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Yield of onion in soil with cattle manure and nitrogen

Rendimento da cebola no solo com esterco bovino e nitrogênio

ABSTRACT

Onion is the third vegetable crop in economic importance for Brazil, only behind potato and tomato, and responds with increased production to the use of organic and mineral fertilizers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of doses of cattle manure and nitrogen (N) on onion growth and yield. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in 6 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to six doses of cattle manure (0; 10; 20; 30; 40 and 50 t ha-1), in the presence and absence of N, with four repetitions. The variables studied were: shoot fresh and dry masses, total and marketable bulb yields, percentage of bulbs classified and leaf N content. There was an interactive effect (p ≤ 0.05) of cattle manure and N doses on shoot fresh and dry masses, total and marketable yields, classification of bulbs according to transverse diameter and N concentration in onion bulbs. The optimal dose for marketable yield of bulbs is 27 t ha-1 of cattle manure in the presence of N.

Key words:
Allium cepa L.; organic fertilization; mineral fertilization

RESUMO

A cebola é a terceira hortaliça em importância eco­nômica para o Brasil, sendo superada apenas pela batata e o tomate, e responde com aumento de produção ao uso de adubos orgânico e mineral. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de doses de esterco bovino e nitrogênio sobre o crescimento e rendimento da cebola. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 6 x 2 correspondente a seis doses de esterco bovino (0; 10; 20; 30; 40 e 50 t ha-1), na presença e ausência do nitrogênio, em quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: massa verde e seca da parte aérea, produtividades total e comercial de bulbos, percentagem de bulbos classificados e teor de N foliar. Houve efeito interativo (p ≤ 0,05) das doses de esterco bovino e nitrogênio sobre a massa verde e seca da parte aérea, produtividades total e comercial, para a classificação de bulbos de acordo com o diâmetro transversal e o teor de N em bulbos de cebola. A dose ótima para produtividade comercial de bulbos é de 27 t ha-1 de esterco bovino na presença de nitrogênio.

Palavras-chave:
Allium cepa L.; fertilização orgânica; fertilização mineral

Introduction

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is the third vegetable crop in economic importance for Brazil, only behind potato and tomato. According to data of IBGE (2013)IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Indicadores IBGE. 2013. Available on: <Available on: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/indicadores/agropecuaria/lspa/estProdAgr_201309.pdf >. Accessed on: Nov. 2015.
http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/...
, the national production in 2013 was 1.4 million tons, and the main producers were the states of Santa Catarina and Minas Gerais. In the Northeast region, the São Francisco Valley stands out as one of the largest producers.

Onion production in Brazil is an activity practiced mainly by small producers and its socio-economic importance is based not only on profitability, but on the great demand for labor, contributing to the feasibility of small properties and maintenance of producers in the rural area, reducing migration to major cities (Resende & Costa, 2009Resende, G. M. de; Costa, N. D. Produtividade e armazenamento de cebola (Allium cepa) submetida a doses de nitrogênio e potássio via fertirrigação em cultivo de verão. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v.33, p.1314-1320, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542009000500017
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-7054200900...
).

The use of cattle manure becomes a useful and economical practice for small and medium producers of vegetables (Araújo et al., 2007Araújo, E. N. de; Oliveira, A. P. de; Cavalcante, L. F.; Pereira, W. E.; Brito, N. M. de; Neves, C. M. de L.; Silva, E. E. da. Produção do pimentão adubado com esterco bovino e biofertilizante. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, v.11, p.466-470, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662007000500003
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-4366200700...
), which react well to this type of fertilization. The use of this input for several consecutive years promotes accumulation of organic nitrogen in the soil, increasing its mineralization potential and its availability to plants (Oliveira et al., 2010Oliveira, A. P.; Santos, J. F.; Cavalcante, L. F.; Pereira, W. E.; Santos, M. do C. C. A.; Oliveira, A. N. P.; Silva, N. V. Yield of sweet potato fertilized with cattle manure and biofertilizer. Horticultura Brasileira, v.28, p.277-281, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362010000300006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-0536201000...
).

In onion, the absorption of nitrogen is surpassed only by that of potassium (Pôrto et al., 2007Pôrto, D. R. de Q.; Cecílio Filho, A. B.; May, A.; Vargas, P. F. Acúmulo de macronutrientes pela cultivar de cebola "Superex" estabelecida por semeadura direta. Ciência Rural, v.37, p.949-955. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782007000400005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-8478200700...
), and it is the nutrient that most affects bulb yield, health and quality (Resende et al., 2008Resende, G. M. de; Costa, N. D.; Pinto, J. M. Produtividade e qualidade pós-colheita de cebola adubada com doses crescentes de nitrogênio e potássio. Horticultura Brasileira , v.26, p.388-392. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252015v28n327rc
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252015v28...
). However, excessive quantity may limit bulb yield and increase post-harvest losses (Souza & Resende, 2002Souza, R. J.; Resende, G. M. Cultura da cebola. Lavras: UFLA/FAEPE, 2002. 115p.), whereas its deficiency may reduce bulb growth rate (Rodrigues et al., 2015Rodrigues, G. S. O.; Grangeiro, L. C.; Negreiros, M. Z.; Silva, A. C.; Novo Júnior, J. Qualidade de cebola em função de doses de nitrogênio e épocas de plantio. Revista Caatinga, v.28, p.239-247, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252015v28n327rc
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252015v28...
).

Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of doses of cattle manure and nitrogen on onion growth and yield.

Material and Methods

The study was carried out under field conditions from June to November 2016, at the Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), in Areia, PB, Brejo Paraibano microregion, Brazil, with altitude of 574.62 m, latitude of 6º 58’ S and longitude of 35º 42’ W. The climate according to Köppen’s classification is As’, which is characterized as hot and humid, with autumn-winter rains (Gondim & Fernandez, 1980Gondim, A. W. A.; Fernandez, B. Probabilidade de chuvas para o município de Areia, PB. Agropecuária Técnica, v.1, p.55-63, 1980.). The average annual temperature varies between 23 and 24 ºC, with average precipitation of 1200 mm. During the experimental period, the precipitation, temperature and air relative humidity data were collected at the meteorological station of the Centro de Ciências Agrarias of UFPB.

The soil of the cultivation area was classified as Entisol. The average temperature in ºC, precipitation and air relative humidity along the experimental period were, respectively: June = 22.5 ºC; 164 mm; 88.2%; July = 21.6 ºC; 79.6 mm; 91%; August = 21.9 ºC; 68.7 mm; 84%; September = 23.3 ºC; 27.9 mm; 79%; October = 24.2 ºC; 24.9 mm; 74% and November = 25.4 ºC; 4.7 mm; 69%.

The results obtained in the soil chemical and physical analyses, according to the methodology suggested by EMBRAPA (2009)EMBRAPA - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. Manual de análises químicas de solos, plantas e fertilizantes. Brasília: Embrapa Informação Tecnológica, 2009. 627p., in the 0-20 cm layer before experiment installation were the following for the chemical values: pH = 6.0; P = 107.6 mg dm-3; K+ = 85.4 mg dm-3; Na+ = 0.09 cmolc dm-3; H++Al+3 = 0.41 cmolc dm-3; Al+3 = 0.00 cmolc dm-3; Ca+2 = 2.78 cmolc dm-3; Mg+2 = 1.63 cmolc dm-3; SB cmolc dm-3 = 4.72; organic matter = 11.64 g kg-1.

The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme corresponding to six doses of cattle manure (0; 10; 20; 30; 40 and 50 t ha-1), and presence and absence of nitrogen, with four repetitions. The plot consisted of 60 plants, arranged in three rows with 20 plants each, spaced by 0.20 m between rows and 0.10 m between plants.

For planting the crop in the field, seedlings were produced in conventional seed germination trays, with the cultivar Vale Ouro IPA-11, and transplanted 40 days after sowing. Basal fertilization consisted in supplying the doses of cattle manure and in the treatments with nitrogen, 120 kg ha-1 of N, in the form of ammonium sulfate, and split into equal parts applied at 20 and 40 days after transplanting (Filgueira, 2008Filgueira, F. A. R. Manual de olericultura: Agrotecnologia moderna na produção e comercialização de hortaliças. 3.ed. Viçosa: UFV, 2008. 421p.).

Along the experimental period, cultural practices commonly used in onion crop were carried out, such as: manual weeding and supply of water in the period with absence of precipitation by the drip irrigation method (drip tape). It was not necessary to perform phytosanitary control, due to the absence of pests or diseases capable of causing economic damage to the crop.

Harvest was carried out around 100 days after transplanting, when the plants had advanced signs of senescence, such as yellow coloration and dried leaves and lodging in more than 70% of the plants. Then, the bulbs were subjected to the pre-cure process (exposure of bulbs to the soil for four days) and transported to a shed, in order to determine the characteristics of production and classification of bulbs.

The characteristics evaluated were: shoot fresh and dry masses, with fresh mass corresponding to the mass of the plants before drying, and dry mass obtained in a forced air circulation oven at temperature of 65 °C for 96 h; total and marketable yields of bulbs, which respectively corresponded to the weight of all bulbs harvested and to the weight of bulbs with mass considered marketable, with results extrapolated to t ha-1; classification of bulbs based on their largest transverse diameter, according to the classification of Hortibrasil (2009)Hortibrasil - Normas de classificação impressas pelo Programa Brasileiro para a Modernização da Horticultura. São Paulo: Hortibrasil, 2009. Available on: < Available on: http://www.hortibrasil.org.br/images/stories/folders/cebola.pdf > Accessed on: Oct. 2015.
http://www.hortibrasil.org.br/images/sto...
, with results expressed as a percentage; leaf N concentration, by collecting one leaf per plant in each treatment and replicate at 60 days after transplanting. Leaf N concentration was determined by following the methodology proposed by Tedesco et al. (1995Tedesco, M. J.; Gianello, C.; Bissani, C. A.; Bohnen, H.; Volkweiss, S. J. Análise de solo, planta e outros materiais. Porto Alegre: UFRGS, 1995. 174p.). Data were submited to analysis of variance and regression.

Results and Discussion

There were interactive effects (p ≤ 0.05) of cattle manure and nitrogen doses on shoot fresh and dry masses, total and marketable yields, classification of bulbs according to their transverse diameter and on N concentration in onion bulbs.

According to Figure 1, the cattle manure dose of 50 t ha-1 with N led to maximum production of shoot fresh mass in onion, equal to 43.0 g plant-1 at 80 days after transplanting (DAT). Without N, the maximum shoot fresh mass production was 40.6 g plant-1, at a dose of 43.0 t ha-1 of cattle manure, at 80 DAT.

Figure 1
Shoot fresh mass in onion fertilized with cattle manure in the presence and absence of nitrogen

Regardless of the treatments, the fresh mass production of onion plants increased over time, and the superiority at 80 DAT in the treatments with cattle manure, both in the presence and in the absence of N, is possibly due to the gradual enrichment of the soil with essential macro- and micronutrients for onion and the progressive increase in the organic matter content of the soil (Trani et al., 2013Trani, P. E.; Terra, M. M.; Tecchio, M. A.; Teixeira, L. A. J.; Hanasiro, J. Adubação orgânica de hortaliças e frutíferas. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, 2013. 16p.).

Cattle manure at the dose of 50 t ha-1 associated with N led to dry mass production at 80 DAT of 3.76 g plant-1 (Figure 2). In this period, according to Vidigal et al. (2002Vidigal, S. M.; Pereira, P. R. G.; Pacheco, D. D. Nutrição mineral e adubação de cebola. Informe Agropecuário, v.23, p.36-50, 2002.), there is a greater growth of onion bulbs, and possibly there was a greater translocation of photoassimilates and redistribution of nutrients and other compounds to them, compromising the dry mass production. In the absence of N fertilization, the cattle manure dose of 30 t ha-1 promoted dry mass production of 3.5 g plant-1 at 80 DAT (Figure 2). Marques et al. (2007Marques, L. F.; Medeiros, D. C.; Araújo, W.; Lopes, R.; Teófilo, T. M. S.; Alves, S. S. V.; Oliveira, A. K.; Silva, J. C. V. Qualidade de beterraba em função de diferentes dosagens de esterco bovino. In: Congresso Brasileiro de Olericultura, 47, 2007, Porto Seguro. Resumos... Porto Seguro: ABH, 2007. CD-Rom) also observed higher dry mass production in marketable roots of beet under doses of cattle manure and nitrogen.

Figure 2
Shoot dry mass in onion fertilized with doses of cattle manure in the presence and absence of nitrogen

The total yield of bulbs reached a maximum of 63.5 t ha-1 at the cattle manure dose of 28.8 t ha-1 in the presence of N, whereas in its absence the data of total yield was not described by any model, with average value of 49.5 t ha-1 (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Total yield of onion fertilized with doses of cattle manure in the presence and absence of nitrogen

These yields are below the range proposed by Vidigal et al. (2007Vidigal, S. M.; Costa, E. L.; Ciociola Júnior, A. I. Cebola (Allium cepa L.). In: Paula Junior, T. J.; Venzon, M. (eds.). 101 Culturas: Manual de tecnologias agrícolas. Belo Horizonte: EPAMIG, 2007. p.243-252.), who affirm that in well-conducted onion crops the total yield in Brazil has varied between 40 and 60 t ha-1, or even higher.

The cattle manure dose of 27 t ha-1 in the presence of N was responsible for the maximum marketable bulb yield of 50 t ha-1, whereas in the absence of N this yield was 36 t ha-1 at the dose of 28.2 t ha-1 (Figure 4). There was an increment of 14 t ha-1 in the yield due to the presence of N, but all yields were above the national average of 24 t ha-1 and the average of the Northeast region of 21 t ha-1 (IBGE, 2013IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Indicadores IBGE. 2013. Available on: <Available on: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/indicadores/agropecuaria/lspa/estProdAgr_201309.pdf >. Accessed on: Nov. 2015.
http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/...
).

Figure 4
Marketable yield of onion fertilized with cattle manure in the presence and absence of nitrogen

These results demonstrate that the onion responded with increased production to the use of cattle manure, especially when associated with mineral nutrients, because this input can meet onion requirements for some nutrients and can be an alternative of fertilization for this species among small farmers who do not have financial capital to purchase chemical inputs but have cattle manure on their property. In addition, it may also reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, thus minimizing the contamination of the environment (Santos et al., 2006Santos, J. F. dos; Oliveira, A. P. de; Alves, A. U.; Dornelas, C. S. M.; Brito, C. H. de; Nóbrega, J. P. R. Produção de batata-doce adubada com esterco bovino em solo com baixo teor de matéria orgânica. Horticultura Brasileira , v.24, p.103-106, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362006000100021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-0536200600...
).

The effects of N on the increase of yield are probably due to its role in the vegetative growth, leaf formation and plant structure, besides being an alternative to increase yield, as it promotes increased leaf area index and production of vegetative and floral buds (Malavolta, 2006Malavolta, E. Manual de nutrição mineral de plantas. São Paulo: Ceres, 2006. 638p.).

In the classification, there were no onion bulbs considered as waste (thick-stemmed, rotten, or with mechanical damage), demonstrating that the cattle manure with or without N was efficient in improving onion quality, and no regression model fitted to the data of Class 4 bulbs.

In relation to bulbs classified as Class 1, the highest percentage was observed without the use of N, 70% with 14.5 t ha-1 of cattle manure, while in its presence the average percentage of bulbs was 14.96%, as a function of the doses of cattle manure (Figure 5A). There was a reduction in the percentage of Class 2 bulbs with the use of N, with a minimum of 33.6% at the cattle manure dose of 50 t ha-1. In the absence of N, the percentage (90%) of bulbs was increased up to the dose of 32.5 t ha-1 (Figure 5A). For onion, the highest commercial value of bulbs is located in Class 3 (Vidigal et al., 2010Vidigal, S. M.; Pedrosa, M. W.; Fonseca, M. S.; Santos, I. C. Adubação com nitrogênio em cobertura na produção de cebola. Horticultura Brasileira , v.28, p.3705-3711, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362010000200005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-0536201000...
), so its higher percentage (32.5%) was achieved with 26.2 t ha-1 of cattle manure combined with N (Figure 5B).

Figure 5
Classification for bulb transverse diameter, Classes 1 and 2 (A) and Class 3 (B), in onion plants fertilized with doses of cattle manure in the presence and absence of nitrogen

Bulbs classified in these classes (1 and 2) do not have good acceptance by the consumers, and the results may indicate that the use of N is important to improve onion quality. Resende et al. (2008Resende, G. M. de; Costa, N. D.; Pinto, J. M. Produtividade e qualidade pós-colheita de cebola adubada com doses crescentes de nitrogênio e potássio. Horticultura Brasileira , v.26, p.388-392. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252015v28n327rc
https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252015v28...
) report that N application gradually reduces the production of bulbs with smaller diameters. May (2006May, A. Desempenho de híbridos de cebola em função da população de plantas e fertilização nitrogenada e potássica. Jaboticabal: UNESP, 2006. 144p. Tese Doutorado) states that the application of N, P and K tends to reduce the quantities of bulbs with diameters outside the commercial standards. In relation to cattle manure, the increase in its use had a strong influence on the production of bulbs with larger diameter.

Bulbs belonging to Class 3 are well accepted in the consumer market and industries of sauces and seasonings (May, 2006May, A. Desempenho de híbridos de cebola em função da população de plantas e fertilização nitrogenada e potássica. Jaboticabal: UNESP, 2006. 144p. Tese Doutorado). In the absence of N, no regression model fitted to the data and an mean value of Class 3 bulbs was 11.07%.

The maximum leaf N concentration in onion was 24.6 g kg-1 at the cattle manure dose of 27.2 t ha-1 in the presence of N, whereas without this nutrient, the N concentration reached a maximum of 21.8 g kg-1 with 31.2 t ha-1 of cattle manure (Figure 6). The N concentration with cattle manure and N was 2.8 g kg-1 higher than that obtained without nitrogen, but all concentrations were within the adequate range (between 19 and 40 g kg-1) for the species, (Jones Júnior et al., 1991Jones Junior, J. B.; Wolf, B.; Mills, H. A. Plant analysis an analysis handbook: A practical sampling, preparation, analysis and interpretation guide. Athens: Micro-Macro, 1991. 213p.; Caldwell et al., 1994Caldwell, J. O. N.; Sumner, M. E.; Vavrina, C. S. Development and testing of preliminary foliar DRIS norms for onions. HortScience, v.29, p.1501-1504, 1994. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.29.12.1501
https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.29.12.1...
).

Figure 6
Leaf N concentration of onion fertilized with doses of cattle manure in the presence and absence of nitrogen

Conclusions

  1. Shoot fresh and dry masses, were altered by fertilization with cattle manure and nitrogen.

  2. The marketable yield under experimental conditions exceeded the averages of Brazil and Northeast region.

  3. Nitrogen increased the production of bulbs within the class of greater acceptance by the consumers.

  4. Onion plants were adequately nourished with nitrogen.

  5. The optimal dose for marketable yield of bulbs is 27 t ha-1 of cattle manure in the presence of nitrogen.

Acknowledgments

To the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for granting the scholarship and to the employees and colleagues of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba-UFPB.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    02 Mar 2020
  • Date of issue
    Mar 2020

History

  • Received
    23 July 2018
  • Accepted
    31 Dec 2019
  • Published
    12 Feb 2020
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