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”Hunger and rage (and the virus) are human things”: reflections on solidarity in times of Covid-19

“A fome e a raiva (e o vírus) é coisas dos home”: reflexões sobre participação social em tempos de Covid-19

ABSTRACT

Objective

To identify and reflect about civil society’s initiatives to curb hunger in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil.

Methods

In order to identify society’s initiatives to fight hunger, two independent systematic searches were conducted in the Google® search engine using the following keywords: “covid civil society initiatives” and “hunger pandemic solidarity campaign”.

Results

Fourteen nationwide civil society-promoted initiatives were identified, that among their objectives aimed at fostering collective funding to purchase and distribute foods.

Conclusion

Brazilian society has been historically sensitive to the hunger problem and shows solidarity as a social value. Nevertheless, the State is legally bound to provide food, as a social right.

Keywords
Covid-19; Food and Nutrition Security; Human Right to Adequate Food; Social Mobilization; Social Participation

RESUMO

Objetivo

Mapear e refletir sobre as iniciativas da sociedade civil para o combate à fome no contexto da pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil.

Métodos

Para identificar as iniciativas da sociedade para o combate à fome foram conduzidas duas buscas sistemáticas independentes na plataforma Google®, utilizando as palavras-chave: “iniciativas sociedade civil covid” e “fome pandemia campanha solidariedade”.

Resultados

Foram localizadas quatorze iniciativas da sociedade civil de abrangência nacional que têm entre seus objetivos promover campanhas de financiamento coletivo para aquisição e distribuição de alimentos.

Conclusão

Historicamente, a sociedade brasileira é sensível ao tema do combate à fome e presta solidariedade como um valor social. Contudo, cabe ao Estado a obrigação legal do cumprimento da alimentação enquanto um direito de cidadania.

Palavras-chave
Covid-19; Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional; Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada; Mobilização Social; Participação Social

INTRODUCTION

The expansion of the new Coronavirus (Covid-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic in Brazil, with the exponential increase of disease cases, starting February 2020, associated with the current scenario of dismantling the State and the implementation of neoliberal policies, deepens social inequalities and rekindles an old Brazilian ghost: Hunger [11 Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. A gestão de riscos e governança na pandemia por COVID-19 no Brasil: análise dos decretos estaduais no primeiro mês: relatório técnico e sumário executivo. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação; 2020 [citado 2020 junho 26]. Disponível em: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/41452/2/relatorio_cepedes_gestao_riscos_covid19_final.pdf
https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/ic...
].

Brazil, despite being off the 2014 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Hunger Map, has been showing discontinuity since 2016 of public policies to face the problem, weakening the systems that ensure rights, and in particular, health, social assistance and food and nutrition security policies for vulnerable populations [22 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2014. Strengtheningthe enabling environment for food security and nutrition. Rome: Food; 2014 [cited 2020 June 26]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4030e.pdf
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4030e.pdf...

3 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Food Security and Nutrition. Rome: Food; 2020 [cited 2020 June 26]. Available: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/policy-brief-impact-covid-19-food-security-and-nutrition-june-2020
https://reliefweb.int/report/world/polic...
-44 Maluf RS. Tempos sombrios de pandemia e fome: responsabilidades da pesquisa em soberania e segurança alimentar e nutricional. 2020. Segur Aliment Nutr. 2020;27:e020020. https://doi.org/10.20396/san.v27i0.8659993
https://doi.org/10.20396/san.v27i0.86599...
].

The effects of the 2016 Constitutional Amendment ActNo. 95 and the current management policies of the federal government have been decisive for the straining of the Government Unified Health System (SUS) in the face of the pandemic [55 Werneck GL, Carvalho MS. The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: Chronicle of an announced health crisis. Cad Saúde Pública. 2020;36(5):e00068820. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00068820
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0006882...
]. Globally, the most successful countries in coping with Covid-19 are those with structured public health systems and/or associated with integrated health networks (public/private) with coordinated command for planning, management and control of sanitary, social and political measures [66 Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Gallego V, Escalera-Antezana JP, Méndez CA, Zambrano LI, Franco-Paredes C, et al. COVID-19 in Latin America: the implications of the first confirmed case in Brazil. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;38:101903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101903
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101...
].

The application of measures to contain the disease - social distance, home isolation and quarantine, combined with the delay in governmental actions for economic and social protection, aggravated the increase in the unemployment rate and the decrease in income, which had been accumulating in Brazil since 2014 and accelerating since 2016 [77 Mayr V, Nußbaumer-Streit B, Gartlehner G. Quarantine Alone or in Combination with Other Public Health Measures to Control COVID-19: a rapid review (Review). Gesundheitswesen. 2020; 82(6):501-506. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1164-6611
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1164-6611...

8 Castro IRR. Má nutrição, iniquidade e a garantia do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2019;24(7):2376. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018247.15392019
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018247...
-99 Vasconcelos FAG, Machado ML, Medeiros MAT, Neves JA, Recine E, Pasquim EM. Public policies of food and nutrition in Brazil: from Lula to Temer. Rev Nutr. 2019;32:e180161. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865201932e180161
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865201932e...
]. According to the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), unemployment rate, which in the first quarter of 2020 was 12.6% (12.85 million unemployed), will possibly increase in the following months, intensifying the phenomenon of cyclical hunger generated by the disease containment measures [1010 Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua. Primeiro trimestre de 2020. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2020 [citado 2020 junho 26]. Disponível em: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/2421/pnact_2020_1tri.pdf
https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualiza...
,1111 Costa, SS. Pandemia e desemprego no Brasil. Rev Admin Pública. 2020;54(4):969-978. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200170
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-76122020017...
].

In Brazil, since 2016, the set of policies and programs aimed at ensuring Food and Nutrition Security (SAN, Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional) with a view to ensuring the Human Right to Adequate and Healthy Food (DHAAS, Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e Saudável) has undergone progressive dismantling [88 Castro IRR. Má nutrição, iniquidade e a garantia do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2019;24(7):2376. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018247.15392019
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018247...
]. The main governmental programs of the National Food and Nutrition Security Policy (PNSAN, Política Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional) aimed at socially vulnerable populations such as the Food Purchase Program (PAA, Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos), Popular Restaurants, the National School Feeding Program (PNAE, Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar) and the Bolsa Família Program, presented a drop in investments, with changes in the inclusion, scope and transparency criteria of the management process [99 Vasconcelos FAG, Machado ML, Medeiros MAT, Neves JA, Recine E, Pasquim EM. Public policies of food and nutrition in Brazil: from Lula to Temer. Rev Nutr. 2019;32:e180161. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865201932e180161
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865201932e...
,1212 Salgado RJDSF, Dias MM, Souza WJ. Agricultura familiar, extensão rural e soberania e segurança alimentar e nutricional: delimitando categorias analíticas à luz da implementação do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos no Brasil. Mundo Agrário. 2020;21(46):e137. https://doi.org/10.24215/15155994e137
https://doi.org/10.24215/15155994e137...
].

The worsening of the situation of Food and Nutrition Insecurity (FNI) in part of the Brazilian population has been signaled by scientific entities, scientific associations, Non-Governmental Organizations and investigators based on analyses and technical reports on complaints of violation of rights and absence of actions to comply with the DHAA [44 Maluf RS. Tempos sombrios de pandemia e fome: responsabilidades da pesquisa em soberania e segurança alimentar e nutricional. 2020. Segur Aliment Nutr. 2020;27:e020020. https://doi.org/10.20396/san.v27i0.8659993
https://doi.org/10.20396/san.v27i0.86599...
,1313 Valente F. [tradutor]. Impacto da Covid-19 na Realização do Direito Humano à Alimentação e à Nutrição Adequadas: Relatório preliminar de monitoramento. Brasília: FIAN Brasil; 2020 [citado 2020 junho 22]. Disponível em: https://fianbrasil.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Relatorio-covid-19-fian-internacional-formatado.pdf
https://fianbrasil.org.br/wp-content/upl...

14 Trivellato PT, Morais DDC, Lopes SO, Miguel EDS, Franceschini SDCC, Priore SE. Insegurança alimentar e nutricional em famílias do meio rural brasileiro: revisão sistemática. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2019;24(3):865-874. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018243.05352017
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018243...
-1515 Santarelli M, David G, Burity V, Rocha NC. Informe Dhana 2019: autoritarismo, negação de direitos e fome. 2019. Brasília: FIAN Brasil; 2019 [citado 2019 junho 20]. Disponível em: https://fianbrasil.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Informe-Dhana-2019_v-final.pdf
https://fianbrasil.org.br/wp-content/upl...
]. The entire scenario generated by the pandemic underscores the urgency and primacy of actions to face the economic slowdown that is rapidly expanding and deepening, including unemployment, poverty and other forms of social suffering [1616 Filho WL, Brandli LL, Salvia AL, Rayman-Bacchus L, Platje J. COVID-19 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals: threat to solidarity or an opportunity? Sustainability. 2020;12(13):5343. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135343
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135343...
].

In the absence of actions and public policies to mitigate the effects of the pandemic, civil society in a spontaneous or organized way, started a process of (re) construction of solidarity actions to fight hunger, in the light of the social movement created by Herbert de Souza, Betinho, in the early 1990s [1717 Magalhães R. Enfrentando a pobreza, reconstruindo vínculos sociais: as lições da Ação da Cidadania contra a fome, a miséria e pela vida. Cad Saúde Pública. 2020;18(Suppl):S121-S137. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2002000700013
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X200200...
,1818 Vasconcelos FAG. Fome, solidariedade e ética: uma análise do discurso da Ação da Cidadania contra a fome, a miséria e pela vida. Hist Ciênc Saúde-Manguinhos. 2004;11(2):259-277. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702004000200003
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-5970200400...
].

Historically, the existence of the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security (Consea, Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional) (2003 - 2019) inserted the theme of Combating Hunger in the field of public policies and social rights and revealed other arrangements in society to face the current situation. Today, new narratives, actors and concerns emerge that, in the 1990s, were not consolidated. Fundamental social protection elements are added in the face of the pandemic, with emphasis on partnerships from non-governmental sectors and, above all, local-based social mobilization that promotes visibility, cooperation and support on several fronts [1919 Araújo R, Andrade Junior H, Vecchio MCD, Monteiro PCL, Venturini AF, Pinheiro L. Caracterização e histórico das políticas públicas relacionadas à segurança alimentar e nutricional no Brasil. Ens Ciênc: Ciênc Biol, Agrárias Saúde. 2012;16(4):125-139. https://doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2012v16n4p%25p
https://doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2012v...
,2020 Périssé A, Leandro BB, Batistella CE, Barcellos C, Santos JL, Angelo JR, et al. Covid-19 e vulnerabilidades: considerações sobre proteção social nas favelas. Observatório Covid-19 Fiocruz; 2020 [acesso 2020 junho 18]. Nota técnica. Disponível em: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/41456
https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict...
]. The purpose of this article is to present a brief description-reflection on civil society actions to fight hunger in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil.

METHODS

To identify the initiatives to fight hunger promoted by civil society, systematic searches were conducted on the Google® platform. The google.com page was accessed through an anonymous window, where two independent surveys were carried out using the combinations of keywords in Portuguese: “covid civil society initiatives” and “hunger pandemic solidarity”campaign (“iniciativas sociedade civil covid” and “fome pandemia campanha solidariedade”). Without applying a date limit, the first 20 results (links) were accessed to identify those that compiled solidarity actions during the Covid-19 pandemic. No links resulting from the survey were sponsored (i.e. highlighted at the top of the search results). Two investigators reviewed all the actions registered in each of the 20 links, excluding those not related to food supply and with no national coverage. Actions considered at a national level were those with a wider scope than local actions (e.g. neighborhoods or communities), municipal or just one State of the federation.

The actions included had their available information entered in a database for further characterization and analysis. The survey was carried out in June 2020 and did not intend to exhaustively cover all of them, only those having a national scope. Initiatives disseminated exclusively through social media could not be identified with the search strategy adopted.

RESULTS

The systematic survey method led to the identification of fourteen nationwide civil society initiatives in the fight against Covid-19 which, among several objectives, is the fostering of collective funding campaigns for the acquisition and distribution of food (Chart 1). The disclosure of ten of the fourteen actions occurred, in addition to the identified internet pages, also through the social media such as Instagram®, Facebook®, Twitter®, YouTube®, and Linkedin®.

Chart 1
Civil society actions to fight hunger in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic.

The populations served include slum dwellers, homeless people, peripheral residents and vulnerable territories in the countryside and forests, indigenous people, people with disabilities in extreme vulnerability conditions and their families, families who depend on informal work, LGBTQIA + population (Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Transvestites, Transsexuals or Transgenders), street-dwelling families, among others.

Out of the fourteen initiatives, only two existed before the pandemic, the “Mutirão do Bem Viver” and “Teto Brasil”. Thirteen operated with cash donations from individuals and/or legal entities, through deposits in bank accounts, or “online collections” for further acquisition and distribution of food. Nine actions disclosed in real time the amount of donations that, at the time of data collection, reached a total of approximately 19 million reais distributed among all the benefits covered by the campaigns.

Only four initiatives estimated the total number of beneficiaries. Two of them pointed out that 267,467 individuals had been helped and the remaining two had helped a total of 7,557 families. Although not all actions informed the States covered, all the units of the Federation were, in some way, reached. Three of the actions also request the involvement of volunteers in their campaigns.

Among all the initiatives – “Mutirão do Bem Viver” stands out, as it is a society action that proposes a new supply dynamic: the short production circuit, dialoguing with the guidelines of the National Food and Nutrition Security Policy encouraging sustainable, decentralized and agro-ecological systems going from production to food distribution [2020 Périssé A, Leandro BB, Batistella CE, Barcellos C, Santos JL, Angelo JR, et al. Covid-19 e vulnerabilidades: considerações sobre proteção social nas favelas. Observatório Covid-19 Fiocruz; 2020 [acesso 2020 junho 18]. Nota técnica. Disponível em: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/41456
https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict...
], and promoting access to adequate and healthy food.

DISCUSSION

Covid-19 made visible the perverse effects of the weakening of Food and Nutrition Security Program policies in Brazil. Noteworthy is the extinction, on January 1, 2019, of the National Secretariat for Food and Nutrition Security (SESAN, Secretaria Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional) and of the National CONSEA, which directly reflected in the increase in practices of violation of the DHAA [2121 Alpino TDMA, Santos CRB, Barros DCD, Freitas CMD. COVID-19 e (in) segurança alimentar e nutricional: ações do Governo Federal brasileiro na pandemia frente aos desmontes orçamentários e institucionais. Cad Saúde Pública. 2020;36:e00161320. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00161320
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X0016132...
,2222 Recine E, Fagundes A, Silva BL, Garcia GS, Ribeiro RCL, Gabriel CG. Reflections on the extinction of the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security and the confrontation of Covid-19 in Brazil. Rev Nutr. 2020;33:e200176. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202033e200176
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202033e...
].

In this connection, the pandemic caused by Covid-19 intensified the inequality of access to adequate food by the Brazilian population. The most vulnerable population, in which the spread of the virus is accelerated by poor living and health conditions, feels the threat of hunger intensely [44 Maluf RS. Tempos sombrios de pandemia e fome: responsabilidades da pesquisa em soberania e segurança alimentar e nutricional. 2020. Segur Aliment Nutr. 2020;27:e020020. https://doi.org/10.20396/san.v27i0.8659993
https://doi.org/10.20396/san.v27i0.86599...
,2323 Sociedade do Bem Viver. Instagram. Desde 2019 conectamos campo, floresta e cidade através do bem viver e da agroecologia. 2020. [citado 2020 junho 20]. Disponível em: https://www.instagram.com/sociedadedobemviver/?hl=pt-br
https://www.instagram.com/sociedadedobem...
,2424 Abedi V, Olulana O, Avula V, Chaudhary D, Khan A, Shahjouei S, et al. Racial, economic, and health inequality and COVID-19 Infection in the United States. J Racial Ethnic Health Disparities. 2020:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00833-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00833...
]. The pandemic has contributed to a worsening of the InSAN situation, in view of the current scenario of increasing poverty and extreme poverty in Brazil [2525 Ribeiro-Silva RC, Pereira M, Campello T, Aragão E, Guimarães JMM, Ferreira AJF, et al. Implicações da pandemia COVID-19 para a segurança alimentar e nutricional no Brasil. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2020;25(9):3421-3430. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020259.22152020
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020259...
].

The federal government was inefficient at mitigating the impact of the health crisis generated by Covid-19 and aggravated by the previous social scenario of weakening social rights. In the National Congress, the payment of an emergency aid amounting to half the minimum wage was approved, for informal workers, individual Microentrepreneurs (MEI), self-employed and unemployed [2626 Araújo FR, Calazans DLMS. Gestão das ações de segurança alimentar frente à pandemia pela COVID-19. Rev Adm Pública. 2020:54(4),1123-1133. 20.https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200329
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-76122020032...

27 Paiva LH, Souza PHGF, Bartholo L, Soares S. Evitando a pandemia da pobreza: possibilidades para o programa Bolsa Família e para o Cadastro Único em resposta à COVID-19. Rev Adm Pública. 2020;54(4):1097-1110. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200243
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-76122020024...
-2828 Freitas MDCS, Pena PGL. Fome e pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil. Tessituras. 8(1):34-40. https://doi.org/10.15210/tes.v8isuplemento.18903
https://doi.org/10.15210/tes.v8isuplemen...
].

Although insufficient, federal congressmen and senators, as a result of strong pressure from civil society movements articulated with the theme of SAN, including the Brazilian Forum on Sovereignty and Food and Nutritional Security, also proposed another support measure: from April 2020, within the scope of the PNAE, a decree was issued on the distribution of food kits for those responsible for students of public schools with the criteria of requirements defined by the management of each municipality [2929 Corrêa EN, Neves JD, Souza LDD, Lorintino CDS, Porrua P. School feeding in Covid-19 times: mapping of public policy execution strategies by state administration. Rev Nutr. 2020;33:e200169. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202033e200169
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202033e...
,3030 Amorim ALB, Ribeiro Junior JRS, Bandoni DH. Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar: estratégias para enfrentar a insegurança alimentar durante e após a COVID-19. Rev Adm Pública. 2020;54(4):1134-1145. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200349
https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-76122020034...
].

The network of civil society participation in solidarity actions to fight hunger was configured with the inclusion of different individuals, from associations’ activists, researchers, non-governmental organizations, political entities, philanthropy support groups to citizens self-conscious about the matter. Social mobilization was highlighted, especially when emergency actions were insufficient. Initiatives promoted either spontaneously or through organized civil society, for the supply of food and/or meals in socially vulnerable communities turned out to be essential in some locations [3131 Jaime PC. Pandemia de COVID19: implicações para (in)segurança alimentar e nutricional. 2020. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2020;25(7):2504. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020257.12852020
https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020257...
]. However, the population assisted by these actions is actually entitled to them; therefore, it ought to be the State’s commitment to promote measures that remedy the situations of vulnerability and ensure the DHAAS, either in situations such as the current pandemic or after this episode, focusing then on structuring actions, that reduce social inequalities [3232 Fernandes LL. Considerações preliminares sobre a visibilidade das favelas no contexto da pandemia do COVID-19 no Rio de Janeiro: (In.) Em tempos de pandemia: propostas para a defesa da vida e de direitos sociais. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. E-book, 2020, pp. 97-102. [acesso 22 junho 20]. Disponível em: http://pantheon.ufrj.br/handle/11422/12346
http://pantheon.ufrj.br/handle/11422/123...
].

In the set of solidarity actions, the enhancement thereof stands out in the institution of Federal Law No. 14.016, which establishes the legal security for the donation of food ready for consumption by establishments such as hospitals, snack bars, restaurants, supermarkets, among others [3333 Brasil. Lei Federal nº 14.016, de 23 de junho de 2020. Dispõe sobre o combate ao desperdício de alimentos e a doação de excedentes de alimentos para o consumo humano. Brasília: Casa Civil; 2020 [citado 2020 junho 28]. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2019-2022/2020/Lei/L14016.htm
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_At...
]. Food donation cannot be considered a solution to hunger, as it minimizes the problem without solving the structural issues of InSAN embedded in the history of Brazil [3434 Finkler R, Antoniazzi N, De Conto SM. Os impactos da pandemia de Covid-19: uma análise sobre a situação dos restaurantes. Rev Tur Cidades. 2020 [citado 2020 out. 30];2:88-103. Disponível em: http://www.periodicoseletronicos.ufma.br/index.php/turismoecidades/article/view/14658
http://www.periodicoseletronicos.ufma.br...
].

The legal framework of emergency and structuring SAN policies and programs presents actual alternatives to alleviate the existing InSAN situation. However, in order for long-term improvements to happen, public investment needs to promote health, food and nutrition security and social assistance policies again.

CONCLUSION

The Brazilian society has historically been sensitive to the issue of fighting hunger and offers solidarity as a social value. Some initiatives, with a focus on food sovereignty and sustainable consumption, have contributed to bring about new arrangements for food supply such as short production circuits, generating a close relationship countryside-city, urban-rural, social movements and society [3535 Braz MI, Pereira MCB. Circuitos alimentares de proximidade: conceitos, definição e práticas. Rev Geografia (Recife). 2018[citado 2020 junho 28];35(3). Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/revistageografia/article/view/236672/30000
https://periodicos.ufpe.br/revistas/revi...
,3636 Carvalho LD, Coelho JDC, Alves EDO, Mello AL, Balem TA, Silva CBD. O processamento artesanal de alimentos e os mercados de circuito curtos como estímulos ao desenvolvimento de sistemas de produção mais sustentáveis. Cad Agroecol. 2018[citado 2020 junho 28];13(1). Disponível em: http://cadernos.aba-agroecologia.org.br/index.php/cadernos/article/view/84
http://cadernos.aba-agroecologia.org.br/...
].

However, it is wise to be vigilant, as hunger is an important social marker of inequalities in the context of so many violence and rights violations in Brazil and it is the State that has the legal obligation to comply with DHAAS. Thus, society has an irreplaceable role in denouncing violations of rights and pressing the State to assume its responsibilities.

How to cite this article

  • Oliveira JTC, Camargo AM, Machado BOB, Oliveira AR, Fiates GMR, Vasconcelos FAG. “Hunger and rage (and the virus) are human things”: reflections on solidarity in times of Covid-19. Rev Nutr. 2021;34:e200183. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202134e200183

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    02 June 2021
  • Date of issue
    2021

History

  • Received
    06 July 2020
  • Reviewed
    01 May 2020
  • Accepted
    19 Feb 2021
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