Nutrient accumulation in Eucalyptus bark at different population densities

Acúmulo de nutrientes na casca de Eucalyptus em diferentes densidades populacionais

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to quantify the accumulation of nutrients in the bark of four eucalyptus clones at 12 years-of-age, planted at different population densities, and the values were extrapolated to kg of nutrients per hectare. The experiment used randomized blocks in a 4 × 3 factorial design and three replications, with four Eucalyptus clones (2486, I182, I144, and GG100) planted at three population densities (416, 833, and 1111 trees ha^-1). The rigorous cubage of three trees per plot was performed by collecting discs of bark at the following heights: diameter at breast height (1.30 m), 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the commercial height of the stem. The bark discs of each tree were grouped and used to determine N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S content, in addition to the basic density. The volume and dry mass of bark per tree was estimated and the accumulation of nutrients per tree ha^-1 was estimated sequentially, for each population density. Analysis of variance and Tukey’s post-hoc tests verified that Ca showed the greatest accumulation in the bark, followed by N, K, S, Mg, and P. The increase in population density contributed to higher bark production and greater nutrient accumulation per hectare. However, this increase was not evident when comparing densities of 833 and 1111 trees ha^-1.

Key words:
compartmentalization; nutrient cycling; spacing

RESUMO

Objetivou-se neste trabalho quantificar o acumulo de nutrientes na casca de quatro clones de eucalipto, aos 12 anos, plantados em diferentes densidades populacionais, extrapolando os valores para kg de nutrientes por hectare. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 4 x 3 com três repetições, sendo quatro clones de eucalipto (2486, I182, I144 e GG100), plantados em três densidades populacionais (416, 833 e 1111 plantas por hectare). A cubagem rigorosa de três árvores por parcela foi realizada por meio da coleta de discos de casca nas seguintes alturas: diâmetro à altura do peito (1,30 m), 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% da altura comercial do fuste. Os discos de casca de cada árvore foram agrupados e utilizados para determinar os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, além da densidade básica. O volume e a massa seca de casca por árvore foram estimados e o acúmulo de nutrientes por árvore e hectare foi estimado sequencialmente, para cada densidade populacional. Os valores encontrados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey, verificando que o Ca foi o nutriente que apresentou o maior acúmulo na casca, seguido do N, K, S, Mg e P. O aumento da densidade populacional contribuiu para uma maior produção de casca e maior acúmulo de nutrientes por hectare. Entretanto, esse aumento não foi evidente ao comparar as densidades de 833 e 1111 árvores ha^-1.

Palavras-chave:
compartimentalização; ciclagem de nutrientes; espaçamento

Introduction

Since the 1990s, minimum cultivation systems have become widespread in the Brazilian forest sector, preserving the organic matter and exerting a significant positive effect on the nutrient dynamics of the ecosystem (Gatto et al., 2003; Selle, 2007; Silva et al., 2012). However, timber production has become more expensive in recent years because the forestry sector is operating below its productive capacity, making forest residues an alternative energy source in the industry. This new tendency towards the use of forest residues for energy production has again ignited discussions on the environmental and economic benefits of maintaining residues in the field and the concept of forest sustainability (Arruda et al., 2011; Viera et al., 2015; Salvador et al., 2016).

One of the benefits of maintaining forest residues on the soil is the reduction of nutrient exports, which is retained within the bark. Although the bark represents approximately 8% of the biomass of the Eucalyptus trunk, it contains about 18, 19, 21, 60, and 48% of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg content, respectively (Paes et al., 2013; Witschoreck & Schumacher, 2015). These amounts reflect the importance of bark in nutrient cycling because a large portion of these nutrients are allocated to the tree and are usually removed from the site during logging.

When defining the appropriate management for each forest ecosystem, besides understanding the nutrient cycling process, knowledge of the factors that influence the export of nutrients from the soil is important. Population density is especially important since it modifies the water availability and affects the nutrient dynamics during the forest growth cycle. This relationship determines the number of trees to be planted and managed in the growing site (Leite et al., 1999; Schneider & Schneider, 2008).

This study quantified the macronutrients present in the bark of four eucalyptus clones at 12 years-of-age, at three different population densities.

Material and Methods

The experiment was carried out in the city of Brasília de Minas, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil (Figure 1), on a Red Yellow Latosol (Oxisol). According to the Köppen classification, the climate of this region is Aw, with annual rainfall of approximately 1000 mm concentrated from November to March (Alvares et al., 2013).

Figure 1
Study area, city of Brasília de Minas, northern Minas Gerais, Brazil

The experiment was conducted in December 2003, with the planting of hybrid clones of Eucalyptus urophylla at different population densities. During the planting, 1000 kg of dolomitic limestone was applied over the total area, followed by harrowing to better incorporate the limestone, and subsoiling at a depth of 50 cm with continuous fillet phosphating, applying 400 kg of reactive phosphate at 20-cm depth. The seedlings were treated with termiticides and the planting was performed manually.

In the basal fertilization, 100 g tree^-1 of NPK (06:30:06), plus 1% of B, Cu, and Zn were applied, followed by irrigation. The maintenance fertilization was applied at 4 and 12 months after planting using 150 g tree^-1 potassium chloride at each stage. Maintenance fertilization was also performed by applying 27 g tree^-1 of Borogran, from March 2004 to March 2006.

The experiment was conducted in 500 m² plots, in a complete randomized 4 × 3 factorial design and three replications, with four clones (2486, I182, I144, and GG100) and three population densities (416, 833, and 1111 trees ha^-1) in arrangements corresponding to 3 × 8, 3 × 4, and 3 × 3 m.

In February 2015, the diameter at breast height (DBH) of all the 12-year-old trees were measured using the forest inventory in each plot and three trees with a DBH close to the average were selected per plot to quantify N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S contents. These trees were cut and cubed, after removing six discs of bark at the DBH heights (1.30 m), and 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the commercial stem height.

The diameters of the discs were measured with and without bark. The extracted barks were grouped by tree, and the macronutrient contents were determined, following the methodology described by Malavolta et al. (1997). The basic density of the bark was also determined (ABNT, 2003). The commercial height and the tree volumes were calculated using Smalian’s formula and the disc diameters with and without bark (Colpini et al., 2009). The difference in bark volume was multiplied by the basic density to estimate the dry masses of bark per tree. The dry mass of bark was used to estimate the accumulation of nutrients present in the bark per tree and then extrapolated to per hectare using the population densities.

Once the normality statistical were attended, nutrient accumulation and bark production per hectare were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test at a 0.05 probability, using R statistical software (R Core Team, 2016).

Results and Discussion

Table 1 shows that there was a significant interactive effect between clone factors and population density for all variables, post-hoc investigations were conducted to determine which groups were different from each other.

Table 1
Summary ANOVA and means for bark production and nutrient accumulation (kg ha^-1) in the bark of Eucalyptus clones at 12-years-of-age at different population densities (trees ha^-1)

SV		Bark	N		P		K	Ca		Mg	S
kg ha-1
Clone (C)		ns	ns		*		ns	*		ns	ns
P.D		*	*		*		*	*		*	*
C × P.D		*	*		*		*	*		*	*
Clone	Population density (P.D)								Mean per clone
	416			833		1111
	Bark (kg ha-1)
2486	5940 Ba			10650 Aa		7290 Bb			7960.00
I182	4600 Ba			6250 Bc		12600 Aa			7816.66
I144	4290 Ba			7400 Ab		9730 Aab			7140.00
GG100	5570 Ba			9690 Aa		9660 Aab			8306.66
Mean per P.D	5100			84975.50		9820			CV (%) = 18.49
	N (kg ha-1)
2486	15.29 Ba			33.22 Aa		25.25 ABa			24.59
I182	14.35 Ba			15.14 Bb		31.89 Aa			20.46
I144	13.25 Ba			23.10 ABab		30.37 Aa			22.24
GG100	19.09 Ba			36.74 Aa		30.14 ABa			28.66
Mean per P.D	15.50			27.05		29.41			CV (%) = 27.46
	P (kg ha-1)
2486	1.02 Aa			1.57 Aab		0.90 Ab			1.16
I182	0.76 Ba			1.40 Bb		2.76 Aa			1.64
I144	0.96 Ba			2.06 Aab		2.47 Aa			1.83
GG100	1.66 Ba			2.54 ABa		2.59 Aa			2.26
Mean per P.D	1.10			1.89		2.18			CV (%) = 25.69
	K (kg ha-1)
2486	8.46 Ba			14.87 Aa		9.51 Ac			10.95
I182	7.44 Ba			11.94 Ba		21.09 Aa			13.49
I144	8.20 Ba			10.64 Ba		17.38 Aab			12.07
GG100	7.73 Ba			9.20 ABa		13.26 Abc			10.06
Mean per P.D	7.99			11.66		15.31			CV (%) = 23.18
	Ca (kg ha-1)
2486	44.93 Ba			91.59 Aa		64.61 ABb			67.04
I182	36.84 Ba			60.99 Bab		107.14 Aa			68.32
I144	35.64 Ba			45.36 Bb		77.69 Aab			52.90
GG100	32.30 Aa			56.81 Ab		54.64 Ab			47.92
Mean per P.D	37.43			63.69		76.02			CV (%) = 25.90
	Mg (kg ha-1)
2486	2.19 Ba			4.57 Aa		2.67 Bb			3.14
I182	2.07 Ba			2.48 Bb		6.44 Aa			3.66
I144	2.33 Ba			3.54 ABab		4.39 Ab			3.42
GG100	2.97 Ba			4.78 Aa		4.30 ABb			4.02
Mean per P.D	2.39			3.84		4.45			CV (%) = 23.36
	S (kg ha-1)
2486	5.22 Ba			9.76 Aa		6.49 Bb			7.16
I182	4.20 Ba			5.73 Bb		10.99 Aa			6.97
I144	3.73 Ba			6.39 Ab		8.71 Aab			6.28
GG100	4.87 Ba			9.05 Aa		8.54 Aab			7.49
Mean per P.D	4.51			7.73		8.68			CV (%) = 16.83

• SV - Source of variation; C - Clone; P.D - Population density; CV - Coefficient of variation; G × D.P - Interaction of clone and density factors; ns - Not significant; *Significant by F test at 0.05 probability. The means followed by the same letter, upper case in the row and lower in the column, do not differ from each other by Tukey’s test at 0.05 probability

Table 1 shows that the clones did not differ significantly in nutrient accumulation or bark production at the population density of 416 trees ha^-1. Clones I182 and 2486 accumulated lower amounts of nutrients at 833 and 1111 trees ha^-1, respectively. As spacing between trees became smaller, clones I182 and 2486 were more affected by increased intraspecific competition, resulting in lower nutrient accumulation and changes in biomass partitioning (Domec et al., 2017). Clone GG100 produced large amounts of bark at 833 and 1111 trees ha^-1, even with lower nutrient amounts, indicating a greater use efficiency of these nutrients by this clone. This information can directly inform the selection of genotypes compatible with the soil fertility of the site and assist in maintaining the productive capacity of the forest site, especially for regions of low natural fertility. In practical terms, clones that are highly efficient in accumulating a specific element and planted in soils with low nutrient availability will rapidly adapt their productive capacity, if not fertilized (Santana et al., 2002).

When the behavior of clone 2486 at the three population densities was examined (Figure 2A), there was a greater production of bark at 833 trees ha^-1, which was significantly greater than that at 416 and 1111 trees ha^-1. There was higher nutrient accumulation in the bark at densities of 833 and 1111 trees ha^-1, which was not significant, except for Mg and S, which were higher at 833 trees ha^-1.

Figure 2
Nutrient accumulation in the bark (kg ha^-1) and bark production (kg ha^-1) of Eucalyptus clones 2486 (A), I182 (B), I144 (C), and GG100 (D), at 12 years-of-age, at three population densities - P.D. (416, 833, and 1111 trees ha^-1)

For clone I182, there was a higher bark production and greater nutrient accumulation at 1111 trees ha^-1, which was significantly higher than that at 833 and 416 trees ha^-1 (Figure 2B). In relation to clone I144, higher bark production and greater accumulation of nutrients were observed at 833 and 1111 trees ha^-1, although this was not significantly different, except for K and Ca, which showed higher accumulations at 1111 trees ha^-1. For clone GG100, higher bark production and greater nutrient accumulation were observed at 833 and 1111 trees ha^-1, although there were no significant differences between them (Figure 2D).

There was an increase in bark production and nutrient accumulation as the planting density increased from 416 to 1111 trees ha^-1 (Figure 2C). Therefore, the higher the density, the higher the amounts of total nutrient accumulation in the bark per area. Depending on the harvesting system used, varying amounts of nutrients can be exported or retained in the soil through the bark of trees. However, the relationship between bark production and nutrient accumulation was variable between densities of 833 and 1111 trees ha^-1, suggesting that bark production was more related to density when there is greater total nutrient accumulation per area than with the number of trees, as shown by clones 2486 and I182 (Figures 2A and B).

Barros et al. (1999) used only the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and expected productivity as parameters to define the dose of fertilizer for Eucalyptus forests in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. However, the results in this study showed that population density can also be used as a criterion to determine the amount of fertilizer to be applied to guarantee the sustainability of forest production and to reduce the export of nutrients from the growing site.

The amount of nutrients present in the bark of the four clones ranged from 1.2% (GG100 at 1111 trees ha^-1) to 1.6% (I182 at 833 trees ha^-1) (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Nutrient accumulation (%) in the bark of Eucalyptus clones 2486, I182, I144, and GG100, at 12 years-of-age, at three population densities (416, 833, and 1111 trees ha^-1)

Ca accounted for more than half (47–62%) in bark of the total nutrients accumulated, as it has low mobility and plays an important role in the lignification process in the cambial zone (Wernsdörfer et al., 2014). The next highest nutrient was N (15–31%), followed by K (8–13%) (Figure 4).

Figure 4
Nutrient accumulation (%) in the bark of Eucalyptus clones at 12 years-of-age. Clone 2486 at (A) 416, (B) 833, and (C) 1111 trees ha^-1. Clone I182 at densities (D) 416, (E) 833, and (F) 1111 trees ha^-1. Clone I144 at densities (G) 416, (H) 833, and (I) 1111 trees ha^-1. Clone GG100 at densities (J) 416, (K) 833, and (L) 1111 trees ha^-1

Viera et al. (2015) evaluated the nutritional implications of different harvesting intensities on 10-year-old E. urophylla × E. globulus hybrids at a density of 1142 trees per ha^-1 and found in the bark: 75 kg ha^-1 N, 15 kg ha^-1 P, 131 kg ha^-1 K, 429 kg ha^-1 Ca, 92 kg ha^-1 Mg, and 11 kg ha^-1 S. Witschoreck & Schumacher (2015) estimated the nutrient stock in different components of the biomass of E. saligna at 7 years-of-age with a density between 1111 and 1666 trees ha^-1, and found: 54 kg ha^-1 N, 7 kg ha^-1 P, 55 kg ha^-1 K, 241 kg ha^-1 Ca, and 54 kg ha^-1 Mg. Santana et al. (2008) studied the allocation of nutrients in Eucalyptus plantations at different ages and in different regions and observed: from 33 to 74 kg ha^-1 N, from 5 to 10 kg ha^-1 P, from 30 to 83 kg ha^-1 K, from 70 to 405 kg ha^-1 Ca, and from 12 to 46 kg ha^-1 Mg.

In this study, the values for each clone at the three planting densities were much lower. This difference can possibly be attributed to lower quality site conditions and low water availability in the study region, especially in the first 4 years (2004 to 2007), which were characterized by a long, dry season. Santana et al. (2008) verified that the estimated nutrient content varies among regions, being up to five times lower in regions with lower water availability.

Furthermore, the older age of the forest stand in this study may have influenced results, since the nutrient content in the trunk was reduced, in accordance with the trees age (Reis & Barros, 1990; Bouillet et al., 2008), which was reflected in the bark. Nevertheless, these results demonstrate the contribution of bark to nutrient accumulation, especially at sites with low productive capacity, such as those found in the northern Minas Gerais.

According to Witschoreck & Schumacher (2015), a simple adjustment in the intensity of forest biomass harvesting through field debarking may represent the difference between a sustainable and damaging management of the nutrient reserves of the system.

Based on the calculation proposed by Barros et al. (1995), the amount of fertilizers equivalent to the concentrations of N, P, K, and Ca in the bark of a forest stand with 416 trees ha^-1 is 118.5 kg ha^-1 of ammonium sulphate, 95.2 kg ha^-1 of simple superphosphate, 20.5 kg ha^-1 of potassium chloride, and 277.5 kg ha^-1 of dolomitic limestone, respectively. Similarly, for forest stands with 833 and 1111 trees ha^-1, the amount of fertilizers is equivalent to 214.4 and 234.3 kg ha^-1 of ammonium sulphate, 207.7 and 274.3 kg ha^-1 of simple superphosphate, 30.2 and 40.0 kg ha^-1 of potassium chloride, and 478.3 and 574.8 kg ha^-1 of dolomitic limestone for N, P, K, and Ca, respectively.

Harvesting is considered to have the largest impact on the soil, and is aggravated by shorter rotations and the export of nutrients. If the nutrient removal from logging is higher than the natural input of nutrients, the nutritional balance of the soil-tree system will be negative, reducing the productive potential of the area (Bellote et al., 2008; Paes et al., 2013). In this sense, these results show that the presence of bark in the field is an important component in reducing soil nutrient losses, especially at the highest population densities, which tend to have shorter cutting cycles with more frequent competition among trees anticipating the stagnation of the population growth, and allowing greater export of nutrients.

Conclusions

1. Ca showed the highest accumulation in the bark, followed by N, K, S, Mg, and P, irrespective of clone and density.

2. Higher population density contributed to a higher bark production and greater nutrient accumulation per area. However, this increase was not significantly different between the densities of 833 and 1111 trees ha^-1.

3. The nutrient quantities exported from the site can be substantial, especially Ca, N, and K, with removal of field bark during forest harvesting and at higher population densities.

4. The amounts of nutrients that are available for the next forest growth cycle are significantly less if there is debarking in the field.

Acknowledgments

Authors thank the Foundation for Research Support of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) for the scholarship and the companies Plantar and TTG Brasil Investimentos Florestais for the technical and financial support.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jan 2019

History

• Received
  26 Jan 2018
• Accepted
  23 Sept 2018
• Published
  30 Nov 2018