Central venous catheter-related infections caused by Corynebacterium amycolatum and other multiresistant non-diphtherial corynebacteria in paediatric oncology patients

ABSTRACT

Bloodstream and venous catheter-related corynebacterial infections in paediatric patients with haematological cancer were investigated from January 2003 to December 2014 at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We observed that during cancer treatment, invasive corynebacterial infections occurred independent of certain factors, such as age and gender, underlying diseases and neutropenia. These infections were ssscaused by Corynebacterium amycolatum and other non-diphtherial corynebacteria. All cases presented a variable profile of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, except to vancomycin. Targeted antibiotic therapy may contribute to catheters maintenance and support quality of treatment. Non-diphtherial corynebacteria must be recognized as agents associated with venous access infections. Our data highlight the need for the accurate identification of corynebacteria species, as well as antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Keywords:
C. amycolatum; Venouscatheter; Paediatric cancer; Bloodstream infection; Non-diphtherial corynebacteria infection

Introduction

Oncological treatment induces severe immune suppression, rendering patients susceptible to invasive infections.¹ Non-diphtherial Corynebacterium infections (NDCi) in patients with cancer have been reported with increasing frequency^1-4 including medical device-associated infections. Despite the existence of international guidelines on how to perform sterile insertion and appropriate central venous catheter (CVC) maintenance and use, infection remains a common complication in these patients.⁵

In addition, medical experience with Corynebacterium infections in paediatric patients with cancer is currently limited. Corynebacterium striatum and Corynebacterium amycolatum were the most common isolated species in CVC-related NDCi.³ Predisposition to Corynebacterium jeikeium was demonstrated in paediatric patients with lymphoblastic leukemia.⁶

In this retrospective and descriptive study, we analysed the clinical, epidemiological and microbiological features of bloodstream and CVC infections caused by non-diphtherial Corynebacterium species in paediatric patients with haematological malignancies treated at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from January 2003 to December 2014.

Methods

Patient eligibility

Patients using CVC with positive blood cultures were considered to be infected when the attending physician evaluated the clinical condition associated with fever as significant and initiated the specific antimicrobial therapy. Patients with at least two positive blood cultures for Corynebacterium species were considered to have corynebacterial bacteraemia.⁷ Neutropenia was defined as a neutrophil cell count lower than 1000 cells/mm.³ Patients were monitored by the Joint Commission of Infection Control and Surveillance and Nurses Committee, Outpatients Catheter and Bacteriological e-charts. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at INCA, Brazil [CEP No. 139/11/ CAAE-0121.0.007.000-11] and registered in the National Commission on Ethics in Research (CONEP)].

Clinical features

An infectious episode was defined by the first positive blood culture for Corynebacterium (index culture). The day of collection was considered to be the onset of the infection episode. Only one episode of corynebacterial infection was recorded per patient regardless of the total number of positive blood cultures.⁸ Bloodstream infections (BSI) were considered as primary after laboratory confirmation and the absence of other body site infection. All primary bacteraemia events were classified as catheter-related infection (CR-BSI) if they occurred after the infection of an ostium or tunnel with a differential time for positivity of blood culture or were associated with a colony count higher than 15 CFU (Colony-forming unit) after catheter removal. Furthermore, catheter-associated infection (CA-BSI) was classified when microorganisms of another infection site did not correspond to the microorganism isolated from the blood sample obtained from the catheter.⁹ Secondary bacteraemia was considered when there was an infectious process at another site. Sepsis was considered when there was more than one distant site of infection.⁸

Microbiological analysis

The clinical isolates were analysed by the Laboratory of Microbiology at INCA. Briefly, two sets of blood samples were obtained from peripheral vein access and/or from the catheter when present and inoculated into two vials each of Bactec Plus anaerobic/aerobic. These were then incubated in a Bactec 9240 System (Cockeysville, USA). Positive blood cultures were plated into Columbia blood agar base (Detroit, USA) supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood and incubated for 48 h at 37 °C. Bacterial colonies of irregular Gram-positive rods on agar plates were analysed for morphological features of corynebacterial haemolysis and pigment formation. Phenotypic profiles were determined by using API Coryne System (BioMérieux, Lyon, France). The following conventional biochemical tests and CAMP reaction were performed according to previously described methods.¹⁰ Profiles of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents (Oxoid, UK) were determined by automated microdilution tests as previously described.¹¹ The E-test (Solna, Sweden) was also performed for vancomycin.

Statistical analysis

Data were converted into percentages of isolation of corynebacterial species from patients involved in the study. Data for the Chi square or Fisher exact test variables were obtained using Epi-Info version 7. Results were considered significant when p< 0.05.

Results

During this study, 1.639 long-term catheters were used in paediatric patients at our Institution. A total of 25.6% of patients, all of them haematological patients, used Hickman’s catheter. Eleven cases of NDCi were identified in this group during treatment (Table 1).

Table 1
Clinical aspects of eleven haematologic paediatric cancer patients (0-17 years of age) with bacteremia caused by non-diphtherial Corynebacterium species treated at the National Cancer Institute (INCA/ RJ - Brazil) from January 2003 to December 2014.

Case	Date	Age; gender	Hematological malignancies	Neutropenia	Comorbidity	Clinical features	Catheter site	Samples origin	Corynebacterium species	Therapeutic	Catheter management
12A	feb/03	14 y; F	ALL	No	Thrombosis	Bacteremia	MSE	Catheter	C. afermentans	Vanco/Cipro	Removal after 14days
2A	apr/03	5 y; M	NHL	No	None	None	MSD	Ostium	C. amycolatum	Vanco	Maintenance
1A	ago/03	2 y; F	NHL	Yes	None	Fever	MSD	Catheter	C. amycolatum		Removal after 7days
13A	feb/04	2 y; M	NHL	Yes	Thrombosis	Sepsis	MSD	Catheter	C. amycolatum	Cefe/Ami/Vanco	Removal after 8days
5A	jun/04	8 y; M	ALL	Yes	Perianal disease	None	MSE	Catheter	C. amycolatum	Cipro	Maintenance
6A	jun/04	4 y; M	ALL	No	Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infection	None	MSE	Catheter	C. amycolatum	-	Immediate removal
8A	jul/04	13 y; M	ALL	Yes	Staphylococcus infection Renal failure	None	SUB D	Catheter tip	C. amycolatum	-	Immediate removal
10A	nov/04	17 y; F	NHL	Yes	None	None	MSD	Peripheral	C. jeikeium	Cipro	Removal after 24 days
11A	dec/04	10 y; F	ALL	No	Urinary tract infection	None	MSD	Catheter	C. amycolatum	Vanco/Cipro	Removal after 5 days
4B	ago/13	8 y; M	ALM	Yes	None	Fever	SUB E	Catheter	C. urealyticum	Mero/Line	Maintenance
8B	ago/13	15 y; M	ALL	Yes	None	Fever	MSE	Catheter	C. jeikeium	Vanco	Maintenance

• y, years-old; m, months-old; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; ALM, acute lymphoblastic myeloma; MSD, right superior member; MSE, left superior member; SUB D, right subclavian; SUB E, left subclavian. Vanco, vancomycin; Cipro, ciprofloxacin; Cefe, cefepime; Ami, Amikacin; Mero, Meropenem; Line, Linezulid.

Distribution analysis by gender shows that the prevalence of male patients was 63.6%. The median age of patients was 8.0 years old and they presented the following underlying haematological malignancies: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) (n= 06), non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) (n= 04) and Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) (n= 01). Most patients were neutropenic: three with ALL (27.3%), three with NHL (27.3%) and one with ALM (9.1%) (Table 1).

Data from the Fisher exact tests (95% confidence interval) revealed invasive corynebacterial infections independent of certain factors, such as age and gender (p= 0.73), underlying diseases (p= 0.82) and neutropenia (p= 0.66). We found no association between 30-day mortality and the use of LT-CVC (long-term central venous catheter) (p= 0.87).

Cases of CVC infection were mainly due to Corynebacterium amycolatum (n= 7). Two patients presented coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species and/or Streptococcus sp. isolated along with Corynebacterium amycolatum strains from clinical samples.

Other Corynebacterium species were isolated as well: C. jeikeium (n= 2), C. afermentans (n= 1), C. urealyticum (n= 1). Cases of bacteraemia due to C. jeikeium were observed in two neutropenic patients (Table 1).

C. afermentans infection was diagnosed in a non-neutropenic female teenager. This patient presented a septic thrombosis despite endovenous therapy with vancomycin and ciprofloxacin and the catheter was removed. C. urealyticum was isolated from a non-neutropenic child and the catheter was preserved after venous treatment with amikacin and vancomycin.

Most patients had a good clinical response after catheter removal (n= 7) or antimicrobial treatment protocol preserving venous access (n= 4). Infections may increase the incidence of catheter removal in patients with cancer (p= 0.04) (Table 1).

C. amycolatum strains demonstrated variable sensitivity to the antimicrobial agents tested and C. jeikeium strains presented a MDR (multidrug resistant) profile. Vancomycin induced a susceptibility of 0.28 mcg/mL (0.13-0.5) in microbiological testing. Vancomycin and linezolid were the only antimicrobial agents with a broad activity against Corynebacterium isolates with 100% susceptibility.

Since January 2009, due to the implementation of a new treatment strategy for catheter bloodstream-related infections (CBSRI protocol), catheters were kept in place in most of cases.

Discussion

Recent studies support a new perspective of venous access in oncology. Improvements in all these devices bring better quality of life and benefits to patients.

The use of CVCs may increase the risk for corynebacterial bloodstream infection in paediatric oncology patients.^1,3 Researchers from St. Jude Children's Hospital, USA, reported 17 cases of infections caused by coryneform bacteria in paediatric patients with cancer (with a median age of 11.2 years old). The most common species isolated were Corynebacterium striatum, C. amycolatum and Microbacterium species. Corynebacteria species were isolated from 5.9% febrile neutropenic children with neoplastic disease.^3,12 In other studies, C. amycolatum was also the predominant species isolated from samples of cancer patients who had hospital infections in Asia.¹³ Some reports suggest the predisposition of C. amycolatum to adhering to catheters inserted into patients with cancer.^14,15 It has been shown that paediatric oncologic patients have a predisposition to C. jeikeium infection.⁶ In previous studies, C. jeikeium was mainly isolated from neutropenic patients with haematological disorders.^4,6. In the present study, C. jeikeium was isolated from only two neutropenic patients. Similar to other studies, both patients were treated with vancomycin, but the catheter was not removed in only one case.

Invasive C. urealyticum infections are unusual and this species is mostly associated with urinary tract infections.¹⁶. Our study was the first to report the isolation of C. urealyticum from a venous catheter in children with a non-urinary infection.

Corynebacterium striatum are recognized with true infectious agents when isolated in cultures. The biggest problem is in correctly identifying and evaluating sensitivity. Review of C. striatum studies demonstrate susceptibility to vancomycin and linezolid most often.¹⁷

The rates of antibiotic resistance at the hospital demonstrate there were changes in the incidence, treatment, and evolution of corynebacteria bacteraemia after a stricter antibiotic control (CBSRI protocol).¹⁸ Our results corroborate that vancomycin remains the best option for empiric treatment of catheter-related Corynebacterium infection.^19,20

The limitations of this study include its retrospective design and a single institution data.

In conclusion, CVC infections in paediatric oncology patients may be caused by Corynebacterium amycolatum and other non-diphtherial corynebacteria. The implementation of new strategies to control catheter infection and the routine practice of the CBRSI protocol are difficult but extremely important. The data collected in our study also highlight the need for an accurate identification of corynebacteria species, as well as antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Vancomycin is still considered the first choice to control infections caused by most Gram-positive organisms.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported from the National Post-Doctoral Program - PNPD (CAPES/MEC).

REFERENCES

• ¹
  Velasco E, Byington R, Martins CS, et al. Bloodstream infection surveillance in a cancer center: a prospective look at clinical microbiology aspects. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:542-9.
• ²
  Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Formiga LC, Camello TC, et al. Corynebacterium diphtheriae threats in cancer patients. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2001;33:96-100.
• ³
  Adderson EE, Boudreaux JW, Hayden RT. Infections caused by coryneform bacteria in pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Infec Dis J. 2008;27:136-41.
• ⁴
  Martins C, Faria L, Souza M, Carmello T, Velasco E, et al. Microbiological and host features associated with corynebacteriosis in cancer patients: a five year study. Men Inst Oswald Cruz. 2009;104:905-13.
• ⁵
  Miedema KG, Winter RH, Ammann RA, et al. Bacteria causing bacteremia in pediatric cancer patients presenting with febrile neutropenia-species distribution and susceptibility patterns. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21:2417-26.
• ⁶
  Dinleyici EC, Yargic ZA, Bor O, et al. Tigecycline treatment of multi-drug-resistant Corynebacterium jeikeium infection in a child with relapsing and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:349-51.
• ⁷
  Handrup MM, Moller JK, Rutkjaer C, et al. Importance of blood cultures from peripheral veins in pediatric patients with cancer and a central venous line. Pediatric Blood Cancer. 2015;62:99-102.
• ⁸
  O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, et al. Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) (Appendix 1). Summary of recommendations: Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:1087-99.
• ⁹
  Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW. A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous catheter related infection. N Engl. J Med. 1977;296:1305-9.
• ¹⁰
  Versalovic J, Carroll KC, Funke G, et al. Manual of clinical microbiology. 10th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2011. p. 413–42.
• ¹¹
  CLSI-Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance for standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-third informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S-23; 2013.
• ¹²
  de Miguel L, Rodriguez E, Martín AM. Corynebacterium amycolatum: sepsis in hematologic patients. Enfem Infecc Microbiol Clin. 1999;17:340-1.
• ¹³
  Rizvi M, Rizvi MW, Shaheen, et al. Emergence of coryneform bacteria as pathogens in nosocomial surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital of North India. J Infect Public Health. 2013;6:283-8.
• ¹⁴
  Knox KL, Holmes AH. Nosocomial endocarditis caused by Corynebacterium amycolatum and other non-diphtheriae corynebacteria. Emerg infect Dis. 2002;8:97-9.
• ¹⁵
  Dalal A, Urban C, Segal-Maurer S. Endocarditis due to Corynebacterium amycolatum J Med Microbiol. 2008;57:1299-302.
• ¹⁶
  Soriano F, Ponte C, Ruiz P, et al. Non-urinary tract infections caused by multiply antibiotic-resistant Corynebacterium urealyticum Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17:890-1.
• ¹⁷
  Babay HA, Kambal AM. Isolation of coryneform bacteria from blood cultures of patients at a University Hospital in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2004;25:1073-9.
• ¹⁸
  Rinke ML, Milstone AM, Chen AR, et al. Ambulatory pediatric oncology CLBSIs: epidemioloy and risk factors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60:1882-9.
• ¹⁹
  Ghide S, Jiang Y, Hachem R, et al. Catheter related Corynebacterium bacterium bacteremia: should the catheter be removed and vancomycin administered?. Euro J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29:153-6.
• ²⁰
  Yanai M, Ogasawasa M, Hayashi Y, et al. Retrospective evolution of the clinical characteristics associated with Corynebacterium species bacteremia. Braz J Infect Dis. 2018;22:24-9.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jul-Aug 2018

History

• Received
  27 Feb 2018
• Accepted
  15 July 2018
• Published
  11 Aug 2018