Attributes of the soil with cactus pear under organic fertilization, different spacings and sampling times

Atributos do solo com palma forrageira sob adubação orgânica, diferentes espaçamentos e épocas de amostragem

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical attributes of the soil cultivated with ‘Gigante’ cactus pear under different doses of organic fertilizer, planting spacings and sampling times. Four doses of organic fertilizer with bovine manure (0, 30, 60 and 90 Mg ha^-1 year^-1), three spacings (1.0 x 0.5, 2.0 x 0.25 and 3.0 x 1.0 x 0.25 m) and three sampling times (0, 390 and 600 days after planting) corresponding to the periods prior to planting, growth and harvest of the first cycle, were evaluated in a randomized block design in a 4 x 3 x 3 factorial scheme, with three repetitions. The pH in water, macronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg), micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), variables of the soil sorption complex (H + Al, SB, CEC, T, V) and soil organic matter (SOM) were determined. Organic fertilization increased the values ​​of SOM, P, K, Ca, Mg, SB, CEC, T and V and reduced H + Al in soils cultivated with ‘Gigante’ cactus pear at different times. The doses of manure increased pH and Mn, regardless of sampling time and spacing. The spacings did not influence the chemical attributes of the soil.

Key words:
Opuntia; planting arrangements; fertility; nutrients

RESUMO

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os atributos químicos do solo cultivado com palma forrageira ‘Gigante’ sob diferentes doses de adubo orgânico, espaçamentos de plantio e épocas de amostragem. Foram avaliadas quatro doses de esterco bovino (0; 30; 60 e 90 Mg ha^-1 ano^-1), três espaçamentos (1,0 x 0,5; 2,0 x 0,25 e 3,0 x 1,0 x 0,25 m) e três épocas de amostragem de solo (0; 390 e 600 dias após plantio) correspondentes às épocas antes do plantio, crescimento e colheita do primeiro ciclo, dispostos no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 x 3, com três repetições. Foram determinados o pH em água, macronutrientes (P, K, Ca, Mg), micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), variáveis do complexo sortivo do solo (H + Al, SB, CTC, T, V) e matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). A adubação orgânica incrementou os valores de MOS, P, K, Ca, Mg, SB, CTC, T, V, e diminuiu o de H + Al nos solos cultivados com palma forrageira ‘Gigante’ em diferentes épocas. As doses de esterco incrementaram o pH e Mn, independentemente de época e espaçamento. Os espaçamentos não influenciaram nos atributos químicos do solo.

Palavras-chave:
Opuntia; arranjos de plantio; fertilidade; nutrientes

Introduction

Cactus pear (Opuntia sp.) is a plant widely spread in the Brazilian semiarid region but, depending on the intensity of the cut at harvest (Lima et al., 2016), the entire aerial part of the plant is served as fodder, which means that most nutrients extracted from the soil during the crop cycle are exported from the cultivated area (Donato et al., 2017a), which may lead to soil impoverishment.

Changes in the planting spacing of cactus pear (Cavalcante et al., 2014), in population density (Silva et al., 2014), in doses of organic fertilization (Donato et al., 2014a, b), organomineral fertilization (Padilha Junior et al., 2016) or chemical fertilization (Silva et al., 2016b) may interfere with vegetative growth (Donato et al., 2014a; Silva et al., 2016b), nutrient extraction (Silva et al., 2016a; Donato et al., 2017a), nutritional status of the plant (Blanco-Macías et al., 2010; Silva et al., 2012; Donato et al., 2016), nutritional value of forage (Silva et al., 2013; Donato et al., 2014b), light interception, growth and dry matter yield.

Increments in the doses of bovine manure applied to the soil promote greater extraction of nutrients by cactus pear (Donato et al., 2017a), improves the performance of structural characteristics (Donato et al., 2014b), increases the concentrations of phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and sulfur in the cladodes (Donato et al., 2016) and improves the nutritional value and dry matter yield (Donato et al., 2014a).

There is a lack of specific information on changes in soil chemical attributes in the cactus pear agro-system cultivated with organic fertilization under semiarid conditions, in order to establish a criterion of nutrient balance in the soil that ensures the sustainability of the system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical attributes of a soil cultivated with ‘Gigante’ cactus pear under different doses of organic fertilization, planting spacings and sampling times.

Material and Methods

The present study was conducted at Instituto Federal Baiano, Campus of Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil, from 2009 to 2011. The municipality of Guanambi, belonging to the Guanambi microregion, is located in the semiarid region, with 14° 13’ 30” South latitude, 42° 46’ 53” West longitude and altitude of 525 m. Cactus pear was planted on September 15, 2009, before the rainy season, which began in October, with the first rain occurring on October 8. The cactus pear plantation was established in Oxisol. Rainfall along the experimental period was 1,393.29 mm, 611.24 mm in the first and 782.05 mm in the second rainy season (Donato et al., 2017a).

Treatments obtained by combining four doses of organic fertilization with bovine manure (0; 30; 60 and 90 Mg ha^-1 year^-1), three spacings (1.0 x 0.5; 2.0 x 0.25 and 3.0 x 1.0 x 0.25 m) and three soil sampling times (0; 390 and 600 days after planting, DAP) were arranged in a randomized block design in a 4 x 3 x 3 factorial scheme, with three repetitions. The total area of the plot was 64 m² (16 x 4 m), with a usable area of 16 m² (8 x 2 m), where the soil samples were collected, totaling an area of 2,304 m².

At the planting spacings used, a population density of 20,000 plants ha^-1 was maintained. The land previously occupied with forage sorghum was mowed with a mower attached to the three points of the tractor.

Prior to planting, the soil was sampled to perform chemical and physical analyses, and subjected to the operations of subsoiling, plowing and harrowing. Then, the area was furrowed at the planting spacings equivalent to the treatments preceding the rainy season.

Liming was performed with application of 1 Mg ha^-1 of dolomitic limestone in total area based on soil analysis (V%), in order to supply Ca and Mg, considering that organic fertilization has low capacity to supply these nutrients.

Organic fertilization was performed in the planting furrow, according to the doses established in the respective treatments. One year after planting, the cactus pear crop was again fertilized beside the plants, at 20 cm distance, with aged bovine manure from the same corral, following the same doses of 0, 30, 60 and 90 Mg ha^-1 year^-1.

The manure used (Donato et al. , 2016) had the following composition: OM = 63.73 dag kg^-1, ash = 36.27 dag kg^-1, total carbon = 29.98 dag kg^-1 and pH = 7.42, moisture on dry basis (d.b.) at 65 °C = 16.72%; macronutrient contents: Ca, Mg, K, N and S = 1.7, 0.2, 2.5, 5.2 and 2.3 g kg^-1 (EPA 3051/APHA 3120B), in this order, P = 4.7 g kg^-1 (APHA 4500-CP); micronutrient contents (EPA 3051/APHA 3120B): B, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe = 2.1, 45.2, 200.5, 391.8 and 1,932.4 mg kg^-1, respectively; and density = 0.38 g cm^-3.

The cladodes used for planting were selected in a ‘Gigante’ cactus pear field with two years without harvest, collected from the middle portion of the plant. After harvest, the cladodes remained in the shade for 15 days for healing and were subsequently planted with widest side in the East/West direction, buried about 50% in the soil for better fixation.

Five simple soil samples were collected between the rows in each experimental plot and homogenized to form the 36 composite samples at each sampling time, totaling 108 soil samples. These samples were placed in new plastic bags properly identified in relation to the position they occupied within the experimental area.

Subsequently, they were sent to the Soil Analysis Laboratory of Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus of Vitória da Conquista, to determine the following soil chemical characteristics: pH, exchangeable phosphorus (P) potassium (K) and sodium (Na) - Mehlich 1 extractor, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and aluminum (Al) - 1 M KCl extractor, hydrogen + aluminum (H + Al) - pH SMP; sum of bases (SB), cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (V), manganese (Mn) and soil organic matter content (SOM) at 0-20 cm depth.

The data of the evaluated characteristics were subjected to analysis of variance, followed by comparisons between the means of the different spacings and sampling times by Tukey test at p ≤ 0.05 and regression analyses for the doses of bovine manure applied to the soil. The criteria used to choose the regression models considered the adequacy of the model to the studied phenomenon, the value of the adjusted coefficient of determination and the significance of the regression coefficients by the t-test.

Results and Discussion

The values of SOM, P, K, Ca, Mg, H + Al, SB, CEC, T and V of the soils cultivated with ‘Gigante’ cactus pear under organic fertilization at different spacings varied with the interaction (p ≤ 0.05) between fertilization and sampling time (Figure 1), while for pH, P, Ca and V there was interaction (p ≤ 0.05) between spacing and time (Table 1). The pH and Mn contents in the soil varied (p ≤ 0.05) with the fertilizations, regardless of spacing and soil sampling time (Figure 2).

Figure 1
Values of soil organic matter (A), phosphorus (B), potassium (C), calcium (D), magnesium (E), H + Al (F), SB (G), CEC (H), T (I) and V (J) of soil cultivated with ‘Gigante’ cactus pear as a function of doses of bovine manure at 0, 390 and 600 days after planting (DAP)

Table 1
Chemical attributes of soil cultivated with ‘Gigante’ cactus pear at different spacings and sampling times

Variable	(un)	Time (DAP)	1.0 x 0.5		2.0 x 0.25		3.0 x 1.0 x 0.25		CV (%)
			(m)
pH	(un)	0	5.56	aB	5.47	aB	5.24	bC	3.99
		390	6.08	aA	5.93	aA	6.11	aA
		600	5.65	aB	5.62	aB	5.77	aB
P	(mg dm-3)	0	23.92	aB	15.17	aB	9.92	bC	41.89
		390	21.00	aB	19.75	aB	24.75	aB
		600	35.97	aA	41.05	aA	41.63	aA
Ca	(cmolc dm-3)	0	2.23	aA	1.98	aB	1.83	bC	13.16
		390	2.45	aA	2.31	aA	2.41	aA
		600	1.96	aB	1.92	aB	2.12	aB
V	(%)	0	65.92	aB	62.92	aB	60.58	bB	6.88
		390	73.00	aA	71.92	aA	72.92	aA
		600	59.50	aC	61.58	aB	63.92	aB

• Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column or lowercase letter in the row do not differ at p ≤ 0.05 by Tukey test ; DAP - Days after planting

Figure 2
Values of pH (A) and manganese (B) of soil cultivated with ‘Gigante’ cactus pear as a function of doses of organic fertilization with bovine manure

For SOM, P, K, Ca, Mg, H + Al, SB, CEC, T and V, there were no differences between the manure doses (p > 0.05) at 0 DAP, and the following mean values were found: SOM = 16.67 g dm^-3, P =16.33 mg dm^-3, K⁺ = 111.72 mg dm^-3, V = 63.14 %, Ca, Mg, H + Al, SB, CEC and T = 2.01, 0.89, 1.84, 3.21, 3.36 and 5.05 cmol_c dm^-3, respectively (Figure 1). This result is justified by the homogeneity of the experimental area, as well as by the fact that the first soil sampling was performed before fertilization, which ensured the uniformity of the values in all experimental units at 0 DAP.

The values of SOM, K, Ca, Mg, SB, CEC, T and V were described by an increasing linear regression model (p ≤ 0.05) as a function of manure doses at 390 DAP and 600 DAP, while the value of H + Al was described by the decreasing linear regression model (p ≤ 0.05) as a function of manure doses at 390 DAP and 600 DAP.

For the second sampling time (390 DAP), the fitted model estimates that the SOM value increases by 0.0448 g dm^-3 for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure, while for the third sampling time (600 DAP) it estimates an increment of 0.0837 g dm^-3 for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure (Figure 1A).

Between the first and second sampling times there was an increase in SOM content as a result of fertilization with bovine manure. At the third sampling time there was a reduction in SOM values due to the mineralization of the fertilizer, but the bovine manure doses of 60 and 90 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 guaranteed the sufficiency levels of SOM (13.0-20.0 g dm^-3 of soil) for ‘Gigante’ cactus pear (Donato et al., 2017b).

With the increment in bovine manure doses to the soil there is also an increase in the diversity of decomposing microorganisms, which consequently promote mineralization. This becomes more important when considering that bovine manure has a low C/N ratio, which tends to contribute to mineralization to the detriment of immobilization.

For P concentrations, there was a significant effect only at 600 DAP (p ≤ 0.05) as a function of manure doses at 600 DAP. According to the regression equation, the amount of P increases by 0.359 mg dm^-3 for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure supplied to the soil (Figure 1B).

It was observed that, even with the increase in the mean P concentration from 16.33 to 21.83 mg dm^-3 at the second sampling time, the added value was not enough to reach the P sufficiency range (22.0-48.0 mg dm^-3 of soil) for the crop (Donato et al., 2017b), under the same soil conditions.

In the semiarid region, due to the low levels of rainfall, the decomposition of manure (bovine, goat, sheep and asinine) is slower in the soil surface. In six months, the decomposition of the manure incorporated to a depth of 10 cm is equal to 45% and in the soil surface it is only 15% (Souto et al., 2005). This fact justifies the significant increase in P concentrations between the first and second sampling times. At 600 DAP, there was a substantial increase of P as a function of the manure dose applied, which can be explained by the accumulation of two fertilizations with the established doses.

Bovine manure doses of 30, 60 and 90 Mg ha^-1 respectively supply to the soil 130-272-75, 260-544-150 and 390-816-225 kg ha^-1 year^-1 of N-P₂O₅-K₂O.

The addition of manure to the soil reduces the P adsorption capacity, increases the concentrations of available P and N, and promotes greater mobility in the soil profile of soluble organic forms of P and N (Novais et al., 2007), which corroborates the results found in the present study, in which there was a sharp increase the P concentration in soils grown with ‘Gigante’ cactus pear.

For the concentration of K⁺ at the second sampling time (390 DAP), the fitted model estimates an increase of 0.99 mg dm^-3 for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure, while for the third sampling time (600 DAP) it estimates an increase of 1.15 mg dm^-3 for each Mg ha^-1 year ^-1 of bovine manure (Figure 1C).

At the second sampling time (390 DAP), the fitted model showed an increase in soil K⁺ concentrations for bovine manure doses of 30, 60 and 90 Mg ha^-1 year^-1, followed by a reduction in the concentrations in general at the third sampling time (600 DAP). This can be explained by the fact that K⁺ is the element extracted in largest amount by the cactus pear, clearly demonstrating that the bovine manure dose of 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 is not able to guarantee the concentration of the element in the soil within the sufficiency range at the end of the third sampling time (600 DAP), besides demonstrating that the bovine manure dose of 90 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 guarantees the K⁺ concentrations in the soil within the range considered average (sufficient: 100-180 mg dm^-3) at harvest (Donato et al., 2017b). This can be justified by the low supply of K by the bovine manure; r every 30 t of bovine manure added to the soil provide about 75 kg of K₂O, values that are much lower than the quantities of N and P added.

The model fitted for Ca²⁺ at the second sampling time (390 DAP) estimates that the Ca²⁺ concentration increases by 0.0037 cmol_c dm^-3 for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure, while the model fitted for the third sampling time (600 DAP) estimates an increase of 0.0131 cmol_c dm^-3 for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure (Figure 1D).

The increment in Ca²⁺ concentrations in the soil between the first and second sampling times, even in the treatment without organic fertilization, can be explained by the liming operation performed after the first soil sampling, which ensured a uniform increase and, with the addition of manure, in the other treatments, there was a more accentuated increase of Ca²⁺ for the bovine manure doses of 60 and 90 Mg ha^-1 year^-1.

At 600 DAP, there was a substantial reduction in soil Ca concentration because this is the second element extracted in largest quantity by the cactus pear, only behind K (Donato et al., 2017a).

For the Mg²⁺ concentrations at the second sampling time (390 DAP), the fitted model estimates an increase of 0.0049 cmol_c dm^-3 for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure, while for the third sampling time (600 DAP) it estimates an increase of 0.01 cmol_c dm^-3 for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure (Figure 1E).

As with Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ concentrations were high between the first and second sampling times due to the liming operation, with subsequent reduction of the concentrations resulting from the extraction by cactus pear. However, only with the bovine manure doses of 60 and 90 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 the concentrations of Mg²⁺ remained within the sufficiency range of 1.0-1.6 cmol_c dm^-3 (Donato et al., 2017b) at the time of harvest.

According to Donato et al. (2017a), among the macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) extracted/exported by the cactus pear, the descending order in relation to the average amount is: K, Ca, N, Mg, P and S. These data are in accordance with those found by Teles et al. (2002), who worked with cactus pear in a greenhouse, evaluating nutritional content and effect of nematicide.

For the values of H + Al at the second sampling time (390 DAP), the fitted model estimates that the H + Al content decreases by 0.002 cmol_c dm^-3 for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure, while for the third sampling time (600 DAP) it estimates a reduction of 0.0063 cmol_c dm^-3 for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure (Figure 1F).

Studies show that the addition of organic matter to the soil can cause a direct effect on the increase of pH and decrease of Al³⁺. This effect occurs due to the binding of H⁺ ions with organic molecules, Al³⁺ complexation and increase in soil CEC saturation by bases (Caetano & Carvalho, 2006; Souza et al., 2006; Pavinato & Rosolem, 2008). This fact justifies the reduction of H + Al in the soil as a function of the higher doses of bovine manure in the present study.

For the values of SB, CEC, T and V, the fitted model at the second sampling time (390 DAP) estimates increments of 0.0114, 0.0114, 0.0094 cmol_c dm^-3 and 0.07%, respectively, for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure applied to the soil. At the third sampling time (600 DAP), the model estimates increments of 0.0263, 0.0263, 0.0203 cmol_c dm^-3 and 0.27% for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure, respectively (Figures 1G, H, I and J).

As a consequence of the neutralization of exchangeable acidity (Al³⁺) after liming, the mean values of SB and CEC were equal at the second and third sampling times as a function of the manure doses applied.

After liming, combined with the application of the established manure doses in the treatments, the increase in Ca and Mg concentrations promoted by the limestone, as well as in nutrients and SOM promoted by the manure, reduced the potential acidity by increasing SOM and SB with consequent increments in base saturation, effective CEC and T at the second sampling time.

Along the crop cycle, the extraction of K⁺, Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺ and other nutrients, as well as the acidification caused by the decomposition of soil organic matter, the value of H + Al increased again, with consequent reduction in the values of SB, effective CEC, T and V at the third sampling time (600 DAP), except for treatments that received 60 and 90 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure, which guaranteed values within the class considered average (sufficient) of the parameters in question (SB = 3.3-4.8; CEC = 3.3-4.8; T = 4.9-6.6 cmol_c dm^-3 and V = 61.1-78.5%) according to Donato et al. (2017b).

Soil pH varied linearly with increasing manure doses (Figure 2A). The model estimates an increase of 0.0042 units of pH for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure added. The increase in pH value for the highest manure dose (90 Mg ha^-1 year^-1) compared to the dose zero Mg ha^-1 year^-1 was on the order of 7.27%, from 5.5 to 5.9.

The water-soluble organic compounds, originated from the decomposition of organic residues, complex cations of acidic reaction (Fe⁺², Mn⁺² and Al⁺³) in the soil solution, releasing anions (OH^-, HCO^3-) that cause aluminum precipitation and increase pH (Petrere & Anghinoni, 2001).

The amount of Mn in the soil cultivated with ‘Gigante’ cactus pear under organic fertilization at different spacings varied linearly with increasing doses (Figure 2B). The model estimates an increase of 0.059 mg dm^-3 for each Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure added. The increase in Mn content at the highest dose of manure (90 Mg ha^-1 year^-1) compared to zero Mg ha^-1 year^-1 was on the order of 22.5%, from 25.7 to 31.5 mg dm^-3.

Fertilization with 30, 60 and 90 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure supplies 12, 24 and 36 kg ha^-1 year^-1 of Mn, respectively. Since the doses were applied twice, the supplied amounts were 24, 48 and 72 kg of Mn ha^-1, which explains the increase in its contents in the soil.

With the increase of soil organic matter concentrations as a result of the applied manure doses, there were changes in soil chemical attributes with reduction of Al³⁺ levels and consequent increments in pH and in the amount and availability of nutrients between the first and second soil sampling times, followed by a slight reduction at the third sampling time, resulting from the nutrient extraction by ‘Gigante’ cactus pear.

The values of pH, P, Ca and V in the soil were lower at 0 DAP than at the other times (Table 1) because at the first sampling time there had been no liming or fertilization.

Soil pH was higher at 390 DAP compared to 0 DAP and 600 DAP for the three spacings evaluated. This fact can be explained by the liming performed between 0 DAP and 390 DAP, which led to similar results for Ca and V.

The soil P concentration was higher in 600 DAP compared to 0 DAP and 390 DAP for the three spacings evaluated because the two fertilization events carried out at the first and second sampling times. As the manure contains large amounts of P, which was released in the mineralization over 600 days, the stocks of available P in the soil reached higher levels than at the other times.

Cactus pear is highly efficient in extracting nutrients from the soil, due to its high phytomass production. It is a plant highly responsive to organic fertilization and, since the most soils of the semiarid region have low organic matter contents, the practice of fertilization is a necessity in the cultivation of this cactus species (Sales et al., 2014). In this context, the practice of adding organic fertilizers to the soil is therefore a way to maintain or improve its quality, increasing the content of organic matter and adding nutrients, which results in saving of mineral fertilizers (Marchi, 2006).

The addition of organic materials is fundamental for soil quality. The gradual release of nutrients by these materials reduces processes such as leaching, fixation and volatilization, despite depending essentially on the decomposition rate, controlled by soil temperature, moisture content, texture and mineralogy, besides the chemical composition of the organic material used (Zech et al., 1997).

In a forage production system in a semiarid environment, the adoption of organic fertilization management based on knowledge of soil chemical attributes combined with the understanding of the dynamics of cactus pear extraction throughout its production cycle is characterized as fundamental for a successful cultivation, as evidenced in the present study, in which organic fertilization was able to modify attributes that limit the production of most crops, besides providing essential nutrients for the full development of the crop, leading to the reduction in nutrient levels in the soil after 600 days of cultivation as a result of extraction for the formation of the plant architecture. In other words, it shows that it is necessary to continue organic fertilization with doses above 60 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 in the production of ‘Gigante’ cactus pear to ensure the sufficiency levels of soil chemical attributes, leading to increments in its fertility and resilience.

Conclusions

1. Organic fertilization with 60 and 90 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 of bovine manure reduces the potential acidity of the soil, increases the concentrations of macro and micronutrients, SOM, pH, CEC, T, SB, V, and maintains them at sufficiency values at 600 days after planting.

2. There is a reduction in soil pH, Ca and V values and increase in P concentration along the cycle of cactus pear at different spacings.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  13 July 2020
• Date of issue
  July 2020

History

• Received
  03 Oct 2018
• Accepted
  05 May 2020
• Published
  30 May 2020