Food Iodine Content Table compiled from international databases

MILAGRES, Regina Célia Rodrigues de Miranda; SOUZA, Eliana Carla Gomes de; PELUZIO, Maria do Carmo Gouveia; FRANCESCHINI, Sylvia do Carmo Castro; DUARTE, Maria Sônia Lopes

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202033e190222

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Review • Rev Nutr 33 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202033e190222 copy

Food Iodine Content Table compiled from international databases

Tabela do Conteúdo de Iodo de Alimentos compilada de bancos de dados internacionais

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSATRCT

In Brazil, there are no data on the iodine content of foods, making it difficult for the population to assess their consumption of iodine. Such information is necessary for public policies aimed at establishing nutritional goals. The objective this article is to construct a table of the iodine content of foods. For the construction of the table, databases from 14 countries were used. The foods used were those listed in the 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey, except those containing added salt, and the doubts about whether or not the food was submitted to any kind of preparation. The compilation of international databases of iodine content resulted in 266 foods, which were grouped into 15 groups. Iodine was also quantified by food group and iodized salt. Data were presented as median, minimum, and maximum. A broad variation in the iodine content of foods was found between countries and inter- and intra-food groups. Those with the highest content were fish and seafood, and dairy products. Regarding salt iodization, these countries followed the recommendation of the World Health Organization, except for Spain, Norway and Turkey. The Food Iodine Content Table can be a useful tool for assessing iodine intake, being important in research on nutritional status, food guidance, and public health programs.

Keywords
Food composition; Food consumption; Mineral

RESUMO

O objetivo deste trabalho é construir uma tabela de conteúdo de iodo de alimentos visto que tais informações são necessárias para que políticas públicas possam estabelecer metas nutricionais e no Brasil não existem dados do conteúdo de iodo dos alimentos, dificultando a avaliação do consumo pela população. Na construção da tabela utilizou-se bancos de dados de 14 países. Os alimentos utilizados foram aqueles listados na Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2008-2009, exceto aqueles que continham sal de adição e os que suscitaram dúvidas em relação à existência de submissão ou não a algum preparo. A compilação dos bancos de dados internacionais do conteúdo de iodo resultou em 266 alimentos, os quais foram reunidos em 15 grupos. Foi realizada também a quantificação de iodo por grupo de alimentos e no sal iodado. Os dados foram apresentados como mediana, mínimo e máximo. Foi encontrada grande variação no conteúdo de iodo dos alimentos entre os países e inter e intra grupos de alimentos. Os que apresentaram maiores conteúdos foram o dos pescados e frutos do mar e dos laticínios. Em relação à iodação do sal, os países seguiram a recomendação da Organização Mundial da Saúde, exceto, Espanha, Noruega e Turquia. A tabela do conteúdo de iodo de alimentos poderá ser um instrumento útil para avaliação da ingestão de iodo, sendo importante em pesquisa do estado nutricional, orientação alimentar e programas de saúde pública.

Palavras-chave
Composição de alimentos; Consumo alimentar; Mineral

INTRODUCTION

Iodine is essential in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, necessary for growth, development, and metabolism in the human body. Its inadequate intake can lead to thyroid dysfunction, causing a series of adverse health conditions, such as hypertrophy of the thyroid gland (goiter), cretinism in children (severe and irreversible mental retardation), deafness and congenital anomalies, cognitive changes (such as decreased learning capacity), and infant mortality [¹1 Miller JC, MacDonell SO, Gray AR, Reid MR, Barr DJ, Thomson CD, et al. Iodine status of New Zealand elderly residents in long-term residential care. Nutrients. 2016;445(8):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080445
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080445...

2 Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Brasil). Resultado do monitoramento do teor de iodo no sal para consumo humano: relatório ano 2014. Brasília: Agência; 2014.-³3 Rohner F, Zimmermann M, Jooste P, Pandav C, Caldwell K, Raghavan R, et al. Biomarkers of nutrition for development-iodine review. J Nutr. 2014;144(8):1322S-42S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.181974
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.181974... ]. Iodine deficiency is considered the main cause of preventable mental retardation [⁴4 Ascaso MTG, Perez PR, Alcol EA, Lopez AL, Lucas Collantes C, Santos IM, et al. Nutritional status of iodine in children: when appropriateness relies on milk consumption and not adequate coverage of iodized salt in households. Clin Nutr Espen. 2019;30:52-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.02.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.02...

5 Gärtner R. Recent data on iodine intake in Germany and Europe. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2016;37:85-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.06.012
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.06.... -⁶6 Vasydevan S, Senthilvel S, Sureshbabu J. Knowledge attitude and practice on iodine deficiency disorder and iodine level in salt in retail and vendors among the rural population in south India: A community based observational and descriptive study. Clin Epidem Global Helt. 2019;7(3):300-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2018.10.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2018.10.0... ]. On the other hand, it is observed that excessive iodine consumption can increase the risk of induced hyperthyroidism [⁷7 Vargas-Uricoechea H, Pinzón-Fernández MV, Bastidas-Sánchez BE. Historia del bocio endémico, desde Sheng-Nung hasta los programas de yodación universal de la sal en Latinoamérica. CES Med. 2018;32(2):167-177. http://doi.org/10.21615/cesmedicina.32.2.10
https://doi.org/10.21615/cesmedicina.32.... ].

About 20% of the world population is at risk of iodine deficiency, being more prevalent in developing countries, although its mild or moderate form is found in industrialized countries [⁸8 World Health Organization. Fortification of food-grade salt with iodine for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders: guideline. Geneva: Organization; 2014 [cited 2019 Jul 10]. Available from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/fortification_foodgrade_saltwithiodine/en/
http://www.who.int/nutrition/publication... ]. Still, iodine deficiency is found in one third of the world population, in the groups of pregnant women, children, and healthy non-pregnant adults [⁹9 Anaforoğlu I, Algün E, İnceçayir Ö, Topbaş M, Erdoğan MF. Iodine status among pregnant women after mandatory salt iodisation. Br J Nutr. 2016;115(3):405-10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515004559
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711451500455... ].

There was a reduction in the prevalence of iodine deficiency in the world, with the following chronological order: in 2003, fifty-four countries were considered iodine deficient, in 2011, they were reduced to thirty-two [¹⁰10 Delshad H, Touhidi M, Abdollahi Z, Hedayati M, Salehi F, Azizi F. Inadequate iodine nutrition of pregnant women in an area of iodine sufficiency. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39(7):755-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-016-0438-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-016-0438-... ]. This reduction was due to the salt iodization programs and better monitoring of iodine deficiency [¹¹11 Maalouf J, Barron J, Gunn JP, Yuan K, Perrine CG, Cogswell ME. Iodized salt sales in the United States. Nutrients. 2015;7(3):1691-5. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7031691
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7031691... ]. In Brazil, due to the high consumption of added salt, and processed and ultra-processed foods, salt iodination was changed from 20 to 60 ppm to 15 to 45 ppm [²2 Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Brasil). Resultado do monitoramento do teor de iodo no sal para consumo humano: relatório ano 2014. Brasília: Agência; 2014.].

Differences in the iodine content of foods, together with different eating habits, are decisive factors in the iodine nutritional status in the population [¹²12.Roulier M, Coppin FE, Bueno M, Nicolas M, Thiry Y, Vedova CD, et al. Iodine budget in forest soils: influence of environmental conditions and soil physicochemical properties. Chemosphere. 2019;224:20-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.060
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.20... ]. The distribution of iodine in the world is uneven, since the geographical characteristics interfere with its content in food [²2 Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Brasil). Resultado do monitoramento do teor de iodo no sal para consumo humano: relatório ano 2014. Brasília: Agência; 2014.,¹³13 Taylor PN, Albrecht D, Scholz A, Gutierrez-Buey G, Lazarus JH, Dayan CM, et al. Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(5):301-16. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2018.18
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2018.18... ]. Glaciation, flooding, and erosion remove iodine from the soil and thus it is mainly found in seas and oceans, which justifies the higher content in foods of marine origin (algae, fish, and shellfish). Geochemical data demonstrate that iodine deficiency in food is related to the low concentration of iodine in the environment, especially in groundwater, which is the main source of water for the population [¹⁴14 Azzakhninia I, Abdelouasb A, Talbi EH. Iodine content in groundwater of North Eastern Morocco and its relation with the incidence of goiter. Mater Today. 2019;13(3):1151-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.04.083
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.04.... ].

In Brazil, there is no data on the iodine content of national foods, making it difficult to assess iodine consumption by the population. This information is necessary so that public policies can establish nutritional goals. In this sense, the construction of the Food Iodine Content Table (FICT) becomes an important pillar in the provision of subsidies for the assessment of iodine intake.

METHODS

The construction of the Food Iodine Content Table (FICT) is part of the Projeto Multicêntrico de Deficiência de Iodo: Brazil (EMDI, Multicentric Iodine Deficiency Project). The EMDI project aims to assess the magnitude of the deficiency and the factors associated with the iodine nutritional status in Brazilian pregnant women, nursing mothers, and infants.

For the construction of the Food Iodine Content Table (FICT), the review article entitled “Development of databases on iodine in foods in dietary supplements” was used [¹⁵15 Ershow AG, Skeaff SA, Merkel JM, Pehrsson PR. Development of databases on iodine in foods and dietary supplements. Nutrients. 2018;10(1):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010100
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010100... ]. It contains a list of all countries that had a database of iodine content in food. Of the 24 countries, only 14 made their databases available for consultation. Chart 1 shows the 14 countries consulted and their documents or databases.

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Chart 1
Countries and documents or databases consulted for the construction of the Food Iodine Content Table.

The foods used to construct the FICT were those listed in the 2008-2009 Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF, Household Budget Survey): Table of the Nutritional Composition of Foods Consumed in Brazil [³⁰30 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009: tabela nutricional dos alimentos consumidos no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto; 2011.]. The option was made to search for foods that did not contain added salt since, in different countries, the levels of iodine added to salt vary. In addition, foods that raised doubts regarding the existence of preparation or not (e.g. cappuccino, instant coffee) were excluded. The diagram below illustrates the stages of construction of the FICT (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Flowchart of food selection.

To build the FICT, international iodine content databases were compiled, resulting in 266 foods, which were grouped into 15 food groups as described in the POF: Cereals and legumes; Tuberous vegetables; Flours, starches, and pasta; Coconuts, chestnuts, and walnuts; Leafy vegetables, fruits, and others; Fruits; Sugars and pastries; Condiments; Meat and offal; Fish and seafood; Poultry and eggs; Dairy products; Non-alcoholic drinks and infusions; Oils and fats; and Miscellaneous [³⁰30 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009: tabela nutricional dos alimentos consumidos no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto; 2011.]. The iodine contents in salt were compiled separately due to the divergence of iodine levels in different countries, as they adopt specific legislation for salt enrichment.

The data were described as median (minimum and maximum), expressed in µg of iodine per 100g of food in the FICT. For foods whose data were obtained from only one country, the figures were presented only in absolute terms.

RESULTS

The Table 1 shows the Food Iodine Content Table compiled from international databases and the specification of countries that provided data on iodine content. The number of foods and the median (minimum and maximum) iodine content per food group are shown in Table 2. The fish and seafood group had the highest iodine levels. In addition to this, the groups of dairy products and tuberous vegetables stood out in relation to the highest iodine contents among food groups. Regarding the iodine content in iodized salt, a large variation was found, up to 10 times more, in different countries (Table 3).

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Table 1
Table of Food Iodine Content compiled from international databases.

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Table 2
Number of foods and median (minimum and maximum) iodine content of foods in the groups.

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Table 3
Iodine content in iodized salt from different countries.

DISCUSSION

A great variation was found in the iodine content of foods among countries, as shown in the Food Iodine Content Table (FICT) compiled from the international databases (Table 1). These findings can be justified by the interference of geographical characteristics in the iodine content, since it is proportional to its content in each country’s soil and water [¹³13 Taylor PN, Albrecht D, Scholz A, Gutierrez-Buey G, Lazarus JH, Dayan CM, et al. Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(5):301-16. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2018.18
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2018.18... ]. This variability is also related to animal and plant production practices and the type of food processing [¹⁵15 Ershow AG, Skeaff SA, Merkel JM, Pehrsson PR. Development of databases on iodine in foods and dietary supplements. Nutrients. 2018;10(1):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010100
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010100... ]. It is worth mentioning that, in this study, prepared and processed/ultra-processed foods with added salt were not listed.

The high iodine content found in the fish and seafood group may be related to the fact that iodine is naturally found in seas and oceans, accumulating in marine organisms [¹⁴14 Azzakhninia I, Abdelouasb A, Talbi EH. Iodine content in groundwater of North Eastern Morocco and its relation with the incidence of goiter. Mater Today. 2019;13(3):1151-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.04.083
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.04.... ,³¹31 Paz S, Rubio C, Gutiérrez AJ, Revert C, Hardisson A. Iodine: an essential trace element. Med J Clin Trials Case Stud. 2018;2(4):71. https://doi.org/10.23880/mjccs-16000171
https://doi.org/10.23880/mjccs-16000171... ]. Meanwhile, the expressive iodine content of the dairy group can be explained by the fact that iodine is used to fortify food for cows, or as an antiseptic for udders and containers [⁴4 Ascaso MTG, Perez PR, Alcol EA, Lopez AL, Lucas Collantes C, Santos IM, et al. Nutritional status of iodine in children: when appropriateness relies on milk consumption and not adequate coverage of iodized salt in households. Clin Nutr Espen. 2019;30:52-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.02.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.02... ]. If the animals are fed with plants that grew in soil with low in iodine, the content of this element may be poor as well [¹1 Miller JC, MacDonell SO, Gray AR, Reid MR, Barr DJ, Thomson CD, et al. Iodine status of New Zealand elderly residents in long-term residential care. Nutrients. 2016;445(8):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080445
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080445... ]. This fact may justify the great variability in iodine content within this group. Another group where iodine contents also stood out was the tuberous vegetables group, probably because iodine is deposited in the terrestrial environment by rain, from the evaporation of marine water [³¹31 Paz S, Rubio C, Gutiérrez AJ, Revert C, Hardisson A. Iodine: an essential trace element. Med J Clin Trials Case Stud. 2018;2(4):71. https://doi.org/10.23880/mjccs-16000171
https://doi.org/10.23880/mjccs-16000171... ].

Regarding iodized salt, the large variation in iodine content is possibly related to differences in the amount of iodine added in the process of salt enrichment [¹⁵15 Ershow AG, Skeaff SA, Merkel JM, Pehrsson PR. Development of databases on iodine in foods and dietary supplements. Nutrients. 2018;10(1):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010100
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010100... ,³²32 Bonglaisin JN, Ngondé EMC, Tsafack TJJ, Nlend MN, Mbakop CD, Wirsiy, et al. Monitoring and impact evaluation of iodized salt intervention in Cameroon. Heliyon. 2019;5(5):e01670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01670
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e... ], since the WHO suggests that the average amount of iodine added to the salt should be based on the estimated consumption of salt by the population, with 14 to 65mg kg^-1 of iodine in the salt (1400 to 6500µg 100 g^-1), for an estimated salt intake from 14g/day to 3g/day, respectively [⁸8 World Health Organization. Fortification of food-grade salt with iodine for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders: guideline. Geneva: Organization; 2014 [cited 2019 Jul 10]. Available from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/fortification_foodgrade_saltwithiodine/en/
http://www.who.int/nutrition/publication... ]. As observed in the databases, Spain, Norway, and Turkey did not comply with this recommendation. In Brazil, the reduction of the salt iodization levels from 2000-6000µg 100g^-1 to 1500-4500µg 100g^-1 occurred due to the large consumption of added salt and ultra-processed and processed foods [²2 Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Brasil). Resultado do monitoramento do teor de iodo no sal para consumo humano: relatório ano 2014. Brasília: Agência; 2014.].

The main limitation of the FICT, for its use in Brazil, is the fact that its data are compiled from other countries, not from food produced in Brazil. However, because it is intercontinental data, this discrepancy may have been minimized. Considering the scarcity of these data in Brazil and the importance of iodine analysis in dietary assessment, the FICT becomes an indispensable instrument for assessing iodine consumption.

CONCLUSION

Information on the iodine content in foods is essential for assessing their intake, being important in research of nutritional status, dietary guidance, and public health programs. Therefore, the FICT, compiled from international databases, becomes an essential tool for this purpose, since there are no data produced in Brazil on the iodine content in foods.

Support: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) and Ministério da Saúde (Healthy of Ministery) (Process n. 408295/2017-1) and Fundação de Amparo e Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG, Research Support Foundation of the States of Minas Gerais) (Process n. APQ-03336-18).

How to cite this article

Milagres RCRM, Souza ECG, Peluzio MCG, Franceschini SC, Duarte MSL. Food Iodine Content Table compiled from international databases. Rev Nutr. 2020;33:e190222. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202033e190222

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» https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080445
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» https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/composition-of-foods-integrated-dataset-cofi
²⁷
Swedish Food Agency. The food database. Uppsala: The Agency; 2019 [cited May 23 2019]. Available from: https://www.livsmedelsverket.se/en/food-and-content/naringsamnen/livsmedelsdatabasen
» https://www.livsmedelsverket.se/en/food-and-content/naringsamnen/livsmedelsdatabasen
²⁸
Federal Department of Home Affairs (Switzerland). The Swiss Food Composition Database. Bern: Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office; 2019 [cited Feb. 27 2019]. Available from: https://www.naehrwertdaten.ch/de/
» https://www.naehrwertdaten.ch/de/
²⁹
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Turkey). Food Composition Database. Bursa: Central Research Institute for Food and Feed Control; 2019 [cited June 2 2019]. Available from: www.turkomp.gov.tr/?locale=en
» www.turkomp.gov.tr/?locale=en
³⁰
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009: tabela nutricional dos alimentos consumidos no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto; 2011.
³¹
Paz S, Rubio C, Gutiérrez AJ, Revert C, Hardisson A. Iodine: an essential trace element. Med J Clin Trials Case Stud. 2018;2(4):71. https://doi.org/10.23880/mjccs-16000171
» https://doi.org/10.23880/mjccs-16000171
³²
Bonglaisin JN, Ngondé EMC, Tsafack TJJ, Nlend MN, Mbakop CD, Wirsiy, et al Monitoring and impact evaluation of iodized salt intervention in Cameroon. Heliyon. 2019;5(5):e01670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01670
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01670

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
14 Aug 2020
Date of issue
2020

History

Received
21 Oct 2019
Reviewed
05 May 2020
Accepted
02 July 2020

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Countries	Documents or Databases
Australia	Australian Food, Supplement and Nutrient Database 2011-13 [¹⁶16 Food Standards Australia & New Zealand. Australian Food, Supplement and Nutrient Database. Canberra: FSANZ; 2013 [cited Apr. 29 2019]. Available from: https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/science/monitoringnutrients/ausnut/ausnutdatafiles/Pages/foodnutrient.aspx https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/science... ]
Bahrain	Food Composition Tables for Kindgom of Bahraim [¹⁷17 Musaiger AO. Food composition tables for Kingdom of Bahrain. Manama: Arab Center of Nutrition; 2011 [cited June 10 2019]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/food_composition/documents/pdf/FOODCOMPOSITONTABLESFORBAHRAIN.pdf http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/f... ]
Denmark	Frida Database [¹⁸18 Technical University of Denmark. Frida database. Denmark: Technical University of Denmark; 2019 [cited May 12 2019]. Available from: https://frida.fooddata.dk/disclaimer https://frida.fooddata.dk/disclaimer... ]
Spain	Base de Datos Española de Composión de Alimentos [¹⁹19 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España). Base de Datos Española de Composión de Alimentos. Madrid: BEDCA database; 2007 [citado 13 abr 2019]. Disponible: https://www.bedca.net/bdpub/index_en.php https://www.bedca.net/bdpub/index_en.php... ]
France	Ciqual French food composition table [²⁰20 Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (France). Ciqual French food composition table. Paris: The Agency; 2019 [cited March 15 2019]. Availabre from: https://ciqual.anses.fr/ https://ciqual.anses.fr/... ]
Netherlands	Nederlands Voedingsstoffenbestand (NEVO) [²¹21 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Netherlands). Nederlands Voedingsstoffenbestand (NEVO). Bilthoven: Institute; 2019 [cited Feb. 15 2019]. Available from: https://nevo-online.rivm.nl https://nevo-online.rivm.nl... ]
Italy	Banca Dati di Composizione degli Alimenti per Studi Epidemiologici in Italia [²²22 European Institute Oncology. Banca Dati di Composizione degli Alimenti per Studi Epidemiologici in Italia. Milan: The Institute; 2015 [cited Apr. 29 2019]. Available from: http://www.bda-ieo.it/wordpress/en/?page_id=21 http://www.bda-ieo.it/wordpress/en/?page... ]
Japan	Standards Tables of Food Composition in Japan [²³23 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan). Standards Tables of Foods Composition in Japan. 7. ed. Tokyo: The Ministry; 2015 [cited Feb. 3 2019]. Available from: https://www.mext.go.jp/en/policy/science_technology/policy/title01/detail01/sdetail01/sdetail01/1385122.htm. https://www.mext.go.jp/en/policy/science... ]
Norway	Norwegian Food Composition Database [²⁴24 Norwegian Food Safety Authority. Norwegian Food Composition Database. Oslo: The Norwegian Directorate of Health and University of Oslo; 2019 [cited Apr. 3 2019]. Available from: www.matvaretabellen.no www.matvaretabellen.no... ]
New Zealand	New Zealand Food Composition Database [²⁵25 Plant and Food Research, Ministry of Healthy (New Zealand). New Zealand Food Composition Database: Concise New Zealand Food Composition Tables. Auckland: The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited; 2019 [cited May 10 2019]. Available from: https://www.foodcomposition.co.nz/foodfiles/concise-tables/ https://www.foodcomposition.co.nz/foodfi... ]
United Kingdom	Composition of foods integrated dataset [²⁶26 Public Health England. Composition of foods integrated dataset (CoFID). London: Public Health England; 2019 [cited Apr. 10 2019]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/composition-of-foods-integrated-dataset-cofi https://www.gov.uk/government/publicatio... ]
Sweden	The Swedish Food Composition Database [²⁷27 Swedish Food Agency. The food database. Uppsala: The Agency; 2019 [cited May 23 2019]. Available from: https://www.livsmedelsverket.se/en/food-and-content/naringsamnen/livsmedelsdatabasen https://www.livsmedelsverket.se/en/food-... ]
Switzerland	The Swiss Food Composition Database [²⁸28 Federal Department of Home Affairs (Switzerland). The Swiss Food Composition Database. Bern: Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office; 2019 [cited Feb. 27 2019]. Available from: https://www.naehrwertdaten.ch/de/ https://www.naehrwertdaten.ch/de/... ]
Turkey	Turkish Food composition Database [²⁹29 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Turkey). Food Composition Database. Bursa: Central Research Institute for Food and Feed Control; 2019 [cited June 2 2019]. Available from: www.turkomp.gov.tr/?locale=en www.turkomp.gov.tr/?locale=en... ]

Food		Country^* * The references to access the international iodine content tables can be seen in Chart 1;	Median µg 100g^-1	Min-Max µg 100g^-1
Cereals and legumes
	Rice (polished, parboiled, agulha, agulhinha, etc.)	1,3,4,6,8,9,10,11,13	2.00	0.00-2.60
	Brown rice	1,6,8,11	2.00	0.00-5.00
	Corn (grain)	4,5,6,8,10,12,13	0.50	0.00-5.00
	Peanut (grain) - in natura	1,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13	2.10	0.50-20.00
	Pea beans	1,3,4,8,11,13	1.30	0.15-2.00
	Broad beans (grain)	4,8	1.00	0.00-2.00
	Green beans	1,3,4,11,12,13	1.00	0.80-3.00
	Linseed	1,12,13	5.00	0.00-10.00
	Chickpeas	4,5,8,9,12,13	1.15	0.60-2.80
	Lentil	1,3,4,5,9,10,12,13	0.70	0.40-5.70
	Soybeans	3,4,5,8,11,12,13	2.00	0.00-24.00
	Beans (black, mulatinho, purple, rosinha, etc.)	1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11,12,13	1.90	0.00-6.70
	Organic green beans	13	25.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Light popcorn	5,13	1.25	0.00-2.50
	Quinoa	1,9,10	0.50	0.20-0.60
Tuberous Vegetables
	Potato	1,3,4,6,9,11,12,13	1.20	0.20-2.60
	Sweet potato	1,4,6,8,11,13	1.60	0.00-2.00
	Yam	8,10,13	1.00	0.00-1.60
	Cassava / manioc	1,9,13	1.80	1.60-2.00
	Amerindian yam	13	1.60^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Radish	1,3,4,6,8,9,12,13	1.00	0.70-3.00
	Beet	1,3,5,9,10,12	0.50	0.30-0.90
	Carrot	1,2,3,4,6,9,12,13	1.80	0.40-9.50
	Turnip	1,4	10.25	0.50-20.00
	Saffron	9	11.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Organic potato	6	2.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
Flours, Starches, and Pasta
	Oatmeal flour	4,6,8,9,10,13	0.50	0.00-20.00
	Rolled oats	4,9,10,13	1.25	0.00-6.00
	Corn flour	1,3,4,5,6,9	0.60	0.60-1.00
	Maize starch	1,3,4,5,6,8,9,12,13	0.70	0.00-3.70
	Rice starch	4	0.60^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Flaked corn breakfast cereal	3,4,5,6,9,10,12	0.90	0.00-5.00
	Wheat germ	1,3,4,5,12,13	0.25	0.15-5.00
	Wheat fiber	4,13	1.55	-30.1.00
	Cereal flakes	9,12,13	1.50	0.00-2.00
	Spaghetti	3,4,5,9,11,13	1.95	0.60-12.00
	Ground peanuts	1,8,13	2.10	1.00-3.20
	Granola	4	5.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Muslix	3	0.91^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Cereal mix	4	8.50^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Instant noodles	4	6.90^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Soy protein	1	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Organic soy protein	1	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
Coconuts, chestnuts, and walnuts
	Coconut (dry or green)	1,4,5,7,9,11,12,13	1.00	0.30-3.00
	Portuguese chestnut	1,3,4,8	0.06	0.00-0.50
	Pine nut	4,5,6,9,13	0.20	0.20-0.20
	Almond	1,3,4,8,9,10,11,12,13	0.50	0.00-2.00
	Hazelnut	1,4,5,9,10,11,12,13	3.55	0.00-17.00
	Brazil nut	3,4,5,8,9,11,12	0.375	0.00-21.00
	Cashew nut	4,6,7,9,10,11,12,13	6.25	0.00-11.00
	Walnut	1,3,4,5,6,11,12,13	5.80	0.50-17.00
	Horse chestnut	5	0.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Pistachio	1,7,10,12,13	6.00	0.50-12.00
Leafy Vegetables, Fruits and Others
	Lettuce	1,4,5,6,8,9,11,12,13	1.25	0.60-7.00
	Chicory	1,3,4,6,8,9,12,13	0.70	0.40-2.40
	Escarole	4	3.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Cabbage	1,4,5,8,9,10,11,12	0.75	0.00-2.60
	Bell pepper	2,4,5,6,9,11,12	1.00	0.00-6.00
	Okra	1,6	1.95	0.90-3.00
	Tomato	1,2,3,4,5,6,9,10,11,12,13	2.00	0.10-8.80
	Green beans	10,13	1.05	0.30-1.80
	Fresh mushroom	1,3,4,5,6,8,10,12,13	1.00	0.00-3.00
	Eggplant	1,4,9,10,11,13	0.35	0.00-1.20
	Green peas	3,4,5,8,9,13	0.575	0.15-4.20
	Onion	1,3,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13	1.40	0.50-8.90
	Garlic	1,3,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13	2.00	0.00-4.70
	Leek	1,3,4,6,9,10,12,13	1.05	0.27-8.60
	Alfalfa sprout	1,8,9,12	1.05	0.00-2.00
Fruits
	Banana (dessert, gold, silver, cooking, etc.)	1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13	2.25	0.00-8.00
	Orange (Pêra, Natal, Bahia, Valencia, Hamlin, etc.)	1,3,4,6,7,9,10,11,12,13	1.00	0.00-2.50
	Lime	1,4,7,9,12,13	0.75	0.00-1.05
	Lemon (common, Galician, etc.)	1,3,7,8,9,10,11,12,13	0.30	0.00-23.0
	Tangerine (Citrus reticulata)	1,3,11,13	0.65	0.30-1.00
	Tangerine (Citrus deliciosa)	1,3,10,13	0.40	0.20-1.00
	Pineapple	1,3,4,5,8,9,10,12,13	1.00	0.00-4.30
	Avocado	1,4,10,11,12,13	1.35	0.50-2.00
	Khaki	4,7,9,13	1.00	0.10-1.60
	Fig	1,4,8,10,12,13	1.15	0.00-1.50
	Apple	1,3,6,9,10,11,12,13	0.77	0.00-4.00
	Papaya	1,4,8,9,12,13	0.45	0.00-1.00
	Mango	1,3,4,7,8,9,10,12,13	0.32	0.00-2.00
	Passion fruit	1,5,9,10,12,13	0.95	0.10-1.30
	Watermelon	1,2,3,5,8,10,12,13	0.27	0.00-10.00
	Melon	1,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,12,13	0.40	0.10-7.00
	Pear	4,6,7,8,9,10,12,13	1.00	0.00-2.50
	Peach	1,3,4,7,8,9,10,12,13	1.80	0.00-3.00
	Pinecone	4,8	0.75	0.00-1.50
	Grape	1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,12,13	1.00	0.00-2.50
	Raisins	1,4,7,9,10,13	2.00	1.70-2.90
	Guava	1,4,7,9,12	0.50	0.00-1.50
	Plum	1,4,9,10,12,13	0.95	0.00-2.00
	Cherry	1,3,4,7,9,10,13	1.00	0.10-2.20
	Star fruit	9	0.10^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Strawberry	1,3,4,5,7,9,10,13	0.75	0.05-9.00
	Tamarind	1	0.50^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Cocoa	4,6,7,9,12,13	2.90	2.00-3.10
	Nectarine	1,3,4,9,11,12	1.75	0.30-3.00
	Pomegranate	1,7,9,12	0.50	0.00-1.00
	Acerola “cherry”	13	5.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Kiwi	1,3,4,5,8,9,10,12,13	0.60	0.00-1.40
	Blackberry	1,3,5,9,13	0.40	0.40-0.50
Sugars and pastries
	Demerara	1,4,6,13	0.00	0.00-0.50
	Rapadura (solid form of sucrose)	1,6	0.25	0.00-0.50
	Chocolate (bar)	4,1	16.05	11.00-21.10
	Chocolate (powder of any brand)	6	0.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Ovaltine	6,13	5.95	2.50-9.40
	Peanut butter	3,4,5,12	0.50	0.50-2.00
	Marmalade	3,5,9,10	0.40	0.25-1.40
	Honey	1,3,4,6,8,10,13	0.50	0.00-5.00
	Gelatin of any flavor	1,3,6,9,12	2.50	0.20-6.00
	Meringue	9,12	1.60	1.20-2.00
	Pudding of any flavor	8,9,12,13	8.10	6.00-17.80
	Easter egg	1	12.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Sugar	1,4,9,13	0.25	0.00-5.00
	Light sugar	1	0.50^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Cereal bar	4	14.60^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Milk shake	3,4,6,9	11.90	7.20-16.70
Condiments
	Mint	1,4,13	4.00	3.00-6.60
	Cilantro	1,9	3.65	0.70-6.60
	Chili powder	8,9,13	5.00	0.05-5.00
	Sesame	1,4,9,10,12,13	0.25	0.00-10.00
Meat, pork and offal
	Filet mignon	4,6,8,13	2.98	0.10-11.00
	Striploin	1,5,8	1.00	0.90-1.20
	Beef steak	8	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Rump steak	1,3,5,6,8	1.00	0.50-2.90
	Sirloin cap	8	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Knuckle	8	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Loin (beef)	1,3,4,5,8	1.00	0.50-3.13
	Eyeround	8	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Chuck	8	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Forerib	8	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Shoulder clod	8	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Shoulder with bone	8	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Beef muscle	8	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Brisket point end	4,8	4.00	1.00-7.00
	Flank steak	4,8	4.00	1.00-7.00
	Flank – round cap	4,8,9	1.80	1.00-7.00
	Rib (Beef)	5,6,8,13	2.80	1.00-3.2.00
	Beef heart	3,4,5,7,8,9	1.90	1.00-30.00
	Beef kidney	5,6,7,8	10.50	4.20-15.00
	Beef offal	8	6.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Beef liver	3,4,6,7,8,9,12,13	4.30	3.00-13.00
	Hump steak	8	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Beef tongue	3,5,6,7,8,	2.30	1.00-5.00
	Beef mocotó	9	1.40^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.
	Carré / pork chop	8	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.
	Pork shank	3,7,8	1.00	1.00-8.00
	Pork rib	5,8,12	1.00	0.80-5.00
	Pork loin	1,3,4,5,7,89,12,13	1.80	0.10-5.00
	Bacon	12,13	2.50	0.00-5.00
	Pork	4,6,8	1.00	1.00-3.00
	Ground beef	4,8	4.00	1.00-7.00
	Pork liver	3,4,8	3.10	1.00-10.00
	Pork tongue	3,4	7.70	1.40-14.00
	Kid meat	3,8	2.00	1.00-3.00
	Goat meat	8	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Mutton	6,7,8	6.00	1.00-7.00
	Pork rump	1,3,5,8	0.70	0.50-1.00
	Pork backbone	8	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Beef	3,5,6,7,8,9,12	1.00	0.80-7.00
Fish and seafood
	Sea fish (whole, fillet, sliced, etc.)	4,13,14	45.00	40.40-80.51
	Shrimp	4,5,6,8,9,10,12,13	24.50	5.00-210.00
	Crab (Arenaeus cribrarius)	3,4,5,8,10	58.00	0.00-60.00
	Crab (Ucides cordatus)	1,3,5,6,7,10	40.75	0.00-60.00
	Shellfish	8,13,14	101.13	73.00-130.00
	Oyster	1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12	66.50	20.00-160.00
	Squid	1,4,5,7,8,13	20.00	8.00-64.00
	Fish eggs (any species)	1	27.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Unspecified fish (whole, fillet, sliced, etc.)	1	35.50^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
Poultry and eggs
	Whole chicken	1,3,4,5,6,7,8	4.10	0.40-8.00
	Chicken breast	1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10	1.40	0.50-8.00
	Chicken fillet	1,4,6,8,9	1.80	1.00-5.00
	Chicken wings	1,4,6,8	5.00	1.00-6.90
	Chicken gizzards	5,8	0.70	0.40-1.00
	Chicken heart	1,4,8,9,12	1.20	0.00-7.00
	Chicken liver	1,4,6,9,10,12	2.70	1.40-5.00
	Turkey (unspecified parts)	4,7,12	2.20	2.00-5.00
	Turkey wing	4,7	4.00	2.00-6.00
	Quail	1	3.10^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Chicken wings and feet	6,7	6.50	5.00-8.00
	Chicken eggs	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,13	32.00	2.00-57.60
	Quail egg	1,4	50.80	44.00 -57.60
	Duck breast	6,8	4.10	1.2-7.00
	Duck meat	1,4,6,7,8	1.20	1.2-7.00
Dairy products
	Whole cow milk	1,3,4,5,6,8,9,13	14.85	9.00-24.80
	Fresh cow milk	1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10	17.90	7.00-52.50
	Goat milk	1,4,13	10.00	5.00-22.30
	Powdered milk	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,12	30.00	7.00-150.00
	Condensed milk	4,5,6,7,8,12,13	35.00	8.00-160.00
	Table cream	8,12	9.20	8.00-10.40
	Whipped cream	6,12	8.60	7.30-9.90
	Yogurt of any flavor	3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13	11.70	5.50-48.00
	Low-fat yogurt	1,3,4,5,6,7,8,11,12,13	14.45	5.30-48.00
	Natural yogurt	1,3,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13	13.50	8.00-63.00
	Dairy beverages	4,5,11	24.30	11.00-25.00
	Fermented milk	3,4,5,6,12	6.00	4.00-24.30
	Curd	4,12	12.00	9.00-15.00
	Flavored soy milk	1,3,4,6,11,12,13	1.00	0.00-90.35
	Unspecified cheese	4,5,13	4.80	1.70-24.20
	Flavored milk	1	6.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Aromatized milk	1	6.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Cream	1,4,10,12,13	8.00	1.00-12.00
	Skimmed cow milk	4,5,6,9,12,13	14.15	3.10-16.00
	Semi-skimmed cow milk	3,4,5,9,10,13	11.15	8.50-20.00
	Pasteurized, unspecified milk type	3,5,9	11.70	7.00-14.80
	Flavored milk	8,9,10	13.00	6.30-14.00
	Aromatized milk	8,9	14.50	13.00-16.00
Non-Alcoholic Drinks and Infusions
	Traditional cola soda	2,4,5,7,13	0.00	0.00-4.10
	Traditional Coca Cola	4,7	0.50	0.00-1.00
	Traditional orange soda	5	0.40^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Traditional guarana soda	5	0.40^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Diet yogurt of any flavor	5	0.40^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Traditional grape soda	4,5	0.20	0.00-0.40
	Coconut water	1,12	0.25	0.00-0.50
	Yeast	13	4,00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Barley powder	3,4,6,9,13	0.50	0.20-5.00
	Traditional tonic water	1,13	0.30	0.00-0.60
	Diet tea (black, chamomile, lemon balm, lemon grass, etc.)	2,3,6,13	0.70	0.22-2.80
	Energy drink	1,9	0.25	0.00-0.50
	Tea (black, chamomile, lemon balm, lemon grass, etc.)	5,6,9,13	0.31	0.00-1.00
	Nescafé	1	0.60^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Yeast	1	16.60^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Beer (with alcohol)	1,3,4,5,7,8,9,12,13	1.00	0.00-8.00
	Brandy / cachaça	1	0.50^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Vodka	1,4,12	0.00	0.00-0.50
	Whiskey	1	0.50^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Champagne	3	35.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Champagne cider	1,5,6,13	1.10	0.50-10.00
	Cognac	1,13	0.25	0.00-0.50
	Wine	1,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,13,14	2.00	0.00-10.00
	Beer (without alcohol)	1,7,9	0.75	0.50-1.00
Oil and fat
	Olive oil	3,4,5,8,12,13	0.00	0.00-0.00
	Soy oil	1,3,5,8,9,12,13	0.00	0.00-0.80
	Pork lard	1,3,5,7,8	1.80	0.00-7.00
	Lard	1	0.50^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Palm oil	12	0.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
Miscellaneous
	Pineapple juice	1,5,9,10	1.05	0.20-1.90
	Orange juice	1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13	1.00	0.00-2.00
	Mango juice	4,5	1.90	0.80-3.00
	Peach juice	7,1	1.80	0.60-3.00
	Peach juice syrup	13	2.60^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Banana smoothie	1	11.20^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Smoothie	1	11.30^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Gooseberry	4	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Lemon soda	7	1.00^ The absolute values were presented because these foods were found in the database of only one country; 1: Australia; 2: Bahrain; 3: Denmark; 4: Spain; 5: France; 6: Netherlands; 7: Italy; 8: Japan; 9: Norway; 10: New Zealand; 11: United Kingdom; 12: Sweden; 13: Switzerland; 14: Turkey.	-
	Coffee with milk	4,5,8,9,11,13	3.85	2.00-17.40
	Espresso	1,5,9,10,12	1.10	0.10-3.00

Food groups	Number of foods	^* * The references to access the international iodine content tables can be seen in Chart 1. Median µg 100 g^-1	Min-max µg 100 g^-1
Cereals and Legumes	15	1.30	0.50-25.00
Tuberous Vegetables	11	1.80	0.50-10.25
Flours, Starches, and Pasta	17	1.00	0.50-8.50
Coconuts, Chestnuts, and Walnuts	10	0.55	0.10-6.25
Leafy Vegetables, Fruits and Others	33	1.05	0.15-5.00
Fruits	33	0.77	1.00-5.00
Sugars and Pastries	17	0.50	0.00-16.05
Salts and Condiments	4	3.82	0.25-5.00
Meat and offal	39	1.00	0.70-10.50
Fish and Seafood	9	40.75	20.00-101.13
Poultry and Eggs	15	3.1	0.70-50.80
Dairy products	23	11.70	1.00-17.90
Non-Alcoholic Drinks and Infusions	24	0.50	0.00-35.00
Oil and fat	5	0.00	0.00-1.80
Miscellaneous	11	1.80	1.00-11.30

Countries	^* * The references to access the international iodine content tables can be seen in Chart 1. Iodized salt µg 100g^-1
Australia	4400.00
Bahrain	-
Denmark	1560.00
Spain	600.00
France	1860.00
Netherlands	-
Italy	-
Japan	^ Value not found.
Norway	500.00
New Zealand	4900.00
United Kingdom	-
Sweden	5000.00
Switzerland	2500.00
Turkey	950.81

Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas Núcleo de Editoração SBI - Campus II , Av. John Boyd Dunlop, s/n. - Prédio de Odontologia, 13059-900 Campinas - SP Brasil, Tel./Fax: +55 19 3343-6875 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: sbi.submissionrn@puc-campinas.edu.br

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[1] Support: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) and Ministério da Saúde (Healthy of Ministery) (Process n. 408295/2017-1) and Fundação de Amparo e Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG, Research Support Foundation of the States of Minas Gerais) (Process n. APQ-03336-18).