Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Influence of vascular assessment/visualization in peripheral intravenous catheterization technologies: An integrative review

ABSTRACT

Objective

to verify the influence of vascular ultrasound, infrared light emission, and transdermal lighting on the success of peripheral intravenous catheterization, number of attempts, time to perform the procedure, catheter stay in situ and occurrence of complications in children, when compared to the traditional method.

Method

this is an integrative literature review carried out from 2018 to 2020 at the Virtual Health Library, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science. Original studies, published between 2007 and 2019, comparing the use of these technologies with the traditional method of peripheral intravenous catheterization in children aged 0 - 18 years, were selected. Results: of 52 potential studies, 25 made up the final sample. Ten were related to vascular ultrasound use, 11 to infrared light and 4 to transdermal lighting.

Conclusion and implications for practice

ultrasound seems to be the most effective technology to promote the successful achievement of peripheral intravenous catheterization. However, there is a need for further studies to better determine the effectiveness of the technologies studied in obtaining and maintaining peripheral intravenous catheterization. It may provide clinical practices based on recent evidence, improving the quality of care for hospitalized children and their families, by promoting patient safety.

Keywords:
Ultrasonography; Transillumination; Child; Peripheral Catheterization

RESUMO

Objetivo

verificar a influência da ultrassonografia vascular, emissão de luz infravermelha e iluminação transdérmica no sucesso da cateterização intravenosa periférica; número de tentativas, tempo para a realização do procedimento, permanência do cateter in situ e ocorrência de complicações em crianças, quando comparadas ao método tradicional.

Método

trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura realizada no período de 2018 a 2020 na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus e Web of Science. Foram selecionados estudos originais, publicados entre 2007 e 2019, que comparassem o uso dessas tecnologias com o método tradicional da cateterização intravenosa periférica em crianças de 0 – 18 anos.

Resultados

de 52 estudos potenciais, 25 compuseram a amostra final, 10 relacionados ao uso da ultrassonografia vascular e 11 da luz infravermelha e 4 da iluminação transdérmica.

Conclusão e implicações para a prática: o ultrassom parece ser a tecnologia mais eficaz para promover a obtenção bem sucedida da cateterização intravenosa periférica, porém há necessidade de realização de mais estudos que determinem melhor a eficácia das tecnologias estudadas na obtenção e manutenção da cateterização intravenosa periférica. Poderá propiciar práticas clínicas baseadas em evidências recentes, melhorando a qualidade da assistência à criança hospitalizada e sua família, através da promoção da segurança do paciente.

Palavras-chave:
Ultrassonografia; Transiluminação; Criança; Cateterismo Periférico

RESUMEN

Objetivo

verificar la influencia de la ecografía vascular, la emisión de luz infrarroja y la iluminación transdérmica en el éxito del cateterismo intravenoso periférico, el número de intentos, el tiempo para realizar el procedimiento, la permanencia del catéter in situ y la aparición de complicaciones en los niños, en comparación con el método tradicional.

Método

esta es una revisión de literatura integradora llevada a cabo desde 2018 hasta 2020 en la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus y Web of Science. Se seleccionaron estudios originales publicados entre 2007 y 2019 que compararon el uso de estas tecnologías con el método tradicional de cateterización intravenosa periférica en niños de 0 a 18 años.

Resultados

De 52 estudios potenciales, 25 constituyeron la muestra final, 10 relacionados con el uso de ultrasonido vascular y 11 con luz infrarroja y 4 con iluminación transdérmica.

Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica

el ultrasonido parece ser la tecnología más efectiva para promover el logro exitoso del cateterismo intravenoso periférico, sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios para determinar mejor la efectividad de las tecnologías estudiadas para obtener y mantener el cateterismo intravenoso periférico. Puedese proporcionar prácticas clínicas basadas en evidencia reciente, mejorando la calidad de la atención para niños hospitalizados y sus familias, promoviendo la seguridad del paciente.

Palabras clave:
Ultrasonografía; Transiluminación; Niño; Cateterismo Periférico

INTRODUCTION

Regardless of their clinical or surgical condition, hospitalized children will normally need Intravenous Therapy (IVT) for their recovery, aiming at infusing solutions, drugs, nutrients, blood and its derivatives through peripheral or central venous catheter insertion. In IVT, due to the ease, low cost and time to perform the technique, the procedure most commonly performed in pediatric units is Peripheral Intravenous Catheterization (PIC).11 Harada M, Pedreira M. Terapia intravenosa e infusões. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Yendis Editora; 2011.

However, many patients do not have peripheral venous sites easily located, which can make PIC difficult or even impossible by the method traditionally used in hospital units, performed through visual inspection and palpation of anatomical reference points.22 Blaivas M, Lyon M. The effect of ultrasound guidance on the perceived difficulty of emergency nurse-obtained peripheral IV access. J Emerg Med. 2006;31(4):407-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2006.04.014. PMid:17046483.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.200...
Hospitalized children are exposed due to several unsuccessful attempts, which can increase the risk of complications, pain, stress, and suffering.

Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial performed with 169 surgical patients found that the catheters that were successful in puncture only after the third attempt increased the risk of infiltration by 6 times, when compared to those that obtained in only one attempt (p=0.0026).33 Johann DA, Danski MTR, Vayego SA, Barbosa DA, Lind J. Fatores de risco para complicações no cateter venoso periférico em adultos: análise secundária de ensaio clinico randomizado. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2016;24(e2833):2-10.

Therefore, in order to promote a safe clinical practice during IVT, health facilities and their workers, especially nurses, will need to innovate it through the use of technologies that contribute to improve care results, more specifically, success of the PIC on first attempt and promoting intravenous longest catheter stay44 Avelar A, Peterlini M, Pedreira M. Assertividade e tempo de permanência de cateteres intravenosos periféricos com inserção guiada por ultrassonografia em crianças e adolescentes. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2013;47(3):539-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000300003. PMid:24601127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62342013...
in situ.

Vascular ultrasound, near-infrared light emission, and transillumination are some of the technologies used for this purpose.55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
Ultrasonography consists of visualizing internal structures through the emission of sound waves that are mechanical vibrations that induce alternate refractions and compressions of any physical medium that cross.66 Flato UA, Petisco G, Santos F. Punção venosa guiada por ultra-som em unidade de terapia intensiva. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2009;21(2):190-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-507X2009000200012. PMid:25303350.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-507X2009...
In turn, technologies that use infrared light are based on infrared light beam emission directly at the puncture site.55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
Transillumination consists of light emission under or around the puncture site for network venous visualization.77 Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-171...

A recent systematic review88 Parker SI, Benzies KM, Hayden KA. A systematic review: effectiveness of pediatric peripheral intravenous catheterization strategies. J Adv Nurs. 2017;73(7):1570-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.13211. PMid:27864995.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.13211...
published in 2017 included 15 randomized and controlled clinical trials with children and adolescents. It was conducted between 1998 and 2014, totaling 4,665 participants, aiming to identify the interventions associated with success of the PIC on first attempt in children hospitalized in emergency units. The review studies were carried out in Australia, Canada, USA, France, the Netherlands, and New Zealand in emergency units and operating rooms.

This systematic review88 Parker SI, Benzies KM, Hayden KA. A systematic review: effectiveness of pediatric peripheral intravenous catheterization strategies. J Adv Nurs. 2017;73(7):1570-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.13211. PMid:27864995.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.13211...
compared ultrasound, infrared light or transillumination use with the traditional clinical method and concluded that there is not enough evidence to support the use of these technologies in clinical practice during the insertion of PIC in children, aiming to reduce child pain and first attempt success. The aforementioned review followed the Crochrane Library principles and selected studies published between 1989 and 2014.

However, it is necessary to seek new scientific evidence published after the systematic review previously mentioned and that indicate the best strategy for visualizing the child’s venous network, whether it is in excellent condition or already classified as difficult to access, and then insert it into the clinical care settings and offer safer care.

Therefore, it is believed that technology use can facilitate peripheral intravenous catheter insertion, guarantee safety and allow the device to remain for a longer time, being one of the solutions to alleviate the suffering of children submitted to PIC and provide an intervention faster when needed.

Therefore, this study aimed to verify the influence of vascular ultrasound, infrared light emission, and transdermal lighting on the success of peripheral intravenous catheterization, number of attempts, time to perform the procedure, catheter stay in situ and occurrence of complications in children, when compared to the traditional method.

METHOD

This is an integrative literature review, developed from the PICO strategy, in which “P” refers to the study population (children hospitalized with need for PIC); “I”, to the studied intervention (vascular ultrasonography, infrared light emission, and transillumination use for PIC); “C”, to another intervention (method traditionally used for PIC); “O”, to the outcome of interest (success of peripheral intravenous catheterization, number of attempts, time to perform the procedure, catheter stay in situ and occurrence of complications in children, when compared to the traditional method).99 Nobre CRM, Bernardo WM, Jatene BF. Prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte I - questões clínicas bem construídas. Rev Bras Reomato. 2004;44(6):397-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0482-50042004000600002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0482-50042004...

The following steps were used to construct this review: theme identification and research question selection, eligibility criteria establishment, literature sampling, data collection, critical analysis of studies, interpretation of results and presentation of the review.1010 Botelho LLR, Cunha CCA, Macedo M. The integrative review method in organizational studies. Rev Eletr Gestão Soc, 2011; 5(11):121-36. retro-traduzido por: David Harrad. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2015;24(2):335-42.

This review was based on the following guiding question: what is the influence of vascular ultrasound, infrared light emission, and transillumination on the success of PIC, number of attempts, procedure time, catheter stay in situ and occurrence of complications in hospitalized children, when compared to the traditional method?

A comprehensive electronic search was conducted at the Virtual Health Library, National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL, from October 2018 to January 2020, from crossing of the following controlled keywords “Child, Peripheral Catheterization, Adverse Effects, Ultrasonography and Transillumination” present at DeCS (Descritores em Ciências da Saúde - Health Sciences Descriptors) and their correspondents in English, Spanish at Medical Subject Headings (MESH). The Boolean logic was used with search terms including: Ultrasonography and child and Catheterization, Peripheral or Peripheral Catheterizations; Transillumination and child and Catheterization, Peripheral or Peripheral Catheterizations; Transillumination or Ultrasonography and child and Catheterization, Peripheral or Peripheral Catheterizations and adverse effects.

The eligibility criteria were: (1) being published in Portuguese, English or Spanish; (2) being an original article; (3) being available in full; (4) having been published between the years 2007 to 2019; (5) treating a peripheral venous catheter performed on children aged 0-18 years; (6) comparing vascular ultrasound use, infrared light emission or transillumination with the traditional method of PIC.

Two independent evaluators participated in the collection, reading and selection of the articles. Initially, the titles and abstracts of all articles found were assessed and those that did not correspond to the objectives of this review were excluded. For each potential study, the full article was examined and, finally, the studies that fit the inclusion criteria were assessed.

The following information was extracted from the selected articles: (1) title, (2) authors, (3) year of publication, (4) country of origin of the study, (5) objective, (6) study design, (7) location of the study, (8) number of participants, (9) intervention used, (10) main results, (11) limitations and conclusion. This information was transferred to a spreadsheet and its main results were analyzed and compared for their convergences and divergences.

RESULTS

Fifty-two articles were found (38 at PubMed and 14 at Science Direct). No articles on the theme were found in the other analyzed databases. During abstract reading, 16 were eliminated for analyzing the adult/elderly population, 7 for treating a peripherally inserted central catheter, 2 for analyzing only the professionals’ competence and 2 for including in the sample the age group above 18 years.

At the end, 25 articles were analyzed, 10 related to vascular ultrasound use,55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
,1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...

12 Bair AE, Rose JS, Vance CW, Andrada-Brown E, Kuppermann N. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral venous access in young children: a randomized controlled trial and pilot feasibility study. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(4):219-24. PMid:19561750.

13 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...

14 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.

15 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...

16 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...

17 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...

18 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
-1919 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...
11 related to use of devices with infrared light emission (3 on AccuVein®,2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...

21 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
-2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
7 on VeinViewer®77 Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-171...
,2323 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.

24 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.

25 Szmuk P, Steiner J, Pop RB, Farrow-Gillespie A, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. The veinviewer vascular imaging system worsens first-attempt cannulation rate for experienced nurses in infants and children with anticipated difficult intravenous access. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(5):1087-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828a739e. PMid:23492965.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...

26 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6.

27 Perry AM, Caviness AC, Hsu DC. Efficacy of a near-infrared light device in pediatric intravenous cannulation: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(1):5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182037caf. PMid:21178814.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182...
-2828 Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in children? J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2):134-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009. PMid:22341192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10...
and 1 on VascuLuminator®)2929 Van der Woude Olga CP, Cuper NJ, Getrouw C, Kalkman CJ, Graaff JC. The effectiveness of a near-infrared vascular imaging device to support intravenous cannulation in children with dark skin color: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(6):1266-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828e5bde. PMid:23649104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...
and 4 related to transillumination (LED-powred,3030 Hosokawa K, Kato H, Kishi C, Kato Y, Shime N. Transillumination by light-emitting diode facilitates peripheral venous cannulations in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(8):957-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02270.x. PMid:20626357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.20...
Veinlite®3131 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
,3232 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
and fiber optic lighting).3333 Yamazaki S, Tomita S, Watanabe M, Kawaai H, Shimamura K. Effects of a transmitted light device for pediatric peripheral venipuncture and intravenous cannulation. Med Devices. 2011;4(1):189-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497. PMid:22915945.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497...
A study compared at the same time an infrared light emission device (VeinViewer®) with a transillumination device (WeeSight®).2828 Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in children? J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2):134-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009. PMid:22341192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10...
Study characterization is described in Quadro 1.

Quadro 1
Characterization of the selected articles. Feira de Santana, BA.

Most studies were randomized clinical trials (RCTs) (22 studies), only one of the studies was observational,1414 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052. and two were clinical trials, but not randomized.2323 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.,2828 Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in children? J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2):134-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009. PMid:22341192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10...
The studies were predominantly international, conducted in the United States,1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,1313 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...
,1616 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...
,1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
,2424 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.,2525 Szmuk P, Steiner J, Pop RB, Farrow-Gillespie A, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. The veinviewer vascular imaging system worsens first-attempt cannulation rate for experienced nurses in infants and children with anticipated difficult intravenous access. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(5):1087-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828a739e. PMid:23492965.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...
,2828 Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in children? J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2):134-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009. PMid:22341192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10...
,3131 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
Japan,1515 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...
,2929 Van der Woude Olga CP, Cuper NJ, Getrouw C, Kalkman CJ, Graaff JC. The effectiveness of a near-infrared vascular imaging device to support intravenous cannulation in children with dark skin color: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(6):1266-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828e5bde. PMid:23649104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...
,3131 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
Germany,1515 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...
,2424 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7. Turkey,2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
,3232 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
France,99 Nobre CRM, Bernardo WM, Jatene BF. Prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte I - questões clínicas bem construídas. Rev Bras Reomato. 2004;44(6):397-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0482-50042004000600002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0482-50042004...
Canada,1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
Australia,2121 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
and Thailand.2525 Szmuk P, Steiner J, Pop RB, Farrow-Gillespie A, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. The veinviewer vascular imaging system worsens first-attempt cannulation rate for experienced nurses in infants and children with anticipated difficult intravenous access. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(5):1087-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828a739e. PMid:23492965.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...
Only two national studies were found, both related to ultrasound use.55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
,1515 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...

Few studies have been found on technology use, mainly vascular ultrasonography and AccuVein®, which reinforces the need for more randomized clinical trials on these technologies. No study addressed Venoscope use as a technology for transillumination, which may be due to the scarcity of national investigations on technology use to visualize the peripheral venous network as an aid in carrying out the PIC.

As for the unit, most studies were carried out in the pediatric emergency department,1212 Bair AE, Rose JS, Vance CW, Andrada-Brown E, Kuppermann N. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral venous access in young children: a randomized controlled trial and pilot feasibility study. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(4):219-24. PMid:19561750.

13 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...

14 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.

15 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...

16 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...

17 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
-1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
,2121 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,2424 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.,3030 Hosokawa K, Kato H, Kishi C, Kato Y, Shime N. Transillumination by light-emitting diode facilitates peripheral venous cannulations in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(8):957-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02270.x. PMid:20626357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.20...
,3232 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
followed by surgical center and hospitalization units,55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
,1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,1515 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...
,1616 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...
,1919 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...
,2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...
,2828 Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in children? J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2):134-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009. PMid:22341192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10...
,2929 Van der Woude Olga CP, Cuper NJ, Getrouw C, Kalkman CJ, Graaff JC. The effectiveness of a near-infrared vascular imaging device to support intravenous cannulation in children with dark skin color: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(6):1266-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828e5bde. PMid:23649104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...
which can be justified by the higher volume of PIC, the need for greater speed in its performance and also the greater dexterity required due to the patient’s clinical conditions, which make the procedure more complex.3434 Yen K, Riegert A, Gorelick MH. A clinical prediction rule for the identification of childrenwith difficult intravenous access. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(3):143-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181666f32. PMid:18347490.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...

Only ten studies delimited the exact lower age limits of their participants.77 Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-171...
,1515 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...
,1616 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...
,1919 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...
,2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
,2323 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.,2626 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6.,3131 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...

32 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
-3333 Yamazaki S, Tomita S, Watanabe M, Kawaai H, Shimamura K. Effects of a transmitted light device for pediatric peripheral venipuncture and intravenous cannulation. Med Devices. 2011;4(1):189-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497. PMid:22915945.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497...
Among them, three included neonates, infants, preschoolers, schoolchildren, and adolescents in the same study;1515 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...
,2323 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.,3131 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
two included infants, preschoolers, schoolchildren, and adolescents;77 Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-171...
,2626 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6. two included preschoolers and schoolchildren,1919 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...
,3333 Yamazaki S, Tomita S, Watanabe M, Kawaai H, Shimamura K. Effects of a transmitted light device for pediatric peripheral venipuncture and intravenous cannulation. Med Devices. 2011;4(1):189-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497. PMid:22915945.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497...
one included infants, preschoolers, and schoolchildren;3232 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
and another included preschoolers, schoolchildren, and adolescents.2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
However, only one of them separated the age groups at the time of the analysis of their outcomes.1515 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...
The other 15 studies delimited only the upper age limit of their participants and did not analyze the age groups separately in their results.

Variation between the age groups of the participants interferes in the reliability of the results presented. Children age influences the success of the PIC, because due to the anatomical variation, older children have less risk for failure in the PIC.3434 Yen K, Riegert A, Gorelick MH. A clinical prediction rule for the identification of childrenwith difficult intravenous access. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(3):143-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181666f32. PMid:18347490.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...

The most studied variables were first attempt success rate,55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
,77 Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-171...
,1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...

12 Bair AE, Rose JS, Vance CW, Andrada-Brown E, Kuppermann N. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral venous access in young children: a randomized controlled trial and pilot feasibility study. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(4):219-24. PMid:19561750.

13 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...
-1414 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.,1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....

19 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...

20 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...

21 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...

22 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...

23 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.

24 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.

25 Szmuk P, Steiner J, Pop RB, Farrow-Gillespie A, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. The veinviewer vascular imaging system worsens first-attempt cannulation rate for experienced nurses in infants and children with anticipated difficult intravenous access. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(5):1087-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828a739e. PMid:23492965.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...

26 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6.
-2727 Perry AM, Caviness AC, Hsu DC. Efficacy of a near-infrared light device in pediatric intravenous cannulation: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(1):5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182037caf. PMid:21178814.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182...
,2929 Van der Woude Olga CP, Cuper NJ, Getrouw C, Kalkman CJ, Graaff JC. The effectiveness of a near-infrared vascular imaging device to support intravenous cannulation in children with dark skin color: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(6):1266-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828e5bde. PMid:23649104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...

30 Hosokawa K, Kato H, Kishi C, Kato Y, Shime N. Transillumination by light-emitting diode facilitates peripheral venous cannulations in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(8):957-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02270.x. PMid:20626357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.20...

31 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
-3232 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
followed by the procedure time,77 Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-171...
,1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,1313 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...
,1414 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.,1616 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...

17 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...

18 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....

19 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...

20 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...

21 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
-2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
,2424 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.,2626 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6.,2929 Van der Woude Olga CP, Cuper NJ, Getrouw C, Kalkman CJ, Graaff JC. The effectiveness of a near-infrared vascular imaging device to support intravenous cannulation in children with dark skin color: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(6):1266-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828e5bde. PMid:23649104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...
,3030 Hosokawa K, Kato H, Kishi C, Kato Y, Shime N. Transillumination by light-emitting diode facilitates peripheral venous cannulations in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(8):957-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02270.x. PMid:20626357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.20...
,3232 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
the overall success rate55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
,1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,1212 Bair AE, Rose JS, Vance CW, Andrada-Brown E, Kuppermann N. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral venous access in young children: a randomized controlled trial and pilot feasibility study. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(4):219-24. PMid:19561750.,1414 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.,1616 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...

17 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
-1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
,2828 Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in children? J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2):134-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009. PMid:22341192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10...
,3131 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
,3333 Yamazaki S, Tomita S, Watanabe M, Kawaai H, Shimamura K. Effects of a transmitted light device for pediatric peripheral venipuncture and intravenous cannulation. Med Devices. 2011;4(1):189-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497. PMid:22915945.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497...
and the number of attempts.1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,1313 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...
,1717 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...

18 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....

19 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...

20 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...

21 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...

22 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...

23 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.
-2424 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.,2626 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6.,3232 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
Only two studies analyzed the occurrence of complications (infiltration and phlebitis)1515 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...
,1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
and two analyzed the catheter’s stay time,55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
,1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
all related to ultrasound use.

It is observed that not all studies analyzed all variables, demonstrating gaps that still exist in the literature, mainly regarding the occurrence of complications and the catheter’s stay time, since these were analyzed in only two studies. Article synthesis is described in Quadro 2.

Quadro 2
Synthesis of selected articles. Feira de Santana, BA, 2020.

DISCUSSION

Overall success rate

The overall success rate of infrared light was analyzed in one study (VeinViewer®)2828 Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in children? J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2):134-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009. PMid:22341192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10...
and transillumination was analyzed in three studies (WeeSight®,2828 Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in children? J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2):134-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009. PMid:22341192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10...
Veinlite®3131 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
and fiber optic lighting).3333 Yamazaki S, Tomita S, Watanabe M, Kawaai H, Shimamura K. Effects of a transmitted light device for pediatric peripheral venipuncture and intravenous cannulation. Med Devices. 2011;4(1):189-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497. PMid:22915945.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497...
Among the latter, the one using Veinlite® increased this rate by 11.1% when compared to the control group (p=0.01).3131 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
When using fiber optic lighting, the overall success rate increased by 33% (p=0.0000002).3333 Yamazaki S, Tomita S, Watanabe M, Kawaai H, Shimamura K. Effects of a transmitted light device for pediatric peripheral venipuncture and intravenous cannulation. Med Devices. 2011;4(1):189-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497. PMid:22915945.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497...

However, WeeSight® and VeinViewer® use obtained lower overall success rates, 35.3% and 32.3%, respectively (p =0.001), compared to the traditional clinical method.2828 Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in children? J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2):134-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009. PMid:22341192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10...

Among the ultrasound studies, seven of them increased the overall success rate, reaching results between 43 to 100% in the intervention group.55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
,1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,1212 Bair AE, Rose JS, Vance CW, Andrada-Brown E, Kuppermann N. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral venous access in young children: a randomized controlled trial and pilot feasibility study. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(4):219-24. PMid:19561750.,1414 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.,1616 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...
,1717 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
,1919 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...
However, of these, only two obtained statistical significance when analyzing the total sample (p=0.002 and p=0.008).1616 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...
,1919 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...
When analyzing separately the accesses considered as difficult, a study obtained significance (p=0.003).1414 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052. Articles that obtained statistical significance with ultrasound use increased the overall success rate by 16%,1919 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...
17%1414 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052. and 19%,1616 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...
when compared to the control group.

Therefore, it seems that among the technologies studied, equipment that uses fiber optic lighting transillumination increases the overall success rate of PIC more than the traditional method use. It is believed that the use of these technologies in comparison to equipment that works on the basis of ultrasonography is more portable and easy to handle by the professional operator of the catheterization technique.

The child’s movement or stress during PIC attempts can influence image formation in the studied devices, compromising the overall success rate mainly with infrared light and ultrasound use. None of the studies analyzed considered this variable.

First attempt success rate

First attempt success rate was analyzed in nine of the studies on infrared light (AccuVein®,2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...

21 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
-2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
VeinViewer®,77 Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-171...
,2323 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.

24 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.

25 Szmuk P, Steiner J, Pop RB, Farrow-Gillespie A, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. The veinviewer vascular imaging system worsens first-attempt cannulation rate for experienced nurses in infants and children with anticipated difficult intravenous access. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(5):1087-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828a739e. PMid:23492965.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...

26 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6.
-2727 Perry AM, Caviness AC, Hsu DC. Efficacy of a near-infrared light device in pediatric intravenous cannulation: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(1):5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182037caf. PMid:21178814.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182...
and VascuLuminator®).2929 Van der Woude Olga CP, Cuper NJ, Getrouw C, Kalkman CJ, Graaff JC. The effectiveness of a near-infrared vascular imaging device to support intravenous cannulation in children with dark skin color: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(6):1266-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828e5bde. PMid:23649104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...

In studies on VeinViewer®, the results with this technology use were between 47 to 80% and the results of the control group between 49 to 79%.77 Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-171...
,2323 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.

24 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.

25 Szmuk P, Steiner J, Pop RB, Farrow-Gillespie A, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. The veinviewer vascular imaging system worsens first-attempt cannulation rate for experienced nurses in infants and children with anticipated difficult intravenous access. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(5):1087-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828a739e. PMid:23492965.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...

26 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6.
-2727 Perry AM, Caviness AC, Hsu DC. Efficacy of a near-infrared light device in pediatric intravenous cannulation: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(1):5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182037caf. PMid:21178814.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182...
Of these, only two achieved statistical significance, one of which presented a 31% increase in the first attempt success rate among participants who used the technology, when compared to the traditional method (p <0.01).2323 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078. Another presented a reduction of this rate in 15% in comparison to the control group (p=0.0003).2525 Szmuk P, Steiner J, Pop RB, Farrow-Gillespie A, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. The veinviewer vascular imaging system worsens first-attempt cannulation rate for experienced nurses in infants and children with anticipated difficult intravenous access. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(5):1087-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828a739e. PMid:23492965.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...

With regard to AccuVein®, the results showed a first attempt success rate of 45 to 91.7%.2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...

21 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
-2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
However, only two achieved statistical significance, one increased the rate by 44.3% (p=0.001).2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
The other showed a 0.28% decrease in first attempt success using the technology, in comparison to the traditional method use (p <0.01).2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...
VascuLuminator® increased the first attempt success rate by 12%, but without statistical significance (p=0.27).2929 Van der Woude Olga CP, Cuper NJ, Getrouw C, Kalkman CJ, Graaff JC. The effectiveness of a near-infrared vascular imaging device to support intravenous cannulation in children with dark skin color: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(6):1266-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828e5bde. PMid:23649104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...

Three studies on transillumination used this variable (1 with the LED-powered3030 Hosokawa K, Kato H, Kishi C, Kato Y, Shime N. Transillumination by light-emitting diode facilitates peripheral venous cannulations in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(8):957-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02270.x. PMid:20626357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.20...
and two with Veinlite®).3131 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
,3232 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
The LED-powered increased first attempt success by 14% when compared to the traditional method, however it did not obtain statistical significance (p=0.1).3030 Hosokawa K, Kato H, Kishi C, Kato Y, Shime N. Transillumination by light-emitting diode facilitates peripheral venous cannulations in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(8):957-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02270.x. PMid:20626357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.20...
Veinlite® in one study increased the first attempt success rate by 9.1% (p <0.04),3232 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
but in another study, it only obtained statistical significance after logistic regression (p=0.03).3131 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...

Seven studies on ultrasound55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
,1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...

12 Bair AE, Rose JS, Vance CW, Andrada-Brown E, Kuppermann N. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral venous access in young children: a randomized controlled trial and pilot feasibility study. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(4):219-24. PMid:19561750.

13 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...
-1414 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.,1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
,1919 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...
used this variable, obtaining results between 29 to 85.4%.55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
,1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...

12 Bair AE, Rose JS, Vance CW, Andrada-Brown E, Kuppermann N. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral venous access in young children: a randomized controlled trial and pilot feasibility study. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(4):219-24. PMid:19561750.

13 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...
-1414 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.,1919 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...
,2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...
However, of these, only three obtained statistically significant results showing an increase of 50% (p=0.0012),1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
39.6% (p <0.05)1919 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...
and 24% (p=0.09)2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...
in the first attempt success rate with the use of this technology, when compared to the traditional method.

Many studies showed increases in first attempt success rates. However, only three studies that used vascular ultrasound,1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,1919 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...
,2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...
two that used infrared light (VenViewer®2323 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078. and AccuVein®),2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
and two that used transillumination (Veinlite®)3131 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
,3232 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
obtained statistically significant results. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out further studies that include this variable in their analysis.

Among the technologies that achieved significance, the ones that most increased the first attempt success rate were AccuVein® and ultrasound.

Number of attempts

The number of attempts was assessed in six studies on infrared light (VeinViewer®2323 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.,2424 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.,2626 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6. and AccuVein®).2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...

21 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
-2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
Regarding VeinViewer® use, two studies calculated the average of attempts, finding the same result with technology use (average 1),2424 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.,2626 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6. but they differed in relation to the results in the control group obtaining average 2 (p=0.04)2626 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6. and average 1.2424 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7. The latter had no statistical significance (p=0.5).2424 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7. Another study on VeinViewer® averaged and obtained 1.29 with technology use and 1.97 with the traditional clinical method use (p <0.001).2323 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.

With regard to AccuVein®, three studies analyzed this variable, which demonstrated an increase in the number of attempts with technology use, obtaining a average 2 with technology use and 1 with the traditional method and averages 1.332121 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
and 1, 082222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
with technology use; 1.292121 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
and 2.232222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
using the traditional method. However, only two obtained statistically significant results (p <0.01).2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...
,2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...

Only one study on transillumination using the Veinlite® device used this variable, obtaining an average of 1.07 attempts with technology use and 1.31 with the traditional method (p=0.04).3232 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...

Five studies on ultrasound use analyzed this variable1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,1313 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...
,1515 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...
,1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
,1919 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...
. Three of them obtained an average of 1,1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,1717 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
,1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
whereas the control group obtained averages of: 2,1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
2.51111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
and 31717 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
with statistical significance (p=0.004)1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,1717 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
and (p <0.05)1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
in their results, reducing by half or more the number of attempts when compared to the control group. A study separately analyzed patients aged 16 years or less, 3 years or less and more than three years obtaining averages of 1, 1.5 and 1, respectively,1313 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...
but without statistical significance.

Ultrasound, among the technologies, was the one that obtained the most significant results in terms of reducing the number of attempts, therefore, it seems that, when comparing it with the traditional clinical method of PIC, it can provide benefits, such as the immediate onset of IVT, minimizing the stress of children and their families and helps to preserve the vascular anatomy of the damage caused by this procedure.

Procedure time

Procedure time was assessed in seven studies on infrared light (VeinViewer®,77 Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-171...
,2121 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,2424 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.,2626 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6. AccuVein®,2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...

21 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
-2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
and VascuLuminator®).2929 Van der Woude Olga CP, Cuper NJ, Getrouw C, Kalkman CJ, Graaff JC. The effectiveness of a near-infrared vascular imaging device to support intravenous cannulation in children with dark skin color: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(6):1266-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828e5bde. PMid:23649104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...
VeinViewer® reduced the procedure time when compared to the traditional method,77 Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-171...
,2121 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,2424 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.,2626 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6. However, the statistical significance was observed in only two studies. One showed a reduction of 311.05 seconds in the procedure time, in comparison with the control group (p=0.014),2626 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6. and the other showed a reduction of 46 seconds in the subgroup composed of children under two years old when comparing technology use to the traditional method (p=0.047).2424 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.

AccuVein® also reduced the procedure time in all studies,2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...

21 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
-2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
but there was statistical significance in only two studies, in which AccuVein® use reduced the procedure time by 60 (p <0, 01)2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...
and 135.6 (p=0.001)2222 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
seconds, when compared to the traditional method. Finally, VascuLuminator® reduced the time by 15 seconds when compared to the traditional method, but without statistical significance (p=0.50).2929 Van der Woude Olga CP, Cuper NJ, Getrouw C, Kalkman CJ, Graaff JC. The effectiveness of a near-infrared vascular imaging device to support intravenous cannulation in children with dark skin color: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(6):1266-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828e5bde. PMid:23649104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...

Two studies on transillumination assessed this variable (LED-powered3030 Hosokawa K, Kato H, Kishi C, Kato Y, Shime N. Transillumination by light-emitting diode facilitates peripheral venous cannulations in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(8):957-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02270.x. PMid:20626357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.20...
and Veinlite3232 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...
). The LED-powered time was reduced by 21 seconds, when compared to the traditional method (p=0.01).3030 Hosokawa K, Kato H, Kishi C, Kato Y, Shime N. Transillumination by light-emitting diode facilitates peripheral venous cannulations in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(8):957-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02270.x. PMid:20626357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.20...
With Veinlite® use, this time was reduced by 9.7 seconds (p=0.01).3232 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...

Seven studies on ultrasound analyzed this variable, obtaining results between 54 to 510 seconds.1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,1313 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...
,1414 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.,1616 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...

17 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...

18 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
-1919 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...
Of these, five found statistically significant values, noting that the use of this technology reduced the procedure time by 486 seconds (p=0.001);1717 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
126 seconds (p=0.003),1616 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...
105 seconds (p <0.001),1414 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052. 357 seconds (p< 0.001),1111 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
and 14 minutes (p <0.05).1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....

Therefore, it seems that among the technologies, the one that most reduced the procedure time, when compared to the traditional method was ultrasound. The reduction of this time generates faster interventions and, in this way, improves the assistance and eases the stress of the child and his/her family.

Occurrence of complications

The occurrence of complications was assessed in only two articles,1515 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...
,1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
one of which found higher rates of infiltration in the group with ultrasound use (73.9%), compared to the control group (51.1%) (p=0.026). However, phlebitis rates decreased with technology use by 11.3%, despite not having reached statistical significance (p=0.09).1515 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...
The other found a reduction of 8% in the occurrence of complications with ultrasound use, but without statistical significance (p> 0.05).1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....

The reduction in the number of complications may favor an increase in the catheter’s stay time, since it will not need to be removed before the end of IVT, which will reduce extra costs caused by a new procedure, in addition to reducing damage to the physical integrity of the contributing to the promotion of safe practices. The scarcity of studies with this variable prevents the achievement of more concrete results on the reduction or not of complications, especially with respect to technologies based on transillumination that have not been assessed for this variable in any study.

Catheter residence time

The two studies that used this variable were performed with ultrasound,55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
,1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....
one of which demonstrated a reduction in the period of stay of the device with technology use (22.0 hours), when compared to the control group (23.1 hours), but without statistical significance (p=0.121).55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
The other found a longer stay (4.5 days) compared to the control group (2.6 days) (p <0.05).1818 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....

Therefore, it is necessary to develop investigations about this variable, both in relation to ultrasound, as well as to technologies based on transillumination, in order to obtain more concrete results to aid in clinical practice.

Limitations and advantages of studies

The articles had several limitations that influenced their final results, the most common were sample size, given as small or insufficient in eight studies;1212 Bair AE, Rose JS, Vance CW, Andrada-Brown E, Kuppermann N. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral venous access in young children: a randomized controlled trial and pilot feasibility study. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(4):219-24. PMid:19561750.

13 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...

14 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.
-1515 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...
,1717 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...
,2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...
,2323 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.,3030 Hosokawa K, Kato H, Kishi C, Kato Y, Shime N. Transillumination by light-emitting diode facilitates peripheral venous cannulations in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(8):957-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02270.x. PMid:20626357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.20...
enlargement of the vein far beyond its normal size by the device, giving a false idea of depth and favoring the occurrence of transfixation, indicated by five studies;77 Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-171...
,2020 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...
,2121 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...
,2525 Szmuk P, Steiner J, Pop RB, Farrow-Gillespie A, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. The veinviewer vascular imaging system worsens first-attempt cannulation rate for experienced nurses in infants and children with anticipated difficult intravenous access. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(5):1087-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828a739e. PMid:23492965.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...
,2727 Perry AM, Caviness AC, Hsu DC. Efficacy of a near-infrared light device in pediatric intravenous cannulation: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(1):5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182037caf. PMid:21178814.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182...
and difference in the age groups among children of the control and intervention groups, also in five of the studies analyzed in this review.55 Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.00...
,1414 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.,1515 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...
,2323 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.,2828 Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in children? J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2):134-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009. PMid:22341192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10...

Despite these limitations, the technologies presented many advantages when compared to the traditional PIC method, as they increase first attempt success and reduce procedure time and number of attempts. Consequently, it will preserve the integrity of the vascular endothelium and decrease the episodes of stress and suffering that this procedure causes both the child and his/her family, thus promoting patient safety.

CONCLUSION

Technology use for direct visualization of the venous network allows a faster and more accurate identification of the insertion site, when compared to standard techniques that are based on superficial anatomy and estimate the location of the vessel. Thus, they reduce the time and the number of attempts, mainly in venous networks considered difficult to catheterize.

Among the technologies discussed in this study, ultrasound seems to be the most effective technology to promote the successful achievement of PIC. It achieved more satisfactory results in terms of first attempt success, procedure time and number of attempts compared to the method traditional clinical practice.

However, incipient production and publication of knowledge made it difficult to obtain more conclusive results to better determine the effectiveness of the technologies studied in obtaining and maintaining PIC. As for the national literature, it was noticed that there are few studies with this theme highlighting transillumination technologies, since no research was found.

Moreover, most studies have analyzed the reality of the pediatric emergency, therefore it is necessary to carry out research in other contexts of clinical reality, such as, for instance, medical, surgical and oncological units, in order to understand the performance of the PIC in different situations of care for hospitalized children.

Therefore, this review generated new polls that demonstrate the need to conduct other clinical trials on the use of these technologies, in order to reduce limitations and fill the gaps in the literature on the subject, in addition to providing clinical practices based on recent evidence, improving the quality of care for hospitalized children and their families, by promoting patient safety.

REFERÊNCIAS

  • 1
    Harada M, Pedreira M. Terapia intravenosa e infusões. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Yendis Editora; 2011.
  • 2
    Blaivas M, Lyon M. The effect of ultrasound guidance on the perceived difficulty of emergency nurse-obtained peripheral IV access. J Emerg Med. 2006;31(4):407-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2006.04.014 PMid:17046483.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2006.04.014
  • 3
    Johann DA, Danski MTR, Vayego SA, Barbosa DA, Lind J. Fatores de risco para complicações no cateter venoso periférico em adultos: análise secundária de ensaio clinico randomizado. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2016;24(e2833):2-10.
  • 4
    Avelar A, Peterlini M, Pedreira M. Assertividade e tempo de permanência de cateteres intravenosos periféricos com inserção guiada por ultrassonografia em crianças e adolescentes. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2013;47(3):539-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000300003 PMid:24601127.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000300003
  • 5
    Pitts S, Ostroff M. The use of visualization technology for the insertion of peripheral intravenous catheters. JAVA. 2019;24(3):10-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/j.java.2019.003.007
  • 6
    Flato UA, Petisco G, Santos F. Punção venosa guiada por ultra-som em unidade de terapia intensiva. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2009;21(2):190-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-507X2009000200012 PMid:25303350.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-507X2009000200012
  • 7
    Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9
  • 8
    Parker SI, Benzies KM, Hayden KA. A systematic review: effectiveness of pediatric peripheral intravenous catheterization strategies. J Adv Nurs. 2017;73(7):1570-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.13211 PMid:27864995.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.13211
  • 9
    Nobre CRM, Bernardo WM, Jatene BF. Prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte I - questões clínicas bem construídas. Rev Bras Reomato. 2004;44(6):397-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0482-50042004000600002
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0482-50042004000600002
  • 10
    Botelho LLR, Cunha CCA, Macedo M. The integrative review method in organizational studies. Rev Eletr Gestão Soc, 2011; 5(11):121-36. retro-traduzido por: David Harrad. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2015;24(2):335-42.
  • 11
    Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x PMid:22409596.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x
  • 12
    Bair AE, Rose JS, Vance CW, Andrada-Brown E, Kuppermann N. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral venous access in young children: a randomized controlled trial and pilot feasibility study. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(4):219-24. PMid:19561750.
  • 13
    Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012 PMid:25897047.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012
  • 14
    Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.
  • 15
    Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126 PMid:26339938.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126
  • 16
    Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4 PMid:25600063.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4
  • 17
    Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946 PMid:19262420.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946
  • 18
    Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019 PMid:31126618.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019
  • 19
    Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901 PMid:28485467.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901
  • 20
    Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2 PMid:26391665.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2
  • 21
    Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x PMid:22694242.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x
  • 22
    Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007 PMid:28072667.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007
  • 23
    Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.
  • 24
    Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.
  • 25
    Szmuk P, Steiner J, Pop RB, Farrow-Gillespie A, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. The veinviewer vascular imaging system worsens first-attempt cannulation rate for experienced nurses in infants and children with anticipated difficult intravenous access. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(5):1087-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828a739e PMid:23492965.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828a739e
  • 26
    Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6.
  • 27
    Perry AM, Caviness AC, Hsu DC. Efficacy of a near-infrared light device in pediatric intravenous cannulation: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(1):5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182037caf PMid:21178814.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182037caf
  • 28
    Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in children? J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2):134-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009 PMid:22341192.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009
  • 29
    Van der Woude Olga CP, Cuper NJ, Getrouw C, Kalkman CJ, Graaff JC. The effectiveness of a near-infrared vascular imaging device to support intravenous cannulation in children with dark skin color: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(6):1266-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828e5bde PMid:23649104.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828e5bde
  • 30
    Hosokawa K, Kato H, Kishi C, Kato Y, Shime N. Transillumination by light-emitting diode facilitates peripheral venous cannulations in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(8):957-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02270.x PMid:20626357.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02270.x
  • 31
    Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f PMid:18277843.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f
  • 32
    Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515 PMid:29794951.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515
  • 33
    Yamazaki S, Tomita S, Watanabe M, Kawaai H, Shimamura K. Effects of a transmitted light device for pediatric peripheral venipuncture and intravenous cannulation. Med Devices. 2011;4(1):189-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497 PMid:22915945.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497
  • 34
    Yen K, Riegert A, Gorelick MH. A clinical prediction rule for the identification of childrenwith difficult intravenous access. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(3):143-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181666f32 PMid:18347490.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181666f32

Edited by

ASSOCIATED EDITOR

Marcelle Miranda da Silva

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    11 May 2020
  • Date of issue
    2020

History

  • Received
    12 Dec 2019
  • Accepted
    28 Feb 2020
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rua Afonso Cavalcanti, 275, Cidade Nova, 20211-110 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil, Tel: +55 21 3398-0952 e 3398-0941 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: annaneryrevista@gmail.com