Hygroscopic trend of lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder

Comportamento higroscópico do pó da polpa de mangaba liofilizada

ABSTRACT

Mangaba is a widely-consumed fruit in the Northeast of Brazil, which is usually exploited through extractivism. This fruit is rich in various nutrients, especially in vitamin C, with pleasant taste and aroma. The lyophilization process transforms these fruits into amorphous powders, which must be analyzed regarding their properties and hygroscopic trend. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the physico-chemical properties of adsorption isotherms of the lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder, with addition of maltodextrin (DE 20). The pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, ascorbic acid and water activity were analyzed. Regarding the isotherms, the mathematical models of GAB, BET, Oswin, and Henderson were used at temperatures of 25, 30, 35 and 40 °C. The obtained powder presented pH of 3.14, titratable acidity of 1.95 mg of citric acid 100g^-1 of powder, soluble solid contents of 99 ºBrix, ascorbic acid content of 55.97 mg 100g^-1 and water activity of 0.16. Henderson was the mathematical model that best fitted the data of the adsorption isotherms at the four evaluated temperatures, with average errors ranging from 5.76 to 9.70% and R² from 0.9974 to 0.9995.

Key words:
Hancornia speciosa Gomes; sorption isotherm; hygroscopicity; dehydration

RESUMO

A mangaba é um fruto bastante consumido no Nordeste do Brasil e ainda explorado de maneira extrativista. Os frutos são ricos em vários nutrientes, notadamente em vitamina C, além de possuírem sabor e aroma agradáveis. A liofilização permite a obtenção de pós de natureza amorfa que necessitam de análise de suas propriedades e comportamento higroscópico. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar a caracterização físico-química e avaliação das isotermas de adsorção do pó da polpa de mangaba liofilizada adicionada de maltodextrina (DE 20). Foram realizadas as análises de pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, ácido ascórbico e atividade de água. Em relação às isotermas, foram empregados os modelos matemáticos de GAB, BET, Oswin e Henderson, nas temperaturas de 25, 30, 35 e 40 ºC. O pó obtido apresentou pH de 3,14, acidez titulável de 1,95 mg 100g^-1 de ácido cítrico, teor de sólidos solúveis de 99 ºBrix, teor ácido ascórbico de 55,97 mg 100g^-1 e atividade de água de 0,16. O melhor ajuste de modelo matemático foi o de Henderson nas quatro temperaturas avaliadas, em que apresentou erros médios de 5,76 a 9,70% e R² de 0,9974 a 0,9995.

Palavras-chave:
Hancornia speciosa Gomes; isoterma de sorção; higroscopicidade; desidratação

Introduction

‘Mangaba’ (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a Brazilian native tree, whose fruits have important properties, such as high contents of vitamin C and antioxidants. Thus, they are consumed as fresh fruits and also used as raw material for the production of various products (Soares et al., 2011).

‘Mangaba’ fruits are highly perishable and, according to Campos et al. (2011), preservation methods are needed to increase their shelf life and maintain their quality. The fruit pulp industry uses drying methods, which concentrate the raw material components and allow the product to be stored for longer periods, even at room temperature (Silva et al., 2014).

According to Oikonomopoulou et al. (2011), the lyophilization method removes the water from fruits through sublimation, applying vacuum and low temperature, which result in products with high rehydration capacity. This drying method allows to maintain the organoleptic characteristics of the fruits after dehydration.

The evaluation of sorption isotherms to define the hygroscopic equilibrium of products is important to understand the hygroscopic trend under different conditions of temperature and air humidity, predict chemical, enzymatic and microbiological reactions, and develop appropriate packaging for storage (Oliveira et al., 2011).

Several mathematical models are used to determine the sorption isotherms; however, according to Moreira et al. (2013), the accuracies of these models depend on specific ranges of water activity or types of food. Therefore, the use of only one equation model for isotherm analysis of various types of foods is not possible due to specific conditions of water activity and food composition.

Thus, the main objectives of this study were to obtain the ‘mangaba’ pulp powder, characterize its physicochemical properties and evaluate the hygroscopic trend of the lyophilized mangaba pulp powder through adsorption isotherms, aiming to find the best storage conditions for this product.

Material and Methods

Frozen pulps of ‘mangaba’ were acquired from a pulp industry in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, taken to the Laboratory of Food Drying and Quality Control of the Federal University of Ceará, and stored at -18°C.

These pulps were combined with maltodextrin at 30% (dextrose equivalent of 20), placed on stainless steel trays and stored in an ultra-freezer (CL90-40V, Terroni) for freezing during 24 h. They were then dehydrated, during 24 h in a lyophilizer (L101, Liotop). The obtained product was stored in laminated polyethylene packages.

The lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder was physicochemically characterized. The pH, titratable acidity and soluble solids were analyzed according to the method described by the Adolfo Lutz Institute (IAL, 2008). The ascorbic acid was determined according to the method described by Strohecker & Henninger (1967), and the water activity was measured in a water activity meter (4TEV, Aqualab). All analyses were performed with three replications.

The moisture adsorption isotherm was determined through the statistic gravimetric method described by Greespan (1977), using saturated salt solutions such as CH₃COOK, K₂CO₃, NaBr, SnCl₂, KCl, and BaCl₂ (Table 1) in glass cells, at 21 ± 2 ºC.

Table 1
Water activity (a_w) of saturated salt solutions at 21 ± 2°C

Aluminum crucibles with approximately 0.2 g of each sample, weighed with three replications, were placed into cells containing the saturated solutions, where they remained for 3 days to reach equilibrium, i.e., until no weight change could be detected by weighing on the analytical balance (B-TEC-210A, Tecnal).

Weight measurements were performed every 24 h until reaching the equilibrium condition. Subsequently, the water activity was measured in the Aqualab 4TEV, at four different temperatures (25, 30, 35 and 40 ºC). The crucibles containing the samples were then placed into a vacuum oven at 70 °C to evaluate the final moisture content of the samples.

The moisture equilibrium (X₀) was calculated by the difference between the sample weights at equilibrium and dry conditions, using the Eq. 1.

(1)

where:

X₀ - moisture equilibrium (g of water per g of dry solids);

M_eq - sample weight at equilibrium (g); and,

M_s - sample dry weight (g).

The experimental data of the adsorption isotherms were adjusted to the mathematical models GAB, BET, Henderson, and Oswin, as described in Eqs. 2 to 5:

- GAB

(2)

- BET

(3)

- Henderson

(4)

- Oswin

(5)

where:

a_w - water activity;

X_m - moisture content in the molecular monolayer (g of water per g of dry solids);

X₀ - moisture equilibrium (g of water per g of dry solids);

C - BET constant, related to the sorption heat of the molecular layer; and,

a, b, and K - are parameters of adjustment.

The statistical program Statistica 7.0 was used to fit the data to the models. The error values (E) were calculated according to the Eq. 6 (Kurozawa et al., 2005):

(6)

where:

E - mean relative error;

M_i - value experimentally obtained;

M_pi - value obtained by the model; and,

n - number of experimental data.

Results and Discussion

The characterization of the lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder with 30% of maltodextrin is shown in Table 2. The lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder has acid characteristic, which contributes to the stability of the product. Santos et al. (2012) physico-chemically characterized lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp and found pH values near 3.01, even though no drying adjuvant was added. These figures are important to maintain the quality of the product, since according to Breda et al. (2012), pH values from 5 to 7 cause enzymatic browning in fruits.

Table 2
Characterization of the lyophilized mangaba pulp powder with 30% of maltodextrin

The titratable acidity found in the present study (1.95 mg 100g^-1) is consistent with acidic characteristics that allow the storage of the product. This parameter represents the content of organic acids in the fruit (Soares et al., 2014). Lima et al. (2015) found titratable acidity values in ‘mangaba’ fruits of 1.06 mg 100g^-1.

The lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder presented soluble solid contents greater than those of other dehydrated products. Santos et al. (2014) found soluble solid contents of 93 ºBrix in atomized guava powder, while Oliveira et al. (2014b) found 92.67 ºBrix in lyophilized mombin (Spondias mombin L.) pulp powder. Sousa et al. (2015) compared the soluble solid contents of ‘atemoya’ (Annona cherimola Mill × A. squamosa L.) powder with the ones in the fruit pulp and found greater soluble solid contents in the powder due to the addition of a drying adjuvant. Soluble solids in fruits are related to compounds that influence the acceptance by the consumers, such as the taste of the product (Santos et al., 2012).

The ascorbic acid content was lower than that found by Soares et al. (2014) (188.72 mg 100g^-1) in lyophilized ‘mangaba’ without addition of adjuvants. Oliveira et al. (2014b) found 90.46 mg of ascorbic acid per 100 g of lyophilized mombin pulp powder with 17% of maltodextrin, and attributed these low values to the addition of a drying adjuvant. Despite the addition of drying adjuvant, the values of ascorbic acid found in 100 g of the lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder were greater than the daily intake value recommended by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Brasil, 2005), which is 45 mg. Moreira et al. (2013) found 54.47 mg of ascorbic acid per 100 g of lyophilized mango pulp.

The values of water activity in the lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder were low. According to Soares et al. (2014), the water activity values of the ‘mangaba’ fresh pulp are within 0.97 and 0.98. The dehydration process of the pulp and the addition of maltodextrin in the pulp powder reduce the water activity and increase the soluble solids (Sousa et al., 2015). Dieb et al. (2015) found water activity values between 0.25 and 0.32 and reported low water activity values in dehydrated soursop (Annona muricata L.).

The moisture equilibrium (X₀) of the evaluated isotherms increased with the increasing water activity (Figure 1). The same trend was found by Moreira et al. (2013) in an experiment with lyophilized mango.

Figure 1
Moisture equilibrium of lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder depending on the water activity

This trend is a characteristic of amorphous powders, such as the ‘mangaba’ pulp, after subjected to lyophilization with the addition of maltodextrin (Muzaffar & Kumar, 2016). The moisture equilibrium also increased with the increasing temperatures. This increase was also observed by Ribeiro et al. (2016) in lyophilized west indian cherry (Malpighia glabra Millsp.) pulp powder, which is rich in sugars and has high tendency to absorb water at higher temperatures. According to Oliveira et al. (2011), besides the content of sugars, the porosity and soluble compounds of lyophilized foods also contribute to increasing their water content.

Powders are susceptible to different physical changes according to the relative humidity of their environment. The lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder showed a high moisture gain from a relative humidity of 80% (Figure 1). Therefore, its stability is maintained up to this value, which is the limit value to store this product without degradation caused by physical reactions.

The obtained isotherm had a type III curve, with a "J" shape (Hébrard et al., 2003) and an exponential trend. This type of curve is common in foods that have significant levels of soluble compounds, such as sugars (Lavoyer et al., 2013), although most of the foods show type II curve (sigmoid). A type III curve was also found by Oliveira et al. (2014a) in atomized ‘macauba’ (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. Ex Mart.) pulp powder, and by Santana et al. (2015) in lyophilized ‘jambolan’ (Syzygium cumini Lamarck) pulp.

The results obtained with the applied mathematical models are shown in Table 3. The GAB model at 40 °C and Henderson at all evaluated temperatures showed relative errors (E) lower than 10%, which are suitable values for the isotherm analysis (Lomauro et al., 1985). The other relative errors were between 10.43 and 20.55%, which are considered high; thus, the use of these models is inadequate to predict the isotherms, regardless of their coefficients of determination (R²).

Table 3
Adsorption isotherms of lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder fitted to mathematical models

• Xm = Moisture content in the molecular monolayer (g of water per g of dry solids); R² = Coefficient of determination; E (%) = Mean relative error; C and K are adsorption constants of the molecular layer; n = Number of molecular layers; a and b are parameters of adjustment

The moisture content in the monolayer (X_m) of the GAB and BET models had no well-defined trend with the increasing temperatures. This result may be due to the high relative errors (E), which hindered the use of these parameters to assess the hygroscopic trend of the lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder.

The moisture content in the monolayer (Xm) is the moisture content that ensures minimal loss of product quality for a longer period at a certain temperature, with minimal deteriorating reaction rate below this value, except for the oxidation of unsaturated fats (Goula et al., 2008).

The parameter K of the GAB model showed a trend of stabilization, with values below 1. These values indicate an appropriate physical aspect of the material, without infinite sorption (Chirife et al., 1992).

Oliveira et al. (2014b) found lower K values with the addition of maltodextrin to lyophilized mombin pulp, which reduced the interaction strength between the water vapor and the solid matrix, compared with the material with no maltodextrin. This result may explain the lower values of this parameter found in the present work. The parameters required for the Henderson (a > 0 and b < 1) and Oswin (a > 0 and b between 0 and 1) models (Blahovec, 2004) were met; however, the Oswin model showed high relative errors and, thus, this model is not recommended.

Henderson was the best model to describe the hygroscopic trend of the lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder, with the parameters "a" and "b" within the standard values, relative errors lower than 10%, and coefficients of determination (R²) near 1. According to Oliveira et al. (2014a), the Henderson model was one of the best models to predict the isotherm of atomized ‘macauba’ powder with 8% maltodextrin and water activity between 0.3 and 0.7. The Henderson model was also reported as the best model to predict isotherms in other works, such as those carried out by Mil et al. (2014) on atomized mango pulp powder and by Santos et al. (2014) on atomized guava pulp powder.

Conclusions

1. The lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder presented low water activity and high content of soluble solids.

2. The lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder presented low pH and titratable acidity, showing the stability and acidic characteristic of the product. Considering its ascorbic acid content, the lyophilized ‘mangaba’ pulp powder is a source of vitamin C.

3. Henderson mathematical model best fitted to the data of the adsorption isotherms at the four temperatures evaluated, with low relative errors and high coefficient of determination.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  May 2017

History

• Received
  20 Sept 2016
• Accepted
  13 Jan 2017