Saline stress and potassium/calcium ratio in fertigated eggplant

Estresse salino e razão entre potássio e cálcio em berinjela fertigada

ABSTRACT

In order to evaluate the effect of irrigation water salinity in interaction with different potassium and calcium ratios applied through fertigation in eggplant, an experiment was carried out at the Department of Environmental and Technological Sciences of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region, in Mossoró, RN, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments were obtained by the combination between five ionic ratios of potassium and calcium (F1 = 4.2/1; F2 = 3.5/1; F3 = 2.8/1; F4 = 2.2/1; F5 = 1.8/1) and four levels of irrigation water salinity (S₁ – 0.5; S₂ – 2.0; S₃ – 3.5; and S₄ – 5.0 dS m^-1). The following variables were evaluated: number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit fresh weight and yield. Yield, fruit length, fruit fresh weight and number of fruits decreased with the increase of salinity in all the treatments. Salinity significantly affected fruit diameter, which increased only under fertigation with potassium-rich solutions.

Key words:
Solanum melongena L.; cultivation of vegetables; fertigation management; salinity

RESUMO

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da salinidade da água de irrigação em interação com diferentes razões entre potássio e cálcio aplicados via fertigação em berinjela, instalou-se um experimento no Departamento de Ciências Ambientais e Tecnológicas da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, em Mossoró, RN. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5x4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram formados pela combinação entre cinco razões iônicas entre potássio e cálcio (K⁺/Ca²⁺) (F1 = 4,2/1; F2 = 3,5/1; F3 = 2,8/1; F4 = 2,2/1; F5 = 1,8/1), com quatro níveis de salinidade na água de irrigação (S₁ - 0,5; S₂ - 2,0; S₃ - 3,5; e S₄ - 5,0 dS m^-1). Foram avaliadas as variáveis: número de frutos por planta, comprimento de frutos, diâmetro de fruto, massa fresca de frutos e produtividade. As variáveis produtividade, comprimento, massa fresca e número de frutos por planta apresentaram redução com o aumento da salinidade para todos os tratamentos. A salinidade afetou significativamente o diâmetro dos frutos, onde observou-se incremento apenas nas fertigações potássicas.

Palavras-chave:
Solanum melongena L.; cultivo de hortaliças; manejo da fertigação; salinidade

Introduction

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), belonging to the Solanaceae family, is cultivated in different regions of the planet, occupying in 2012 an area of approximately 1.85 million hectares, with mean yield of 26 t ha^-1 (FAO, 2015).

According to Ünlükara et al. (2010), eggplant is classified as moderately sensitive to salinity, with salinity threshold of 1.5 dS m^-1 and relative yield loss of 4.4% per unit increase in salinity from this threshold on.

Reduction in fruit yield of eggplant under salt stress occurs due to physiological alterations, such as reduction in stomatal conductance and, at lower proportions, declines in the rates of transpiration, photosynthesis and internal CO₂ concentration in the leaves (Bosco et al., 2009; Bsoul et al., 2016; Ghaemi & Rafiee, 2016; Mahjoor et al., 2016).

Additionally, plants grown under salt stress, particularly in NaCl-rich environment, may undergo nutritional imbalance due to the absorption of Na⁺ and Cl^-, which causes reduction in the concentration of cationic ions, especially K⁺ and Ca²⁺, resulting in higher Na⁺/K⁺ and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios (Tammam et al., 2008).

The reduction in the concentration of these ions (K⁺ and Ca²⁺) in the plant can be harmful because of the functions performed by these elements; K⁺ participates in important characteristics of production, such as uniform ripening and synthesis of photoassimilates, and Ca²⁺ has important structural functions, as a constituent of the cell wall and controlling water movement in the cells, being essential for cell division (Malavolta, 2006; Albino-Garduño et al., 2008).

As a way to minimize the effect of salinity on the competitive inhibition of the ions in the root zone, fertigation management, especially with respect to the K⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio, can be a strategy to reduce the negative effect of sodium, in particular, due to the increase in the applied quantities of these two ions in an attempt to decrease the absorption of the sodium ion by the plant (Rubio et al., 2009; Tzortzakis, 2010).

Given the above, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation water salinity in interaction with different ratios of potassium and calcium applied through fertigation on eggplant.

Material and Methods

The experiment was carried out from July 2016 to January 2017, in the experimental sector of the Department of Environmental and Technological Sciences of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region (UFERSA), in Mossoró, RN, Brazil (5º 11' S; 37º 20' W and 18 m of altitude). According to Köppen’s classification, the climate of the region is BSwh’ (hot and dry), with very irregular precipitation and annual mean of 673.9 mm (Carmo Filho & Oliveira, 1995).

During the experiment, climate data of temperature and relative air humidity were collected at the Automatic Meteorological Station of UFERSA, 2,200 m away from the experimental area. Minimum, maximum and mean values of temperature and relative air humidity were obtained (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Climate data of temperature (A) and relative air humidity (B) along the experimental period

The experimental design was randomized blocks, in 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates, resulting in 80 experimental units, and each experimental unit was represented by one pot with capacity for 20 dm3 of substrate, containing one plant.

Treatments resulted from the combination of five ionic ratios between potassium and calcium (K⁺/Ca²⁺) in the fertigation (F1 = 4.2/1; F2 = 3.5/1; F3 = 2.8/1; F4 = 2.2/1; F5 = 1.8/1), with four levels of irrigation water salinity (S1-0.5; S2-2.0; S3-3.5 and S4-5.0 dS m^-1). These levels were selected based on the electrical conductivity values found in the waters available for irrigation in the region where the experiment was conducted (Medeiros et al., 2003; Costa, 2008).

The quantities of macronutrients applied along the experiment for each fertigation treatment are presented in Table 1, in which F3 corresponds to the quantities of these nutrients recommended by Trani et al. (2011), whereas F1 and F2 had higher quantities of K, and F4 and F5 had higher quantities of Ca.

Table 1
Quantity of macronutrients applied along the experiment

Fertigation	N	P	K2O	Ca	Mg	S
	g plant-1
F1 – K/Ca= 4.2:1	10.50	2.26	47.78	11.38	7.54	6.11
F2 – K/Ca= 3.5:1	10.50	2.26	39.82	11.38	7.54	6.11
F3 – K/Ca= 2.8:1	10.50	2.26	31.85	11.38	7.54	6.11
F4 – K/Ca= 2.2:1	10.50	2.26	31.85	14.22	7.54	6.11
F5 – K/Ca= 1.8:1	10.50	2.26	31.85	17.06	7.54	6.11

For the lowest salinity (0.5 dS m^-1), water from a deep well located at the UFERSA campus was used and its physical and chemical analyses (EMBRAPA, 1997) showed the following characteristics: pH = 8.30; EC = 0.50 dS m^-1; Ca²⁺ = 3.10; Mg²⁺ = 1.10; K⁺ = 0.30; Na⁺ = 2.30; Cl^- = 1.80; HCO₃ = 3.00 and CO₃^2- = 0.20 (mmol_c L^-1).

The other salinity levels (2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 dS m^-1) were obtained by adding NaCl to the water of lowest salinity and adjusting the levels using a benchtop conductivity meter.

Fertigation was applied once a week during the vegetative stage, beginning after transplantation, and lasted 87 days. From the reproductive stage, fertigation was split into two applications per week, and this latter stage lasted 60 days. Nutrient solutions were prepared using the following fertilizers: calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate, monoammonium phosphate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate and urea, besides two compounds of micronutrients.

The compounds of micronutrients used were the foliar fertilizers Vegetables and CaMg+B; the former is composed of 94.90 g L^-1 of S, 14.60 g L^-1 of B, 7.30 g L^-1 of Cu, 116.80 g L^-1 of Mn and 43.80 g L^-1 of Zn, and the latter is composed of 76.80 g L^-1 of Ca, 25.60 g L^-1 of Mg and 12.80 g L^-1 of B.

Planting was carried out using eggplant seedlings, ‘Ciça’ hybrid, produced on expanded polystyrene trays with capacity for 128 cells, using coconut fiber as substrate. The trays were kept in a micro-pool supplied with a constant 1-cm-deep film of nutrient solution recommended for the eggplant crop in hydroponic system, until transplantation, when the seedlings had three to four true leaves.

Substrate consisted of soil material classified as Red Yellow Argisol (EMBRAPA, 2013) collected in the 0-0.20 m layer. The physical and chemical attributes of soil (EMBRAPA, 2009) are summerised in Table 2.

Table 2
Physical and chemical characteristics of the soil used in the experiment

Chemical characteristics
pH	OM (g kg-1)		P		K+		Na+		Ca+2		Mg+2		Al+3		H+
			(mg dm-3)						(cmolc dm-3)
6.47	10.15		10.71		176.72		35.44		2.99		1.44		0.02		1.15
Physical characteristics
Granulometric fraction (g kg-1)						Textural class		Moisture (g g-1)				Density (kg dm3)
Sand		Silt		Clay				FC		PWP		Ds		Dp
707.2		172.2		120.6		SL		0.15		0.06		1.53		2.68

• SL – Sandy Loam; FC – Field capacity for ψ_m = -10 kPa; PWP – Permanent wilting point for ψ_m = -1500 kPa; Ds – Soil apparent or bulk density; DP – Soil particle density

As the pots were filled, each one received 1.0 L of aged bovine manure and 20 g of the formulation 10-10-10 (N-P-K) as basal fertilization.

The experiment was conducted in the open and the pots were arranged into four rows spaced by 1.5 m, containing 20 pots each at spacing of 0.5 m between plants, which was equivalent to a population of 13,333 plants per hectare. In addition, one pot was put at the beginning and another pot at the end of each row, as borders. Each pot had a drainage system composed of crushed stone and a geotextile, to facilitate drainage.

For each type of saline water, an independent irrigation system was adopted, comprising a motor pump, a 500-L tank, 16-mm-diameter hoses and microtubing (spaghetti type).

Cultivation practices, besides irrigation and fertigation, consisted in the removal of buds which appeared before the insertion of the first flower, training and preventive applications of fungicides and insecticides every 15 days.

Harvests were carried out every 15 days for 60 days and, in each one of them, the fruits were individually evaluated and the following yield parameters were analyzed: number of fruits per plant (NFR), fruit length (FRL), fruit diameter (FRD), fruit fresh weight (FRFW) and yield (YLD).

The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance by F test, with follow-up tests of the factors when there was significant response to their interaction. The results relative to the effects of fertigation were analyzed using means comparison test (Tukey, 0.05 probability level). The effect of salinity was analyzed based on regression analysis. Statistical analyses were carried out using the program Sisvar (Ferreira, 2011).

Results and Discussion

Based on the analysis of variance, the interaction between levels of irrigation water salinity and fertigation with different K/Ca ratios had significant effect only on the variables number of fruits per plant (NFR) and fruit diameter (FRD) at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. For the individual effects, the different levels of salinity had significant influence on all variables analyzed and, for NFR, fruit length (FRL), fruit fresh weight (FRFW) and yield (YLD), the significance occurred at 0.01 probability level. For the individual effect of different fertigation treatments, only FRD was significantly affected, at 0.01 probability level (Table 3).

Table 3
Summary of the analysis of variance and means comparison test for number of fruits (NFR), fruit length (FRL), fruit diameter (FRD), fruit fresh weight (FRFW) and yield (YLD) of eggplant subjected to salinity and fertigation with different K/Ca ratios

Sources of variation	DF	Mean squares
		NFR	FRL	FRD	FRFW	YLD
Salinity (S)	3	52.98**	1183.05**	50.61*	5719.21**	2633021.12**
Fertigation (F)	4	0.85ns	111.00ns	61.88**	691.70ns	86336.95ns
S x F	12	6.24*	160.62ns	41.65**	930.83ns	104425.49ns
Block	3	0.14ns	100.01ns	10.43ns	1019.34ns	86113.33ns
Residual	57	2.53	96.17	15.60	588.35	76699.73
CV (%)		22.25	9.73	6.53	16.15	25.52
Test of means fertigation		(unit plant-1)	(mm)		(g fruit-1)	(g plant-1)
F1 – K/Ca = 4.2:1		7.12 a#	99.74 a	63.59 a	158.11 a	1150.82 a
F2 – K/Ca = 3.5:1		7.50 a	104.71 a	61.31 ab	155.06 a	1170.99 a
F3 – K/Ca = 2.8:1		7.20 a	100.69 a	58.99b	148.24 a	1063.29 a
F4 – K/Ca = 2.2:1		6.94 a	97.48 a	59.40b	141.28 a	997.22 a
F5 – K/Ca = 1.8:1		6.94 a	101.35 a	59.18b	148.37 a	1043.99 a

• ^ns,*,** Not significant, significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively. ^# Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by Tukey test at 0.05 probability level

According to the values of FRD obtained in the different fertigation treatments, it can be observed that fertigation with K-rich solutions (F1 and F2) led to the greatest diameters in eggplant fruits (Table 3).

Regardless of the K/Ca ratio adopted in fertigation, the variables FRL (Figure 2A), FRFW (Figure 2B) and YLD (Figure 2C) showed linear and negative responses, and decreased progressively with the increase in the electrical conductivity of the water used in irrigation.

Figure 2
Fruit length (A), fruit fresh weight (B) and yield (C) of eggplant as a function of irrigation water salinity

Highest values of FRL (109.4 mm), FRFW (107.5 g fruit^-1) and YLD (1502.0 g plant^-1) occurred when plants were subjected to the lowest salinity level and progressively decreased with the use of saline water. The reductions were equal to 3.83 mm in FRL (Figure 2A), 2.87 g fruit^-1 in FRFW (Figure 2B) and 185.2 g plant^-1 in YLD (Figure 2C), per unit increase in irrigation water electrical conductivity, resulting in total losses of 15.72, 12.04 and 55.48% for FRL, FRFW and YLD, respectively (Figure 2).

These results confirm that eggplant is a crop sensitive to salinity (Ünlükara et al., 2010) and agree with the results reported by other authors (Silva et al., 2013, Moura & Carvalho, 2014; Oliveira et al., 2014; Lima et al., 2015).

According to the effect of salinity on FRD, significant effect was only caused by the fertigation treatments F1 and F4, and this variable showed quadratic responses. In these fertigation treatments, fruit diameter decreased as salinity increased to 2.4 and 3.3 dS m^-1, with 59.1 and 55.6 mm for F1 and F4, respectively, and increased from these points on. For the other fertigation treatments, there was no effect of salinity on FRD, and mean values of 61.31, 58.99 and 59.17 mm were found in F2, F3 and F5, respectively (Figure 3A).

Figure 3
Fruit diameter (A) and number of fruits (B) of eggplant as a function of the combination between irrigation water salinity and fertigation management

Other authors, working with increasing levels of salinity in the eggplant crop, have also observed reductions in FRD as irrigation water electrical conductivity increased (Ghaemi & Rafiee, 2016; Mahjoor et al., 2016), and the values varied between 66 and 27 mm at the lowest and highest levels of salinity, respectively.

The reason for this decrease in production variables, such as fruit diameter, is that salinity has considerable effects on plant osmotic potential, reducing water absorption and, consequently, the water flux to the fruits (Gül & Sevgican, 1992).

For NFR, the fertigation treatments F1, F2, F3 and F5 caused negative linear response, and the reductions per unit increase in irrigation water electrical conductivity were 0.77, 0.63, 1.35 and 0.88 fruits plant^-1, resulting in total losses of 39.14, 31.72, 59.39 and 44.34%, respectively. The fertigation treatment F4 led to higher tolerance for this variable, causing a quadratic response, in which the highest NFR was obtained at salinity of 2.2 dS m^-1 (8.4 fruits plant^-1), an increase of 18.43% compared with the NFR obtained using water with the lowest salinity level (7.1 fruits plant^-1). In addition, NFR decreased at the highest levels of salinity (Figure 3B).

The reduction in the number of fruits occurred mainly because the increase in irrigation water salinity affected plants physiologically, hindering the fertility of the flowers (Ferreira Neto et al., 2007). Similar results have been observed by Oliveira et al. (2014), working with eggplant, and other authors in other vegetables, such as bell pepper (Leonardo et al., 2008) and tomato (Gomes et al., 2011; Guedes et al., 2015).

The reduction in production variables is probably caused by the increase in salinity, since it causes alterations in the osmotic potential, reducing the consumption of water and nutrients, thus decreasing fruit setting rate and consequently fruit production (Oliveira et al., 2014).

In general, the present study found low interaction between K/Ca ratios and the effect of salinity on eggplant yield. Tuna et al. (2007) and Blanco et al. (2007), evaluating the tolerance of tomato to salinity at different levels of Ca and combinations of N and K doses in the nutrient solution, respectively, observed that these nutrients did not mitigate the effects of salinity on some production and morphological characteristics of the crop.

Conclusions

1. The variables fruit length, number of fruits, yield and fruit fresh weight were reduced by the increase in irrigation water salinity, regardless of the type of fertigation used.

2. The K/Ca ratios studied did not interfere with the effect of salinity on eggplant fruit yield.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for financially supporting the project (CNPq/Universal Call 2013, process nº 474778/2013-4).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Nov 2018

History

• Received
  01 Nov 2017
• Accepted
  03 July 2018
• Published
  14 Sept 2018