascavel - PR - Brasil

^VUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS - Porto Alegre - RS - Brasil

ABSTRACT

The ideal protein concept for pigs has allowed reducing levels of crude protein in the diet, since synthetic amino acids are included because the branched chain amino acids may be limiting. In order to determine the digestible isoleucine requirement for gilts from 15 to 30 kg, a performance assay was accomplished, using 40 crossbreed gilts of high genetic potential, averaging 15.00 ± 0.52 kg of body weight, alloted in a randomized blocks design, consisting of five treatments (0.45, 0.52, 0.59, 0.66, 0.73% of digestible isoleucine), four replicates and two animals per experimental unit. Performance traits were determined and at the end of the experiment one animal per experimental unit was slaughtered to determine carcass composition and organs weight. Levels from 0.45 to 0.73% of digestible isoleucine did not affect the carcass traits and organs weight of gilts from 15 to 30 kg. A quadratic effect (P<0.05) of digestible isoleucine levels on isoleucine efficiency for weight gain was observed, that increased up to 0.506% digestible isoleucine, which ratio of digestible isoleucine: lysine was 0.51.

Index terms: Swine nutrition, branched chain amino acids, nutritional requirements, carcass composition.

RESUMO

O conceito de proteína ideal, para suínos, tem permitido reduzir os níveis de proteína bruta da dieta, desde que haja a inclusão de aminoácidos sintéticos, pois os aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada podem ser limitantes. Com o objetivo de determinar a exigência de isoleucina digestível para fêmeas suínas dos 15 aos 30 kg, foi realizado um ensaio de desempenho, utilizando-se 40 fêmeas suínas, mestiças de alto potencial genético, com peso vivo inicial de 15,00 ± 0,52kg, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, constituído de cinco tratamentos (0,45; 0,52; 0,59; 0,66; 0,73% de isoleucina digestível), quatro repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Foram determinadas características de desempenho e, ao final do experimento, um animal de cada unidade experimental foi abatido, para a determinação da composição de carcaça e peso de órgãos. Níveis de 0,45 a 0,73% de isoleucina digestível não influenciaram as características de carcaça e peso de órgãos dos animais. Houve efeito quadrático (P<0,05) dos níveis de isoleucina digestível sobre a eficiência de utilização de isoleucina para ganho de peso, com aumento até o nível 0,506%; cuja relação isoleucina:lisina digestível foi de 0,51.

Termos para indexação: Nutrição de suínos, aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada, exigências nutricionais, composição de carcaça.

INTRODUCTION

For many years the swine diets were formulated to achieve the crude protein requirements, which in most cases meant that the diets were unbalanced on amino acid levels, resulting in excess of these nutrients and causing its deamination, leaving the resulting nitrogen available for the synthesis of other compounds or simply excreted, causing environmental pollution.

With the availability of synthetic amino acids, the diets have been formulated with levels of these nutrients closer to animal requirements, respecting the ideal protein concept. Thus, the total protein requirement was reduced due to a better efficiency of amino acids utilization, reducing nitrogen excretion and negative impact of manure on the environment (HINSON; ALLEE; CRENSHAW, 2007; D'MELLO, 2003).

There are reports that the level of dietary protein in growing and finishing phases can be reduced in 4% without affecting the growth rate and feed efficiency when adequate amounts of essential amino acids are provided in the diet (JONGBLOED; LENIS, 1998; PARR; KERR; BAKER, 2004). Among the essential amino acids lysine, threonine, methionine and tryptophan are considered key amino acids (HAHN; BAKER, 1995). However, the marked reduction of protein concentration demands the inclusion of other synthetic amino acids, such as valine and isoleucine (LE BELLEGO; NOBLET, 2002).

Liu et al. (2000a, b) suggested that isoleucine must be a limiting amino acid in diets with low crude protein, based on corn and soybean meal for growing-finishing pigs with high genetic potential for protein deposition. Pigs fed with a deficient isoleucine diet showed a depression in performance compared to animals fed with a positive control diet, and also showed a reestablishment of performance as the isoleucine was supplemented in the diet (PARR; KERR; BAKER, 2003).

Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the digestible isoleucine requirement of gilts from 15 to 30 kg, based on performance and carcass traits.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An experiment was carried out to determine the growth performance, carcass traits and organs weight of gilts (15 to 30 kg), at the Experimental Farm of Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Brazil. The experiment was established in 2010 and in agreement with the Animal Welfare Committee of this Institution.

Forty crossbreed gilts (Pietráin X Landrace X Large White) of high genetic potential and average performance were used, with 15.00 ± 0.52 kg initial weight, allotted in a randomized block design, consisting of five digestible isoleucine levels (0.450; 0.520; 0.590; 0.660 and 0.730%), four replicates and two animals per experimental unit.

The animals were housed in a nursery building provided with metal pens (1.00 x 1.20 m), suspended, with polypropylene floor, equipped with semi-automatic feeders and nipple drinkers, located in masonry building with concrete floor and tilting windows. The animals had free access to feed and drinking water. During the experiment, the temperature inside the laboratory was daily registered.

Diets were based on corn and soybean meal (Table 1) with low crude protein (14.15%) level. All diets were supplemented with Lys, Met, Thr, Trp and Val to provide the recommended levels, according to Rostagno et al. (2005). The Ile-deficient basal diet was previously submitted to a digestibility assay, resulting in 0.45% of digestible isoleucine. Then, was accomplished the adjustment of essential amino acids, using synthetic amino acids (L-lysine, L-threonine, DL-methionine, L-tryptophan and L-valine), to ensure to a minimum the recommendations of Rostagno et al. (2005). To assure the levels of 0.520, 0.590, 0.660 and 0.730% of digestible isoleucine, L-isoleucine was added to the basal diet replacing the inert. Glutamic acid was used in experimental diets to provide the same nitrogen level for all the treatments.

The initial (IBW) and final (FBW) body weight of the animals were individually recorded to determine the average daily gain (ADG), and the corresponding feed intake was recorded during whole experiment. Diets were weighed and given to the animals to calculate the average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed:gain ratio (F:G), average daily nitrogen intake (ADNI), nitrogen efficiency for weight gain (NEWG), average daily intake of lisine (ADLisI), lisine efficiency for weight gain (LisEWG), average daily intake of isoleucine (ADIleI) and isoleucine efficiency for weight gain (IleEWG).

All animals of each block were allocated for slaughter on the same day. The pigs were fasted for feed (24h), slaughtered, shaved and eviscerated. The liver, heart, kidney, pancreas and spleen were weighed. The eviscerated carcasses were weighed and split longitudinally through the vertebrae midline. The right half was chilled for 24 hours at -18º C and crushed. After homogenization, samples were pre-dried, pre-degreased and crushed again, for analysis of moisture, protein and fat, according to Association Of Official Analytical Chemists-AOAC techniques (2005).

Four animals with average weight of 15.00 kg were slaughtered to determine carcass composition at the beginning of experiment. Protein and fat deposition were calculated by comparing the carcass composition of the animals at the beginning and end of the experiment. The dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, efficiency of protein deposition and energy retained in the carcass were determined, as well as the relative weight of liver, kidney, pancreas, heart and spleen.

The performance data, carcass traits and relative weight of organs were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear models (GLM) procedure of SAS (SAS INSTITUTE, 1999). A polinomial regression was used to estimate the best level of digestible isoleucine. Linear and quadratic models were used to show effects of increasing levels of digestible isoleucine on growth performance, carcass traits and relative weight of organs, according to the adjustment obtained for each parameter by SAS.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The low and maximum temperature averaged from 21.01 (± 3.09) and 29.87º C (± 3.75), respectively. The relative humidity was 47.51 (± 16.98) to 84.50% (± 12.79). The digestible isoleucine levels provided a quadratic effect (P<0.05) on ADFI (Table 2). However, no effect (P>0.05) of the digestible isoleucine levels where observed for ADG, F:G, IBW, FBW, ADNI, NEWG, ADLisI and LisEWG. Otherwise, Parr, Kerr and Baker (2003) found a significant difference on ADFI (1.288g) of pigs from 25 to 45 kg, fed with 0.46% digestible isoleucine. Barea et al. (2009), observed that 0.50% digestible isoleucine, for pigs from 11 to 23 kg, showed a better effect on ADFI (736g). The variation observed for ADFI, as a response for the levels of digestible isoleucine in the experimental diets, could be associated with the levels of the others branched chain amino acids. According to D'Mello (2003), a consequence of antagonism among amino acids of the same structural group, when one amino acid is in excess over the other, is the decline in food intake.

Several results of researches and practical evaluations showed that the excess of amino acids in the diet does not improve animal performance because it is not used efficiently (SAKOMURA; ROSTAGNO, 2007). The amino acids absorbed in excess, compared to the first limiting, are oxidized and excreted as nitrogen compounds, and the degradation of excess amino acids in the diet has a high energy cost (McLEOD, 1997).

When the quality or quantity of dietary protein is inadequate there could be a reduction of growth and weight loss due to degradation of protein tissue, in order to maintain vital functions (HINSON; ALLEE; CRENSHAW et al., 2007). The consumption of diets containing disproportionate amino acid content to the actual metabolic needs of non ruminant animals leads to physiological alterations with metabolic effects that influence the feeding behavior of these animals. The intake of imbalanced diet alters the amino acids concentration in plasma and tissues, with substantial reduction of the limiting amino acid. This is followed by a decrease in feed intake and slow growth (BERTECHINI, 2006).

As found by Barea et al. (2009), in the present study there was no effect of digestible isoleucine levels on ADG. This may be due to the large amount of synthetic amino acids used in experimental diets, which may have generated a competition at intestinal absorption and at protein synthesis sites, since they are absorbed more quickly (WEBB JUNIOR, 1990; WU, 1998). This may generate effects on feed intake, decreasing the ADG of animals fed high amounts of synthetic amino acids. In our study, there was no effect on F:G, as found by Lordelo et al. (2008) evaluating diets with different levels of digestible isoleucine (0.595 to 0.825%) for starter pigs. However, Kerr et al. (2004a) assessed levels of digestible isoleucine (0.47 to 0.83%) for crossbred pigs (7 to 11 kg) and observed that the best F:G was obtained at 0.65%. Similarly, Dean et al. (2005) assessed levels of digestible isoleucine (0.24 to 0.32%) for pigs (BW=80 kg) and observed an effect in the F:G.

There was linear effect (P<0.05) of the digestible isoleucine levels on ADIleI, because the treatments consisted in crescent levels of digestible isoleucine. A quadratic effect (P<0.05) of digestible isoleucine levels on IleEWG was observed, increasing until 0.506% of digestible isoleucine (Figure 1).

No differences (P>0.05) were found for carcass traits and relative organs weight of gilts fed diets containing different levels of digestible isoleucine (Table 3). However, Szabo et al. (2001) assessed different levels of digestible isoleucine for pigs (30 - 105 kg) and found effect on protein deposition (at 0.95% of digestible isoleucine). Figueroa et al. (2003), evaluating CP levels in swine diets (20 to 50kg) observed satisfactory values of backfat thickness using low a CP diet associated with the addition of synthetic amino acids, rather than the treatments with normal levels of CP (16%) or with CP reduction without the addition of crystalline amino acids (11%).

According to D'Mello (2003) isoleucine may be a glucogenic or ketogenic amino acid, influencing positively the synthesis of fat in the body, if in excess. However, this effect was not observed (Table 3), since the ether extract of carcass and fat deposition were not influenced by the digestible isoleucine levels.

Levels of digestible isoleucine from 0.45 to 0.73% did not influence relative weight of organs (P>0.05), however Kerr et al (2004b) found a linear reduction in relative weight of liver of pigs fed diets containing 16% CP, 12% CP and 12% CP supplemented with synthetic amino acids. According to the authors, the reduction in relative weight of liver may have occurred because this organ is the most required for the synthesis and degradation of proteins, when the CP is unbalanced.

The digestible isoleucine level obtained for IleEWG (0.506%) was lower than that proposed by Rostagno et al. (2011) for the same phase and sex (0.595%), but intermediate to the levels proposed by NRC (1998), for male and female swines, from 10 to 20 kg (0.55%) and from 20 to 50 kg (0.45%). However, Henry et al. (1976) assessed levels of total isoleucine (0.38 to 0.62%) for pigs (15 to 50 kg) and found no effect on the performance variables and blood parameters, concluding that the lower level has met the requirement of this amino acid. Fu et al. (2006) also observed no effect on the performance variables when assessed levels of digestible isoleucine (0.60 to 0.88%) for barrows (12 to 22 kg) and concluded that the level 0.60% met the requirements of the animals. Similarly, Barea et al. (2009) evaluated levels of digestible isoleucine (0.50 to 0.58%) for male and female swines (11 to 23 kg) but found no effect on performance variables and concluded that the optimal level of digestible isoleucine is 0.50%, but it may be even lower.

The digestible isoleucine level obtained in this study (0.506%) provided a 0.51 ratio of digestible isoleucine:lysine, being lower than that one proposed by Rostagno et al. (2011) for the same phase (0.55) and the ratio proposed by National Research Council-NRC (1998) for male and female swines from 10 to 20 kg and 20 to 50 kg (0.54%), similarly, Wiltafsky et al. (2009) obtained a 0.54 ratio. The diet composition may alter the requirement of amino acids, since digestible leucine may result in amino acid imbalance, increasing the isoleucine requirement and, according to Moser et al. (2000), the interrelationship between branched chain amino acids may alter its metabolism in the animal organism.

CONCLUSION

Levels from 0.45 to 0.73% of digestible isoleucine did not affect the carcass traits and weight of organs of gilts from 15 to 30 kg. The level of 0.506% digestible isoleucine for gilts from 15 to 30 kg provided the best efficiency of isoleucine for weight gain, providing a ratio of digestible isoleucine:lysine of 0.51.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was funded by the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico - CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development).

Received in may 24, 2012

Approved in june 27, 2012

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  13 Aug 2012
• Date of issue
  Aug 2012

History

• Received
  24 May 2012
• Accepted
  27 June 2012