Health network assisting users of alcohol, crack, and other drugs

ABSTRACT

Objective:

This study has the goal to analyze the articulation of the health network to assist users of alcohol, crack and other drugs from a nurses' perspective.

Methods:

This is an observational, descriptive, and exploratory study with a quantitative approach. It was conducted in the health network in a coastal city in the state of Piaui, Brazil, with 56 nurses who answered a questionnaire.

Results:

The majority of nurses (82.0%) reported that the place where they work is articulated with other health network services for assistance to users of alcohol, crack and other drugs. Mainly, it happens by using the referral to a mental health service (48.8%). The integration among the health staff (46.3%), and the responsibility with the user and his/her family was considered fair (51.2%). In fact, nurses who said that they use strategies to overcome this situation also informed the presence of difficulties on the integration process. Among the difficulties that were reported, 40.5% of them was related to disrespect for the reference and counter reference system.

Conclusion:

Thus, it is necessary to promote debates in order to discuss the functioning and coordination of the health network that assist these users.

Keywords:
Nurses, male; Delivery of health care; Drug users; Health services; Mental health

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Analisar, na perspectiva dos enfermeiros, a articulação de uma rede de saúde para o atendimento aos usuários de álcool, crack e outras drogas.

Métodos:

Estudo observacional, descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido em um município litorâneo do estado do Piauí, Brasil, com 56 enfermeiros por meio da aplicação de questionários.

Resultados:

A maioria dos enfermeiros (82,0%) afirmou que os locais de saúde onde trabalham articulam-se com outros serviços da Rede de Saúde na assistência ao usuário de álcool, crack e outras drogas, principalmente por meio do encaminhamento a um serviço de saúde mental (48,8%). A integração entre as equipes (46,3%) e a corresponsabilidade ao usuário e sua família foi considerada razoável (51,2%). A presença de dificuldades no processo de articulação foi informada pelos enfermeiros que afirmaram utilizar estratégias para superá-las. Dentre as dificuldades informadas, 40,5% estiveram relacionadas ao desrespeito ao sistema de referência e contra referência.

Conclusão:

Ressalta-se a necessidade da realização de debates para tratar do funcionamento e articulação em rede para atenção a esses usuários.

Palavras-chave:
Enfermeiros; Assistência à saúde; Usuários de drogas; Serviços de saúde; Saúde mental

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

Analizar, según la perspectiva de los enfermeros, la articulación de la red de salud para atender a los usuarios de alcohol, crack y otras drogas.

Métodos:

Estudio observacional, descriptivo y exploratorio, con enfoque cuantitativo, desarrollado, en una ciudad costera en el estado de Piauí, Brasil, con 56 enfermeros a través del uso de cuestionarios.

Resultados:

La mayoría de los enfermeros (82,0%) dijo que los locales de salud donde trabajan son articulados con otros servicios de la Red de Salud en la asistencia a los usuarios de alcohol, crack y otras drogas, principalmente a través de la derivación a un servicio de salud mental (48,8%). La integración de los equipos (46,3%) y la corresponsabilidad al usuario y su familia se consideró razonable (51,2%). La presencia de dificultades en el proceso de integración fue informada por los enfermeros que dijeron que usan estrategias para superarlas. Entre las dificultades señaladas, 40,5% estuvieron relacionadas con la falta de respeto al sistema de referencia y contra referencia.

Conclusión:

Hacemos hincapié en la necesidad de debates para discutir el funcionamiento y articulación en red para la atención a estos usuarios.

Palabras clave:
Enfermeros; Prestación de atención de salud; Consumidores de drogas; Servicios de salud; Salud mental

INTRODUCTION

The use and abuse of and dependency on alcohol, crack and other drugs, considered a serious public health problem in contemporary society, has become the center of various Brazilian public policies requiring properly organized, articulated and resolving actions and services, especially from the Single Health System (SUS), towards the problem.

Federal Law nº 10.216/2001 legalizes the psychiatric reform movement in the area of mental health in Brazil. With its validation, the interest of policies on drugs in the country became visible in the sense of prioritizing the network of extra-hospital care and directing efforts contemplating integral health care to the public directly involved with the consumption of drugs¹.

Aligned to the principle of integral care, there was the recognition that the multifactor nature of problems involving the use of such substances requires a diversity of interventions, in their turn imposing the extension of coverage and the spectrum of action of health professionals to meet the needs of the users. Despite some ideological collisions, politics started to focus on preventive actions on the misuse of drugs, psychosocial rehabilitation of users and the approach of harm reduction as a philosophy of work¹.

The recommendation of the Ministry of Health is to provide support to users of alcohol, crack and other drugs at all levels of attention of the SUS, since the objective is to build a network of diversified mental health care. In this network, the user entering the system should be able to count on different locations of support to his problem².

The policy of Integral Attention to users of alcohol and other drugs was emphatic in pointing out that strengthening a network of assistance centered on community attention associated with the network for social and health services, is a compromise that should be executed as a way of coping with collective situations related to this issue. Strengthening the network character sets out on a path for the integral attention of alcohol users, crack and other drugs, because it is the network that, in constant interaction, creates various entrances, welcomes, forwards, prevents, treats, rehabilitates and reconstructs existences, enabling effective alternative coping².

In this sense, the realization of the linkage between the constituting entities of the network proves crucial, because it encourages co-responsibility in addition to potentiating therapeutic practices in an axis that does not split care, opening the way for extended treatments³. It is also important to emphasize that not only health services, but all individuals (relatives, friends, neighbors), territorial social provisions and organizations, either or not governmental, must share in the assistance, forming partnerships and networks of social support, so as to promote sector-crossing completeness of actions⁴.

However, Brazilian studies on the topic in question evidence that the constitution of this network of care is a challenge. Despite the gap of researches that assess the articulation of different health services to meet users of alcohol, crack and other drugs, in the literature there are records of situations that sprout signs of fragility in the attention to users that certainly interfere in the realization of this process and consequently, in care and in resolvability of cases.

There is, for instance, evidence of disconnection between basic healthcare services and services of mental health, as to the continuity of care to the user within his territory⁴. In addition, some health professionals ignore the responsibility of health services in the Network for assistance to users of alcohol, crack and other drugs^5,6. Moreover, professionals are unprepared to assist these users, especially in the primary level of assistance^5,7,8.

Thus, this research seeks to know, from the nurses, the process of articulation of a network of health care to users of alcohol, crack and other drugs, to understand the scarcity of studies related to the topic. Besides, it opts to define the need to discuss the consummation of this process in certain realities, in order to highlight potential and/or difficulties, useful to the understanding of problems involving the attendance to these users.

In this way, the present study has as objective to analyze the articulation of a network of health care to users of alcohol, crack and other drugs through a nurses' perspective.

METHODS

This is a study with a quantitative and experimental observational, descriptive, exploratory, cross-sectional approach, conducted in a city in the north of the coastal state of Piaui, Brazil.

Nurses from 27 Family Health Units (FHU), two general hospitals (a state and a philanthropic), a Municipal Emergency Room, a Mobile Emergency Care Service (MECS) and a Psychosocial Attention center Alcohol and Drugs type III (CAPSad III) took part in the study. This set of services is in this study named as "Health Network".

Of the 72 nurses within this Health Network, 56 constituted the sample of this research, meeting the criteria of inclusion of having worked for at least six months in the researched health institution. Nurses on license/expulsion or vacation in the period of the study were excluded.

Data collection took place in October 2013, through a questionnaire with questions about sociodemographic characteristics (gender, marital status, age, time of service and training on alcohol, crack and other drugs), responsibility, insertion and demand of health services by users of alcohol, crack and other drugs, difficulties of articulation of services on the network and overcoming of strategies adopted by nurses.

The collected data were tabulated using Microsoft Excel 2010 and subsequently exported to the Statistical Program of Social Science is Windows 18.0 (SPSS), to be processed by descriptive manipulation with calculations of absolute frequency and percentage, and are presented in tables. The responses of the open questions were grouped by category according to thematic similarity of the information written by professionals.

All participants signed a Free and Informed Consent Term (FICT) ensuring the fulfillment of Resolution nº 466/2012 of the National Health Council, which establishes the guidelines and regulatory standards for research involving human beings. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Federal University of Piaui (CAAE 19905913.4.0000.5214/Opinion 372.348).

RESULTS

Characterization of the participants of the study showed a predominance of married females, aged between 24 and 43 years, linked to the USF, working time five years or more and absence of trainings on alcohol, crack and other drugs.

Table 1 shows, in relation to the articulation of health services with network of care to users of alcohol, crack and other drugs, from nurses' perspective, if it is the responsibility of the service meet these users, if the network includes the service and the demand for the service.

Table 1
Responsibility, insertion and demand of health services assisting users of alcohol, crack and other drugs in a coastal city of the State of Piaui, Brazil, 2013 (n = 56)

Variables	n	%
It is the responsibility of the service to attend users of alcohol, crack and other drugs
Yes	55	98.2
No	1	1.8
The service in which you work is inserted into the Health Care Network of users of alcohol, crack and other drugs
Yes	40	71.4
No	6	10.7
Didn't know	9	16.1
Didn't reply	1	1.8
Use, abuse and/or dependence on drugs is a demand for attention in the service
Yes	50	89.3
No	6	10.7
Total	56	100.0

According to the presented data, it verifies that 98.2% of the participants consider it the responsibility of the health services in which they work to attend users of alcohol, crack and other drugs; 71.4% reported that these services are inserted in the Network of Health attending users of alcohol, crack and other drugs; and 89.3% that use, abuse and/or dependency of drugs is among the demands attended in these health institutions (Table 1).

Table 2 discusses the articulation of Health Network in analysis, presenting the form of this articulation and performance.

Table 2
Articulation, shape and performance of the Health Network to meet users of alcohol, crack and other drugs in a coastal city of the state of Piaui, Brazil, 2013 (n = 50)

Variables	n	%
The service is linked to other health network services to assist the users of alcohol, crack and other drugs
Yes	41	82.0
No	9	18.0
Articulation form (n = 41)
Referral to a mental health service	20	48.8
Matrix support	11	26.8
Hospital care	4	12.2
Other reasons	5	9.8
Did not answer	1	2.4
Integration/Communication Performance between the articulated teams (n = 41)
Nonexistent	1	2.4
Precarious	16	39.1
Reasonable	21	51.2
Satisfactory	3	7.3
Performance of shared responsibility by the user and his family (n = 41)
Nonexistent	3	7.3
Precarious	17	41.5
Reasonable	19	46.3
Satisfactory	2	4.9

It is observed that for the professionals who have declared the use, abuse and/or drug addiction as a demand met in service (n = 50), 82.0% indicated that the health service works in conjunction with other services of the Health Care network to provide assistance to the user of these substances. The form of this cooperation was for 48.8% the forwarding to a mental health service; 26.8% the establishing of a support matrix; 12.2% hospital care and for 9.8% other reasons. As for the performance of the cooperation, 51.2% qualified the integration/communication between the teams as reasonable and 46.3% considered the responsibility shared by the user and his family reasonable as well.

The professionals also reported difficulties for the service where they work to connect with the Health Network to attend the user of alcohol, crack and other drugs. Among the difficulties informed, 40.5% related to disrespect to the system of reference and against reference and 33% on the unpreparedness of the Health Care network for the care of users (lack of psychiatric beds, protocols of visits and workflow diagrams (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Distribution of the difficulties of articulation of the Health Care network to attend users of alcohol, crack and other drugs in a coastal city of the State of Piaui, Brazil, 2013.

To overcome the difficulties of articulation of the health care network, 52.0% of participants stated they seek help from other professionals/health institutions; 24.0% is studying the matter and demand information on services/actions for users (Figure 2).

Figure 2
Distribution of the strategies used by nurses to overcome the difficulties of articulation of Health network of a coastal city of the State of Piaui, Brazil, 2013 (n = 56).

DISCUSSION

In this study, the prevalence of women was already expected, seeing it is in the area of nursing professionals, whose universe is mostly composed of the female sex. To attention comes the fact that few of the participants have training/training in the area of attention to users of alcohol, crack and other drugs. This datum is worrying, as the representativeness of the sample covers various services of a health network and therefore signals a weakness shared by many workers.

However, this finding is not particular to this study. Research conducted with nurses of extra - hospital services in municipalities of Rio de Janeiro and the Family Health Strategy (ESF) in Joao Pessoa/PB verified low empowerment/training of nurses in this area of attention. They even pointed out that the absence of training can have negative repercussions on the assistance offered to the user of alcohol, crack and other drugs, and even interfere with the flow of these users within the network^7,9. The study of John Person stressed that the lack of such training has resulted in measures, restricted to the forwarding of users to more specialized services in mental health and, in some cases, advice to seek these services⁷.

In terms of the insertion of the institution within the health network to people with needs arising from the use of alcohol, crack and other drugs and on the responsibility of the services to attend them, was a positive finding. Non-recognition of a health service as a place of support for the chemical dependent in a health network by the professional working with the person would indicate a lack of acceptance and intervention with these patients, compromising the operation of the network, and certainly the coping strategies of local problems.

This recognition is attributed to the influence of the expansion and strengthening of the public attention in the SUS context that diversification of devices encourages a shared responsibility between the sectors, allowing the expansion of actions, facilitating access and certainly, awareness among health professionals regarding the cause¹⁰.

Another important information identified in the results refers to the fact that 89.3% of the participants have stated that the health services where they work deal with use/abuse/dependency. This data indicates the existing daily demand on these institutions for problems related to drugs and demonstrates, be it superficially, the presence of different points of support available to the user on the Health Network, which reinforces the importance of the qualification of professionals for the provision of care to the vulnerable and consuming public.

The participants who reported the presence of demand in service, 82.0% said that the services where work will be articulated with other health services to provide assistance to the user of alcohol, crack and other drugs, taking the referral to a mental health service (CAPSad (III) as the main reason. The search for partnerships with CAPSad also was described in a study held among nurses of the FHT of Porto Alegre-RS, with the aim to obtain success and continuity of treatment of this public¹¹.

The existence of such a link in the network is very positive from the point of view of decentralization and expansion of assistance, however, when focused on forwarding causes some concern. It is emphasized that the form with which the forwarding is performed is fundamental in the positive or negative outcome of a problem. Authors criticize that the focus on routing can cause the user to wander in the system, the bonds are removed and the direction of the integrality of care forgotten¹². In addition to the tendency to practice a piecemeal assistance, there is also a danger of institutionalization of the chemical dependent to specialized services and disregard of power of intervention and resolution of the other levels of care⁷.

It is worth emphasizing that articulation consists in the establishment of connections between professionals/services with views to qualify the care to the user. Thus, the recommended procedure in fact is to exchange information. In the event of routing, the system of reference and counter-reference needs to be respected and not be summarized into the "transfer" of the patient from one institution to the other. It should be cherished by effective communication and invest in the co-responsibility of health services for the care of the user/family. The attendance must be carried out according to the technical competence of each service, in order to avoid unnecessary referrals to the patient¹³.

With regard to this issue, the search for support matrix has been an alternative of coping, used in the scenario researched, being the second largest reason for linkage. This signals that a considerable part of the services is walking towards care and resolution of cases in loco, which shows a breakthrough in the functioning of the network. Recourse to the matrix support team, especially by the team of basic attention, proves a promising strategy in the care of the cases of mental health, because it allows increasing the effectiveness of the shared work, reinforcing the completeness and resolvability of actions at primary level, by means of shared managing of the health attendance¹⁴.

In this research participants perceived the difficulties of articulation of the health care network offering care to drug users. These difficulties centralized on disregard of the reference system/reference and unpreparedness against the Health Network for users of alcohol, crack and other drugs.

Coordinators of health services participating in a study developed in the Network of Mental Health Care in the municipality of Santa Maria/RS perceived similar difficulties. In this location, the coordinators have mentioned that structural difficulties and, mainly, of organizational nature of services, interfere in the articulation of the network for the effective care of cases of mental health. The authors of that study found a close relationship between them, where the emergence of one predisposes the appearance of the other, and that together, they tend to dismember integrality in the network¹³.

In the municipality of this study, it is believed that the interaction between the difficulties of articulation mentioned by nurses also has repercussions on the integrality of care offered and the performance of linkage performed. This understanding parts from results to show that from the point of view of shared responsibility for the user and his family and integration/communication between the articulated teams, performance ranged between reasonable and precarious, with a slight overlap of the first. This information shows that the relations between the teams need elaboration, as well as more instrumentation¹³.

Some evidences in the literature reinforce the results of this research when they raise situations that can interfere in the process of responsibility/integration between the services/health teams and, consequently, in the linkage and resolvability of network. It concerns the lack of training/knowledge of health professionals on the theme, encouraging motivation to act with these users¹¹ and the insufficiency of records, not only impeding communication among professionals of a service, but also hinder the task of professionals of reference, interfering in continuity and resolvability of actions¹⁵. In addition, there ate the disrespect for the reference counter-reference system and the matrix practice, summarized into the transfer of responsibility¹⁶ and the lack of an organizational chart of services¹⁷.

Interpretation along these lines sees the offer of permanent health education on the matter and promotion of spaces for dialog and discussion between the management and the teams assisting in approximation of services researched, in the understanding of the dynamic operation of the network regarding the service of cases related to the use of alcohol, crack and other drugs. A research developed in the South of Brazil, which evidences the meetings of "mental health in wheel" as an alternative found to make reality the exchange of information, the linkage between the services and professional yet the professional qualification¹³ shows a result that corroborates with this understanding.

In addition, the elaboration and implementation of the protocols and specific programs for the work with the users of these substances in the health services would be an alternative to avoid heterogeneity and discontinuity in the conduct of cases. Literature has already emphasized that the absence of these interferes negatively on the performance of the nurse⁹, and consequently of the team.

While this does not happen, the nurses of the health care network in the municipality in the mentioned study, seek strategies to overrun barriers encountered in the process of articulation as the search for help from other professionals/health institutions; the study on the subject; and the demand for information about services/actions for users. The pursuit of these alternatives underlines the interest of the researched nurses in improving the process of articulation and contribute to the attention to the user of alcohol and other drugs, crack, despite all difficulties.

This is not the first report on the use of strategies to overcome difficulties in the attention to the drug user by nurses. According to a study performed in CAPSad (of São Paulo/SP), in the absence of skills and expertise, the nurses informed to seek information and knowledge reading books and articles, besides the exchanging experiences with other health professionals, especially of the team¹⁸.

Thus, although not enough to face difficulties experienced, the data in this study show that the professionals are not inert towards encountered obstacles; but build alternative methods to overcome them. However, it is worth mentioning that it does not obviate the need for a greater attention and intervention on the part of the competent bodies for the resolution of these problems.

CONCLUSION

The presented results reveal the existence of a health network for people with needs arising from the use of alcohol, crack and other drugs in the municipality studied. This is based on information by nurses involved in local health care services recognizing the insertion of workplaces in this network of attention and inform responsibility of these services offer care to the public even affirming that already have demand for this service.

The articulation as actuation of work was present in statements of 82.0% of the participants who have user demand in the health service where they work. Forwarding to a mental health service was the way of conducting this joint more pointed out. However, this link from the point of view of shared responsibility and the integration of teams presented failed to oscillate between reasonable and precarious nurses said. It is believed that the difficulties encountered in the process of articulation evidenced by the participants of the study have justified this classification of performance.

Other finding of this research is the need to empower the nurses to work better with people who use, abuse and/or are dependent on alcohol, crack and other drugs. Additionally, the research suggests meetings with the teams/services of Health Network researched in order to provide elements that allow a better understanding about operations and networking, parting from spaces for debate, enabling the overcoming many difficulties encountered.

Regarding the limitations of the study assumes that by virtue of the object in the analysis and collection instrument used, it was not possible to evaluate if, articulating them if this way, the network of the city under study has reached a better level of resolvability of cases. Such questions are left as a suggestion for investigation in other researches.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Apr-Jun 2016

History

• Received
  08 July 2015
• Accepted
  18 Jan 2016