Production and quality of okra produced with mineral and organic fertilization

Produção e qualidade de quiabo produzido com adubação mineral e orgânica

ABSTRACT

Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, is a vegetable with annual fruit native to hot regions of Africa, well adapted to the conditions of the Northeast and Southeast regions of Brazil, where it is widely used by small farmers. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mineral and organic fertilization on the production and quality of okra fruits. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design, with three replicates and eleven treatments defined according to a Baconian matrix. Treatments consisted of doses of N (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha^-1), P (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha^-1) and K (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha^-1), as well as absence and presence of organic compost (30 t ha^-1). The following parameters were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, production of fruits plant^-1, number of fruits plant^-1, fruit length and diameter and fruit quality (pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C and electrical conductivity). The crop is demanding in terms of K and N fertilizations, with increments of 15.8 and 36% in the mean number and diameter of fruits, respectively. Organic fertilization did not influence the vegetative growth of okra, but was beneficial to the production of fruits with higher vitamin C content, 52% higher than the contents found in fruits produced without such input.

Key words:
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench; Baconian matrix; vegetable; postharvest

RESUMO

A cultura do quiabeiro Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench é uma hortaliça de fruto anual originária de regiões quentes da África tendo se adaptado bem às condições das regiões Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil, onde é uma cultura muito utilizada por pequenos agricultores. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adubação mineral e orgânica na produção e qualidade de frutos de quiabeiro. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições e onze tratamentos definidos segundo uma matriz baconiana. Os tratamentos consistiram de doses de N (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha^-1), P (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha^-1) e K (0, 80, 160 e 240 kg ha^-1) e ausência e presença de composto orgânico (30 t ha^-1). Foram avaliados a altura de plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, produção de frutos planta^-1, número de frutos planta^-1, comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, e a qualidade dos frutos (pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, vitamina C e condutividade elétrica). A cultura é exigente quanto à adubação potássica e nitrogenada, com aumentos no número médio e diâmetro de frutos, 15,8 e 36%, respectivamente. A adubação orgânica não influenciou o crescimento vegetativo do quiabeiro, no entanto, foi benéfica à produção de frutos com maior teor de vitamina C, 52% maior que os frutos produzidos sem esse insumo.

Palavras-chave:
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench; matriz baconiana; olerícola; pós-colheita

Introduction

Okra is a vegetable originated from Africa, cultivated under rainfed or irrigated conditions in a wide variety of soils, and is one of the most important vegetables in the world, especially in tropical and subtropical climates (Marin et al., 2017), due to its rusticity and tolerance to heat, not requiring high levels of technology for its cultivation (Oliveira et al., 2003). However, it is sensitive to salinity, with a reduction of up to 70% in the production of fresh fruits in comparison to plants cultivated in non-saline soils (Kamaluldeen et al., 2014), and to the attack of Coleoptera insects (Pitan & Ekoja, 2011).

This crop plays an important role in human diet due to the supply of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins (Abd El-Kader et al., 2010). It has vitamins A and C, being a source of calcium, iron, niacin, in addition to having medicinal qualities (Oliveira et al., 2014), and it has also attracted recent interest as an industrial source of fiber. Additionally, its seeds provide high-quality oil and the mucilage from its fruit can be used as a thickener in food industry (Alegbejo et al., 2008).

Okra responses to mineral and organic fertilization have been observed by several researchers (Oliveira et al., 2007; Omatoso & Shittu, 2007; Abd El-Kader et al., 2010; Cardoso & Berni, 2012). Mineral nutrition of vegetables can influence their development with subsequent effects on quality. The Soil Fertility Commission of Minas Gerais (CFSMG, 1999) and the Agronomic Institute of Campinas (Raij et al., 1996) indicate doses from 20 to 120 kg ha^-1 of N, from 40 to 300 kg ha^-1 of P₂O₅ and from 20 to 240 kg ha^-1 of K₂O, and from 10 to 50 t ha^-1 of manure. However, these recommendations may be outdated with the development of cultivars that are more productive and consequently more demanding in terms of nutrients. Therefore, more specific studies are needed to provide recommendations of fertilizers for each region.

Besides mineral fertilization, the application of organic fertilizers has been considered as important for vegetable production. The strategy is to use this input at doses that maximize yield, adding mineral fertilizers in complementary quantities, which would reduce production costs (Oliveira et al., 2014). Given the above, this experiment aimed to evaluate the production and quality of okra fruits produced with mineral and organic fertilization.

Material and Methods

The experiment was conducted in the Agriculture Sector of the Center of Human, Social and Agrarian Sciences of the Federal University of Paraíba (CCHSA/UFPB), Campus III, Bananeiras, PB, from September 2014 to February 2015, encompassing the period from planting to harvest.

The climate in the municipality of Bananeiras was classified, according to Thornthwaite (1948), as C1dB’4a’, dry sub-humid, without or with slight water surplus, mesothermal and with annual rainfall of 1174.7 mm and mean temperature of 22.4 ºC. The soil in which the experiment was conducted was classified by Brasil (1972) and reclassified as typic dystrophic Yellow Latosol, according to EMBRAPA (2013). It has the following chemical characteristics, determined according to the methodology described in EMBRAPA (2017) (Table 1).

Table 1
Chemical analysis of the soil where the experiment was conducted

Depth (cm)	pH H2O	EC (mS cm-1)	Na	K	Ca	Mg	Al	H + Al	CEC	P (mg dm-3)	V (%)	OM (g kg-1)
			(cmolc dm-3)
0-20	6.45	0.145	0.08	0.28	3.2	2.0	0	0.49	5.7	16.55	91	24.1

Treatments were defined according to a Baconian matrix (Turrent, 1979), testing eleven treatments (Table 2) arranged in randomized blocks, with three replicates. Doses of N (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha^-1), P (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha^-1) and K (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha^-1), as well as presence and absence of organic compost (30 t ha^-1) were evaluated.

Table 2
Doses of N, P₂O₅, K₂O and organic fertilization per treatment

Treatments	N	P2O5	K2O	Organic fertilization (t ha-1)
	(kg ha-1)
11	200	200	160	0
2	0	200	160	0
3	100	200	160	0
4	300	200	160	0
5	200	0	160	0
6	200	100	160	0
7	200	300	160	0
8	200	200	0	0
9	200	200	80	0
10	200	200	240	0
11	200	200	160	30

• ¹ Reference treatment

The organic compost was previously prepared in the area, with bovine manure and plant residues, and was applied in the quantity of 30 t ha^-1, being subsequently incorporated to the soil in the plot relative to this treatment. The chemical characteristics of the compost were determined according to the methodology described in EMBRAPA (2013) and are presented in Table 3.

Table 3
Chemical analysis of the organic compost used

	pH H2O (1:2.5)	P	K+	Na+	H+ + Al+3	Al+3	Ca+2	Mg+2	SB	CEC	V	m	OM (g kg-1)
		(mg dm-3)		(cmol dm-3)							(%)
Compost	7.83	214.0	2550.0	1.30	1.82	0	6.10	5.4	19.3	21.1	91.4	0	75.2

The experiment began by directly sowing the okra cultivar ‘Santa Cruz’ at spacing of 0.6 × 0.5 m, placing three seeds per pit at depth of approximately 3 cm. Prior to sowing, seed dormancy was broken by the method of immersion in cold water for 24 h, with subsequent drying in the shade (Filgueira, 2008). Thinning was performed when plants were 15 to 20 cm tall, leaving one plant per hole.

Soil tillage consisted of plowing and harrowing, with subsequent cleaning of the area and application of treatments. Urea, single superphosphate and potassium chloride were used as sources of N, P and K, applied at the bottom of the hole, in plots that received mineral fertilization.

Phytosanitary control was performed with the spiromesifen Oberon^® to control aphids (Aphis spp.) as recommended by the manufacturer. The area was weeded three times along the crop cycle to avoid competition for water and nutrients. The crop was grown until harvest, which began 73 days after planting. The period from flowering to harvest is approximately 4 days (Silva et al., 2007).

The following parameters were evaluated: stem diameter (cm) and number of leaves; production per plant (g plant^-1); number of fruits per plant; fruit length (cm) and diameter (cm) and plant height (cm).

The postharvest attributes evaluated were:

- Contents of soluble solids (SS): read in digital refractometer with automatic compensation of temperature;

- Titratable acidity (TA): acidity was measured in 5 g of pulp, homogenized in 45 mL of distilled water and the solution containing the sample was titrated with 0.1 N NaOH until reaching the turning point of the phenolphthalein indicator (Ryan & Dupont, 1973);

- pH: obtained by the potentiometric method, calibrating the pH meter with buffer solutions (pH 4.0 and 7.0) at 20 ºC;

- Ascorbic acid (AA): estimated by titration, using 5 g of pulp mixed with 45 mL of 0.5% oxalic acid and titrated with Tillmans’ solution until the color changed to pink, according to the method described by AOAC (2005);

- Electrical conductivity (EC): determined in the juice according to the number of replicates, using a benchtop digital conductivity meter to estimate the content of electrolytes.

The results were subjected to analyses of variance and polynomial regression, testing linear and quadratic models, and selecting the one capable of best expressing each characteristic. Tukey test was applied to compare the means of organic fertilization, using the program Sisvar.

Results and Discussion

The doses of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O or absence and presence of organic fertilization had no significant effect on the variables analyzed, except the mean number and mean diameter of fruits, which responded positively to K and N fertilizations, respectively.

The mean values of the agronomic characteristics plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter were 167.73 cm, 56.5 leaves and 28.86 mm, respectively. Possibly, the high contents of nutrients in the soil (Table 1) before treatment application was responsible for the lack of response. In addition, the time of cultivation may have been insufficient for the mineralization of the compost and release of the nutrients. According to Oliveira et al. (2014), the probability of occurrence of okra response to the use of bovine manure with respect to the production of marketable fruits can be minimized when the content of organic matter is high. In the present study, the organic matter content is considered as intermediate, which may have reduced the response to organic fertilization.

These results differ from those found in the literature, which indicate positive effects of mineral and/or organic fertilization on okra. Tivelli et al. (2013) observed mean height of 160.9 cm in okra plants, when intercropped with small-size leguminous species, a height slightly smaller than that found in the present study. On the other hand, Tiamiyu et al. (2012) found increments of 37.8 and 39.4% in the number of leaves and plant height, respectively, with the use of poultry manure, but obtained smaller height and number of leaves, 33 to 44 cm and 20 to 25 leaves, respectively, compared with the values in the present study. The use of poultry manure was also responsible for the increments of 27% in plant height (69.6 cm) and 111% in stem diameter (4.8 cm), as observed by Abd El-Kader et al. (2010). In general, these studies were conducted in soils with low contents of nutrients, which would be more responsible to fertilization than that of the present study.

Phonglosa et al. (2015) observed that okra yield, absorption of macro- and micronutrients by okra pods and available nutrient status in post-harvest soil increased significantly when mineral fertilization with N and P was supplemented with organic fertilizers.

In relation to the fruits, the production per plant, number of fruits, diameter and length were evaluated and their mean values were 72.40 g plant^-1, 10.85 fruits plant^-1, 2.42 and 10.34 cm, respectively.

Figure 1A shows a 36% increase in the mean number of fruits as N doses increased. The dose of 300 kg ha^-1 of N is much higher than the recommended for the crop, according to Filgueira (2008), who indicates 20 kg ha^-1 of N, and the Agronomic Institute of Campinas (Raij et al., 1996), which indicates 40 kg ha^-1 of N. On the other hand, the Soil Fertility Commission of Minas Gerais (CFSMG, 1999) indicates 120 kg ha^-1 of N, and this dose is the closest one to that applied in the present study. Although it is a very high dose, there was response of the crop, but this dose would not be financially feasible for the farmer.

Figure 1
Mean diameter of okra fruits (MDF) as a function of doses of N (A) and number of okra fruits per plant (NFP) as a function of doses of K₂O (B)

Studies of Adekyia et al. (2018) indicate that urea alone at dose of 60 kg ha^-1 caused optimal yield of okra fruits, whereas fruit growth and mineral composition increased when the dose of 120 kg ha^-1 of urea was applied. In other words, if the goal is only production, lower doses can be applied with good results, but if one intends to produce fruits with higher nutritional quality, higher doses are required by the crop.

The efficiency of N may be related to the fact that this nutrient is a constituent of proteins, which act in the absorption of nutrients by plants, participates in various biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, synthesis in general, multiplication, cellular differentiation; and increase in the production of vegetative and flower gems (Malavolta, 2002; Filgueira, 2008; Cardoso & Berni, 2012).

The number of okra fruits increased by 9.10% with the application of 240 kg ha^-1 of K, compared with the control, which indicates that the crop is very demanding in terms of K fertilization for fruit production (Figure 1B).

Adequate K doses in crops favor the formation and translocation of carbohydrates and efficient use of water by the plant, balance the application of N and improve the quality of the product, regarding aspects such as color, taste and culinary properties, besides adding value in the market (Pinheiro et al., 2011).

Potassium acts as an enzyme activator in mechanisms of synthesis and degradation of organic compounds, participates in the mechanism of stomatal opening and closure, and osmoregulation, among other processes, and improves the quality of the product and its market value (Daliparthy et al., 1994; Filgueira, 2008), thus being the most abundant cation in the plant, affecting the yield and quality of the products harvested. Babatola (2006) claims that K favors the formation and translocation of carbohydrates and improves the quality of okra fruits.

By comparing the data obtained in the present study with the literature, it is observed that fruit length (10.34 cm) and production per plant (72.40 g plant^-1/10.85 fruits plant^-1) were greater than those found by Omatoso & Shittu (2007), 6.64 cm and 45.56 g plant^-1, under mineral fertilization with NPK, and smaller than those found by Tivelli et al. (2013), 16.4 cm and 10.1 fruits plant^-1, respectively.

The mean number of fruits was lower than those observed by Oliveira et al. (2007, 2014), 43 and 26 fruits plant^-1, respectively. These data may result from the cultivar used in the above-mentioned studies, which compensates smaller fruits with higher fruit production.

There were significant effects of K doses on pH, soluble solids and titratable acidity, and of organic fertilization on vitamin C and titratable acidity.

As K doses increased, there were linear reductions in the pH and titratable acidity (TA) of okra fruits on the order of 3.9 and 35.1%, respectively (Figures 2A and B). Potassium acts mainly in the synthesis of some enzymes and as a catalyst for metabolic reactions. This decrease in fruit pH (Figure 2A) can be attributed to the synthesis of enzymes, which causes the production of acid compounds, such as malic acid. On the other hand, the decline in TA, with the increase in K₂O doses (Figure 2B), can be attributed to the consumption of organic acids that are dissolved in the cell sap.

Figure 2
pH (A), titratable acidity (B) and soluble solids (C) in okra fruits produced under different doses of K₂O

Increasing doses of N resulted in an 11% increase in the soluble solids (SS) of okra fruits (Figure 2C). N mainly influences the production of biomass and, indirectly, the production of photoassimilates, which in turn are dispersed in the cell sap, many of them present in soluble solids, like some sugars, justifying this increase as function of the increasing doses of N.

Regarding organic fertilization, only ascorbic acid and titratable acidity responded positively to its application (Table 4); vitamin C content increased by 52% while the titratable acidity increased by 35% with the application of 30 t ha^-1 organic compost. Pradeepkumar et al. (2017) indicate that the effect of organic nutrition was significant only when the dose was considerably improved or supplemented with different sources of manure, whose long-term sustainability depends on the quantity and quality of the organic fertilizers applied, yield of crops, and quality and price of the product. Top-dressing fertilization in the dry season and with leguminous crops in the wet season maximized the yields of okra in a study conducted by Adekiya et al. (2017).

Table 4
Quality of okra fruits produced with organic fertilization

Organic fertilization (t ha-1)	pH	Electrical conductivity (mS cm-1)	Soluble solids (ºBrix)	Ascorbic acid (mg 100g-1)	Titratable acidity (%)
0	5.87 a	11.07 a	5.81 a	4.12 b	0.37 b
30	6.06 a	9.19 a	5.93 a	6.28 a	0.50 a

• Means followed by the same letter, in the columns, do not differ by Tukey test at 0.05 probability level

In studies carried out by Nascimento et al. (2013) on the quality of okra fruits, under saline stress, these authors observed similar values to those found here for SS (5.13 to 5.37 °Brix). Conversely, Carnelossi et al. (2005), working with minimal processing of okra, found higher contents than those observed in the present study for ascorbic acid (8 mg 100g^-1), and lower values for titratable acidity (0.18%) and pH (4.7). According to Petropoulos et al. (2018), the practice of harvesting okra fruits when they are still small helps increase their nutritional value.

There are few studies in the literature on the nutrition of okra plants and even fewer on its influence on post-harvest quality. This study will serve as basis for future research aiming at quality production of okra in the region, which has climate conditions that are favorable to the development of this crop.

Conclusions

1. Okra is demanding in terms of potassium and nitrogen fertilization.

2. The mean number and diameter of okra fruits increased by 9.10 and 36%, respectively, with potassium and nitrogen fertilization.

3. Organic fertilization increased the content of ascorbic acid in okra fruits by 52%.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Feb 2019

History

• Received
  02 Jan 2018
• Accepted
  19 Oct 2018
• Published
  16 Jan 2019