Physiological and ionic changes in dwarf coconut seedlings irrigated with saline water

Alterações fisiológicas e iônicas em mudas de coqueiro anão irrigado com águas salinas

ABSTRACT

Salt-tolerant plants are important to cope with salinity and/or sodicity problems in semiarid regions. The dwarf coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) has emerged as a salt-tolerant crop once established. However, little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to the survival of coconut seedlings under salinity stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of saline water on morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of dwarf coconut seedlings. Treatments were composed of five levels of water salinity, expressed by its electrical conductivity (ECw), as follows: 0.9 (control); 5.2; 10.1; 15.3 and 19.3 dS m^-1 in a completely randomized design with four replications. The high levels of organic solutes (carbohydrates and soluble amino-N) and Na⁺ in roots, that contribute to the low values of Na⁺/K⁺ ratio in the leaves, suggest that roots play an important role in the mechanism of salt tolerance of coconut seedlings. The use of brackish water with ECw of 5.2 dS m^-1 allows seedling production, with no loss of quality. Based on total dry matter accumulation, seedlings were classified as moderately tolerant to the salinity of 10.1 dS m^-1.

Key words:
Cocos nucifera L.; salt tolerance; organic solutes

RESUMO

A utilização de plantas tolerantes ao estresse salino é necessária para remediar o problema da salinidade e/ou sodicidade em regiões semiáridas. Deste modo, o coqueiro anão (Cocos nucifera L.) vem se destacando como uma cultura tolerante ao estresse salino, porém pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos que contribuem para a tolerância dessa espécie. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as respostas fisiológicas e iônicas de mudas de coqueiro anão em função do estresse salino. Os tratamentos compreenderam cinco níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação - CEa: 0,9 (tratamento controle); 5,2; 10,1; 15,3 e 19,3 dS m^-1 em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os elevados teores de solutos orgânicos (carboidratos e N-aminossolúveis) e a retenção de Na⁺ nas raízes, o que favoreceu a manutenção de baixos valores da relação Na⁺/K⁺ nas folhas, indicam que o sistema radicular desempenha papel importante no mecanismo de tolerância das mudas de coqueiro à salinidade. O uso de água salobra com CEa de 5,2 dS m^-1 permite a produção de mudas, sem perda de qualidade na fase de viveiro. As mudas foram classificadas como moderadamente tolerantes à salinidade de 10,1 dS m^-1 baseado na massa seca total da planta.

Palavras-chave:
Cocos nucifera L.; tolerância à salinidade; solutos orgânicos

Introduction

The major aim of coconut cultivation in Brazil is the production of coconut water, which has expanded in the last years to meet the demand for the consumption of products of natural hydration (Costa et al., 2015). The country is the main global producer and the states of Bahia, Ceará and Sergipe are the largest national producers. The ‘Anão Verde’ variety is favored due to its early production, good yield and quality of the water, in addition to its good adaptation to tropical climates, water resources and soils (Holanda et al., 2007).

The use of brackish waters, associated with strategies such as the cultivation of salt-tolerant plants to reduce the effects of the salts on crop yield, can contribute to the socioeconomic sustainability of agricultural systems (Lacerda et al., 2011; Neves et al., 2015).

The viability of the use of brackish waters in coconut cultivation has been demonstrated (Marinho et al., 2005a;b), but little is known about mechanisms which contribute to the adaptation of this species to saline conditions. Thus, studies on the production of seedlings with saline waters, are of great importance to ascertain the future establishment of dwarf coconut plantations under saline environment.

The reduction in photosynthesis is one of the effects of salts on plants (Souza et al., 2011), which decreases as a consequence of stomatal closure and/or alterations in photochemical and biochemical reactions of the photosynthetic process (Praxedes et al., 2010). Another effect is the accumulation of Na⁺ ions in plant tissues, which can inhibit growth and cause morphophysiological disorders (Parida & Jha, 2013). According to these authors, plant develop mechanisms to cope with the salt stress, which include osmotic adjustment, i.e., the reduction of the osmotic potential associated with the accumulation of compatible solutes (such as proline and sugars) of low molecular weight in the cytoplasm and compartmentalization of potentially toxic ions in the vacuoles, maintaining cell turgor.

Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of irrigation with brackish water on the morpho-physiological and biochemical responses in dwarf coconut seedlings.

Material and Methods

The experiment was carried out from December 2012 to April 2013, in a greenhouse at the Center of Teaching and Research of Urban Agriculture - NEPAU/CCA/UFC, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. The local geographic coordinates are 3° 44’ 16’’ S, 38° 34’ 22’’ W and mean altitude of 19 m above sea level.

The treatments consisted of five levels of irrigation water salinity, which were expressed by the electrical conductivity of the water (ECw): 0.9 (control treatment), 5.2, 10.1, 15.3 and 19.3 dS m^-1. The adopted experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications, and each plot consisted of four plants, one plant per pot, totaling 80 pots.

This study used seedlings of dwarf coconut, cv. ‘Anão Verde’, with age of four months, having on average 2.4 leaves per plant and height of 56.0 cm. Initially, seedlings underwent the removal of both epicarp and mesocarp from the coconut seed, of greater protuberance, to increase hydration. After this preparation, the seedlings were placed in a vertical position, according to Wuidart & Lamothe (1981), in flexible pots with capacity for 25 L, perforated at the bottom. The pots were filled with a 3.0 cm layer of crushed stone No. 1, involved in geotextile draining blanket (Bidim, OP-20) on its surface to facilitate water drainage.

The substrate consisted of the mixture of ‘arisco’ (fine sandsized particles used in constructions) and organic compost, at the proportion of 2:1 (volume of ‘arisco’: volume of organic compost), which was homogenized and then sieved through a 6.0-mm mesh. The physico-chemical characteristics of the substrate, analyzed according to EMBRAPA (1997), were: coarse sand = 517 g kg^-1, fine sand = 312 g kg^-1, silt = 108 g kg^-1, clay = 63 g kg^-1, natural clay = 30 g kg^-1, textural class = loamy sand, soil bulk density = 1.31 kg dm^-3, soil particle density = 2.48 kg dm^-3, Ufc = 9.15 g 100g^-1, Upwp = 7.22 g 100g^-1, pH (water) = 6.8, Ca²⁺ = 5.70 cmol_c kg^-1, Mg²⁺ = 4.60 cmol_c kg^-1, Na⁺ = 0.71 cmol_c kg^-1, K⁺ = 4.60 cmol_c kg^-1, H⁺ + Al³⁺ = 1.98 cmol_c kg^-1, S = 15.6 cmol_c kg^-1, T = 17.6 cmol_c kg^-1, V = 89%, m = 5%, ESP = 4%, C = 16.00 g kg^-1, N = 1.67 g kg^-1, OM = 27.50 g kg^-1.

The waters used in irrigation were obtained through the dissolution of sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride (CaCl₂.2H₂O) and magnesium chloride (MgCl₂.6H₂O) in the water of lower electrical conductivity (ECw = 0.9 dS m^-1) from the urban supply system, in equivalent proportion of 7:2:1 of Na:Ca:Mg, respectively. Irrigation was manually performed using a graduated container, from December 2012 until 120 days after the treatments (DAT), with the respective waters of each treatment applied late afternoon, when a water depth of 7 mm d^-1 was then adopted according to the recommendations of the alternative system of production of coconut seedlings (Fontes et al., 2002). Irrigations were performed daily and stopped when drainage was noticeable from the pots, and the water depths were differentiated as the seedlings grew, adopting a leaching fraction (LF) of 0.20 along the experiment, to adjust the applied water volume to the respective treatments, based on the relationship of ECse = 1.5 ECw (Ayers & Westcot, 1999). Plants were fertilized following the recommendations of Fontes et al. (1997), 30 days after planting the seedlings in the pots, with top-dressing applications, until the 4^th month, in monthly portions of 10 g of single superphosphate, 3.3 g of urea and 1.6 g of potassium chloride per plant.

Net assimilation rates (A, μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1) were determined using an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA - LI-COR, model LI- 6400 XT) from 8 to 9 a.m., at 40, 80 and 120 DAT, using leaf nº 2 as standard for evaluations, considering the ‘arrow’ leaf (youngest leaf produced) as the leaf No. 0, counting from the youngest to the oldest one, until the No. 2. The readings were obtained using an artificial source of photosynthetically active radiation of 1500 μmol m^-2 s^-1, with ambient temperature and CO₂ concentration. These data were used to obtain a mean of the net CO₂ assimilation rate (A_mean) of the three evaluated periods for each treatment.

At the end of the experiment (120 DAT), two plants were collected per plot in each treatment to determine root dry matter (RDM), shoot dry matter (SDM) and total dry matter (TDM = RDM + SDM). For dry matter determination, the organs were dried in a forced-air oven at 65 oC (± 1) until constant weight.

After drying, the samples of shoots (petiole + rachis + leaflets) and roots were finely ground in a Wiley-type mill (model MA 340, Marconi, BR) to determine the contents of Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^-, according to Malavolta et al. (1997).

The extracts for the determination of organic solutes were obtained by homogenizing 100 mg of powdered of lyophilized leaflets and roots with 5.0 mL of deionized water, according to Oliveira et al. (2013). The contents of proline were determined following the method of Bates et al. (1973), the contents of soluble amino-N according to Yemm & Cocking (1955) and the contents of carbohydrates through the method of Dubois et al. (1956).

Salt tolerance was determined based on the methodology described by Fageria et al. (2010), using data of dry biomass production and mean rates of net CO₂ assimilation (A_mean), considering its percent reductions under different saline treatments in relation to the control: tolerant (reduction of 0-20%), moderately tolerant (20-40%), moderately sensitive (40-60%) and sensitive (reduction above 60%).

The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance at the 0.05 probability level. The effects of salinity on the response variables (y), when significant, were subjected to regression analysis and mathematically fitted to polynomial models of higher significance degree, using a mathematical model that most reflected the studied biological phenomenon.

Results and Discussion

For the water salinity levels of 5.2 and 10.1 dS m^-1, the coconut cv. “Anão Verde” was tolerant or moderately tolerant to salinity, respectively, considering the relative reductions in biomass production and mean net CO₂ assimilation rate, according to the methodology described by Fageria et al. (2010). Except for root dry matter, SDM, TDM and A_mean indicated moderate susceptibility or susceptibility to the salinity levels of 15.3 and 19.3 dS m^-1, respectively (Table 1). In general, there was a similar reduction for shoot growth and mean photosynthetic rates along the experiment. On the other hand, coconut RDM showed a lower percent reduction than SDM, even at the highest water salinity levels, indicating a higher degree of tolerance to salinity in comparison to SDM.

Table 1
Percent reduction of biomass production, mean photosynthetic rate, and salt tolerance classification for coconut seedlings irrigated with brackish waters

• ^T, ^MT, ^MS and ^S - Tolerant, moderately tolerant, moderately sensitive and sensitive, respectively; RDM - Root dry matter; SDM - Shoot dry matter; TDM - Total dry matter; A_mean - Mean net CO₂ assimilation rate

After 120 days of irrigation with brackish water, there was an ionic competition between sodium and potassium, with increasing linear response for the contents of Na⁺ in the roots (Figure 1A), while an antagonistic response was observed for K⁺ (Figure 1B). In the shoots, the increase in irrigation water salinity did not cause significant changes in the contents of Na⁺ and/or K⁺ (Figures 1A and 1B), resulting in the maintenance of low values of the Na/K ratio in this plant organ. On the other hand, Cl^- (Figure 1C) increased with salinity in both studied organs; roots showed a linear increase, while shoots showed a quadratic increase.

Figure 1
Contents of Na⁺ (A), K⁺ (B) and Cl^- (C) in dwarf coconut seedlings, cv. ‘Anão Verde’, at 120 days after treatment as a function of irrigation water salinity

The greatest accumulation of potentially toxic ions (particularly Na⁺ and Cl^-) in the leaf tissues of glycophytes is correlated with the sensitivity to salt stress (Trindade et al., 2006). In the present study, however, there was a high accumulation of Na⁺ in the roots, while the content in the shoots remained low, even at the highest levels of salinity. This mechanism of retention, evidenced for Na⁺, may be important in the tolerance to salinity (Aquino et al., 2007), mainly considering that in the present study there were no visual effects of Na⁺ toxicity in leaves of dwarf coconut during the studied period, even when irrigation water salinity reached EC of 19.3 dS m^-1.

The higher Na⁺ content in the roots also contributed to the maintenance of lower values of Na⁺/K⁺ ratio in the shoots, a very relevant characteristic for the tolerance to salinity of glycophytes (Lacerda et al., 2003; Aquino et al., 2007). It is important to point out that, although Na⁺ can substitute for K⁺ in the process of osmotic adjustment, it does not in specific functions of K⁺ in plant metabolism. Thus, the maintenance of lower Na⁺/K⁺ ratios in the leaf tissues (Taiz & Zeiger, 2013), as observed in the present study, reduces the impacts of salt stress on the metabolism and production of photoassimilates (Aquino et al., 2007).

Marinho (2002), studying the effect of irrigation with saline water on dwarf coconut cultivation, proposed that there was a stabilization of Na⁺ contents in shoots from the level of 5.0 dS m^-1 on, with no proportional increase in the contents of this ion as irrigation water salinity increased. Hence, these authors suggested the existence of a limit in Na⁺ accumulation in plant shoots with the increase in irrigation water salinity.

Ferreira Neto et al. (2007) evaluated the effects of irrigation with saline water during the initial stage of production (3.5 years) of dwarf coconut and observed contrary results regarding the accumulation of Na⁺ and K⁺, in relation to those found in the present study. These authors reported increase in the leaf content of Na⁺ and reduction in the contents of K⁺, suggesting ionic competition between these ions in the process of root absorption and/or differences in the retention rates in the process of transport to the shoots. These differences may be related to the time of exposure to the stress, plant age and types of salts used in the irrigation water, and the present study used a mixture of salts of Na, Ca and Mg. Also, in the study of Ferreira Neto et al. (2007) the only salt used was NaCl.

Since there is not an adequate range for optimal and critical values of leaf Cl^- contents for coconut in nursery stage and considering the values described by Uexkull (1972) for coconut in production stage (4.5 g kg^-1 in the leaves), Cl- content in the leaves at the highest level was nine times higher than the optimal value described by Uexkull (1972). In spite of that, there were no symptoms of Cl^- toxicity, which can be associated with the functions of this element in coconut plants. It is important to emphasize that the contents of ions in the shoots, in the present study, represent the mean of the contents in the leaf blades, petioles and rachis, which suggests the possibility of compartmentalization in these tissues, as observed in cowpea and sorghum (Trindade et al., 2006; Aquino et al., 2007).

The contents of proline (Figure 2A), carbohydrates (Figure 2B) and soluble amino-N (Figure 2C) significantly increased in the roots by the increment in the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water, which was not observed in the leaflets.

Figure 2
Contents of proline (A), soluble carbohydrates (B) and soluble amino-N (C) in dwarf coconut seedlings, cv. ‘Anão Verde’, at 120 dats after treatment as a function of irrigation water salinity

The increase in the contents of soluble amino-N, carbohydrates and proline in the roots of coconut seedlings, also observed in other studies (Lacerda et al., 2003; Trindade et al., 2006; Mendes et al., 2011; Cunha et al., 2013), suggests that these solutes may be contributing to the osmotic adjustment of the root cells, decreasing the osmotic potential of subcellular compartments, or may be associated with other functions of protection against the damages caused by salt stress. According to Praxedes et al. (2009) in the cowpea crop (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), the increase in the accumulation of proline is a mechanism of protection against excess of salts. However, for Lacerda et al. (2003), the accumulation of proline seems to be a reaction to the damages caused by the salt stress and not a response of the plant associated with the tolerance to salt stress.

The similarity of the responses observed for the concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl^-, and of organic solutes, in both shoots and roots of coconut, suggests that the increase in the accumulation of organic solutes in the leaflets is associated with the increments in the contents of potentially toxic elements, corroborating the results of Trindade et al. (2006) for sorghum and cowpea. However, the increase in the contents of these solutes in roots, especially soluble amino-N and carbohydrates, and the retention of Na⁺ in roots with increased water salinity, when compared to the same parameters in leaflets, suggest that the root system plays an important role in the tolerance to salt stress in coconut seedlings.

Conclusion

1. Dwarf coconut in the nursery stage is tolerant to irrigation water salinity of 5.2 dS m^-1 and moderately tolerant to salinity of 10.1 dS m^-1.

2. The high contents of organic solutes and the retention of Na⁺ in the roots, which favor the maintenance of low values of Na⁺/K⁺ ratio in the leaves, indicate that the root system plays a fundamental role in the mechanism of tolerance of coconut seedlings to salinity.

3. The results indicate the viability of using brackish water with ECw of up to 5.2 dS m^-1 in the production of dwarf coconut seedlings, without loss of quality and standard of the seedlings at the nursery stage.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Feb 2017

History

• Received
  04 Apr 2016
• Accepted
  11 Nov 2016